COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA, Appellee, v. Fred WALLACE, Appellant.
No. 9462.
United States Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit.
Decided Jan. 21, 1966.
357 F.2d 105
Argued Jan. 11, 1965.
Anthony G. Amsterdam, Washington, D. C., and George E. Allen, Sr., Richmond, Va. (S. W. Tucker and Henry L. Marsh, III, Richmond, Va., on brief), for appellant.
Frederick T. Gray, Special Counsel for the Commonwealth of Virginia (Williams, Mullen & Christian, Richmond, Va., on brief), for appellee.
Before HAYNSWORTH, Chief Judge, and SOBELOFF, BOREMAN, BRYAN and J. SPENCER BELL, Circuit Judges, sitting en banc.
HAYNSWORTH, Chief Judge:
We agree with the District Judge that this case, involving state charges of assault, disorderly conduct and related offenses, was not removable under the provisions of
Wallace, a law school student, had accepted a summer clerkship with Messrs. Tucker and Marsh of Richmond, Virginia. That firm had represented Negroes in a number of school and other cases with racial significance. It sent their clerk, Wallace, to Prince Edward County in connection with their representation of some civil rights demonstrators who had been arrested there. In the court house, he became involved in a fracas with two deputy sheriffs, out of which the charges grew.
In the removal petition, Wallace alleges that he was accosted because of his race and that he only resisted an effort to interfere with his conduct of his lawful business.
He claims to have been exercising his constitutional rights in aid of the constitutional rights of the clients of his employer. He undertook removal under both
What we have said in Baines v. City of Danville, 4 Cir., 357 F.2d 756, decided today, substantially disposes of this case. Here, however, two contentions, which we had no occasion to consider in Baines, are advanced.
Because the Court in Barney v. City of New York, 193 U.S. 430, 24 S.Ct. 502, 48 L.Ed. 737, attributed to Virginia v. Rives, 100 U.S. 313, 25 L.Ed. 667, a very
Here, it is also contended that the jury commissioners in Prince Edward County limit the number of Negroes so that seldom, if ever, are there so many that all may not be removed by peremptory challenges. This, of course, is the same contention which the Rives-Powers line of cases has held insufficient to support removal. Here, however, it is said that discrimination by the commissioners has the sanction of Virginia‘s Supreme Court of Appeals. The opinion in Bailey v. Commonwealth, 193 Va. 814, 71 S.E.2d 368, is cited as that sanction.
We cannot construe that opinion as having any such meaning. Particularly when read in the light of the opinion in Bailey‘s first appeal3 and of our opinion in Bailey‘s subsequent habeas corpus case,4 it is apparent that Virginia‘s Supreme Court of Appeals follows the approved doctrine.5
Since the case was not removable under
Affirmed.
SOBELOFF and J. SPENCER BELL, Circuit Judges (dissenting):
This case arises out of what could have been a commonplace visit to the Prince Edward County court house. Appellant Wallace was a young Negro student at Harvard Law School who during the summer months was assisting a firm of Negro lawyers serving as counsel for Negroes arrested in civil rights demonstrations. On the day in question appellant entered the court house intending to visit one of the firm‘s clients. He was intercepted by a deputy sheriff and other officers. After a scuffle Wallace was locked up. One of the officers sustained a bruised shin and a cut finger. Wallace was fined $25 for resisting arrest and he paid the fine.
This was only the beginning. The officers lodged seven additional charges, proliferated from this episode, one of which was assaulting the deputy sheriff. Wallace alleges that when the Commonwealth‘s Attorney discovered his association with a Negro civil rights law firm, this minor “assault” was raised to a charge of “malicious maiming,” a felony carrying a permissible penalty of twenty years in the penitentiary, and incidentally a possible bar to admission to the practice of law.
The petition for removal alleges the local prejudice in Prince Edward County and the improbability of securing a fair trial, particularly for one associated with the movement to terminate racial discrimination. The tenor of his petition is that the prosecutions against him are a part of the community plan to frustrate the movement. This was to be achieved by suppressing persons willing to assist those arrested for protesting existing conditions and seeking equal civil rights. He cites, by way of illustration, the fact that lawyers in Prince Edward County
We think that the circumstances and the atmosphere represented in the petition for removal, if established, constitute a “denial and inability to enforce” the equal civil rights of both Wallace and the Negro defendants he was attempting to assist. He is within section 1443 for the reasons more fully discussed in our dissent in Baines v. City of Danville, 4 Cir., 357 F.2d 756.
Sobeloff and J. Spencer Bell, Circuit Judges, dissented.
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA, Appellee, v. Leah B. MORRIS, Hollis B. Morris, Herman Trent and Frank Brown, Appellants.
No. 9587.
United States Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit.
Decided Jan. 21, 1966.
357 F.2d 107
Argued Jan. 11, 1965.
S. W. Tucker, Richmond, Va. and Anthony G. Amsterdam, Washington, D. C. (Henry L. Marsh, III, Richmond, Va., on brief), for appellants.
J. Segar Gravatt, Special Counsel for the Commonwealth of Virginia (Thomas Stark, III, Commonwealth‘s Attorney of Amelia County, on brief), for appellee.
Before HAYNSWORTH, Chief Judge, and SOBELOFF, BOREMAN, BRYAN and J. SPENCER BELL, Circuit Judges, sitting en banc.
HAYNSWORTH, Chief Judge:
The defendants, charged in the state court with assault and battery upon two white men1 sought to remove their cases under
For the reasons there stated, remand of these cases to the state court was proper.
Affirmed.