CHINA MANUFACTURERS ALLIANCE, LLC AND DOUBLE COIN HOLDINGS LTD., Plaintiffs, TITAN TIRE CORPORATION, ET AL., Plaintiffs, and GUIZHOU TYRE CO., LTD. AND GUIZHOU TYRE IMPORT AND EXPORT CO., LTD., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant.
Consol. Court No. 15-00124
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
February 6, 2017
Timothy C. Stanceu, Chief Judge
Slip Op. 17-12
OPINION AND ORDER
[Remanding to the issuing agency a determination in an antidumping duty proceeding]
Dated: February 6, 2017
William F. Fennell, Stewart and Stewart, of Washington, D.C., for plaintiffs and defendant-intervenors Titan Tire Corporation and the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, AFL-CIO, CLC. With him on the brief were Terence P. Stewart and Nicholas J. Birch.
Mark E. Pardo, Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt LLP, of Washington, D.C., for plaintiffs Guizhou Tyre Co., Ltd. and Guizhou Tyre Import
John J. Todor, Senior Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, D.C., for defendant. With him on the brief were Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Franklin E. White, Jr., Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Nanda Srikantaiah, Senior Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement & Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, D.C.
Stanceu, Chief Judge: In this consolidated action,1 three groups of plaintiffs contest the final determination the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce” or the “Department“) issued to conclude the fifth periodic administrative review of an antidumping duty order on pneumatic off-the-road tires from the People‘s Republic of China (“China” or the “PRC“). Finding merit in certain of plaintiffs’ claims, the court remands the determination to Commerce for reconsideration and redetermination.
I. BACKGROUND
A. The Contested Determination
The determination contested in this litigation is Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires from the People‘s Republic of China: Amended Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2012-2013, 80 Fed. Reg. 26,230 (Int‘l Trade Admin. May 7, 2015) (“Amended Final Results“); see Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires from the People‘s Republic of China: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2012-2013, 80 Fed. Reg. 20,197 (Int‘l Trade Admin. Apr. 15, 2015) (“Final Results“). Commerce issued the antidumping duty order (the “Order“) on off-the-road tires from China (the “subject merchandise“) on September 4, 2008. Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires From the People‘s Republic of China: Notice of Amended Final Affirmative Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Antidumping Duty Order, A-570-912, 73 Fed. Reg. 51,624 (Int‘l Trade Admin. Sept. 4, 2008). The fifth administrative review pertained to import entries of subject merchandise made during the period of review (“POR“) of September 1, 2012 through August 31, 2013. Final Results, 80 Fed. Reg. at 20,197.
B. The Parties to this Consolidated Case
The three groups of plaintiffs in this consolidated case are (1) China Manufacturers Alliance, LLC (“CMA“) and Double Coin Holdings Ltd.; (2) Guizhou Tyre Co., Ltd. and Guizhou Tyre Import and Export Co., Ltd.; and (3) Titan Tire Corporation (“Titan“), joined by the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, AFL-CIO CLC (the “USW“).
Commerce considered Double Coin Holdings Ltd. and two Chinese tire producers affiliated with it to be a single company for the purposes of the review, to which it referred as “Double Coin.”2
designated Double Coin, an exporter and producer of subject merchandise, as one of two mandatory respondents in the fifth review. Final Results, 80 Fed. Reg. at 20,197.
Commerce designated Guizhou Tyre Co., Ltd. and Guizhou Tyre Import and Export Co., Ltd. (collectively, “GTC” or “Guizhou“), another exporter and producer of subject merchandise, as the other mandatory respondent in the review. Id.
Titan, a U.S. producer of off-the-road tires, and the USW were the petitioners in the Department‘s investigation culminating in the issuance of the Order. Certain New Pneumatic Off-The-Road Tires From the People‘s Republic of China; Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less than Fair Value and Postponement of Final Determination, 73 Fed. Reg. 9,278 (Int‘l Trade Admin. Feb. 20, 2008). Titan and the USW participated in the fifth administrative review as interested parties. Compl. ¶ 3 (May 6, 2015), ECF No. 6 (Court No. 15-00136).
C. Proceedings before Commerce
Commerce initiated the fifth administrative review on November 8, 2013. Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews and Request for Revocation in Part, 78 Fed. Reg. 67,104 (Int‘l Trade Admin. Nov. 8, 2013). Commerce published the preliminary results of the review (“Preliminary Results“) on October 10, 2014. Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires from the People‘s Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2012-2013, 79 Fed. Reg. 61,291 (Int‘l Trade Admin. Oct. 10, 2014) (“Preliminary Results“), and accompanying Decision Memorandum for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires from the People‘s Republic of China; 2012-2013, A-570-912 ARP 12-13 (Int‘l Trade Admin. Sept. 30, 2014) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 259), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/2014-24275-1.pdf (last visited Jan. 25, 2017) (“Prelim. I&D Mem.“).
In the Preliminary Results, Commerce preliminarily determined that Double Coin made sales of subject merchandise at less than fair value and calculated for it a preliminary dumping margin of 0.69%. Preliminary Results, 79 Fed. Reg. at 61,293. However, upon adopting a rebuttable presumption that all Chinese exporters are subject to control by the government of the PRC, Commerce preliminarily ruled Double Coin to have failed to rebut the Department‘s presumption of government control and, therefore, to have failed to qualify for a “separate rate.” On that basis, Commerce considered Double Coin to be part of what it termed the “PRC-wide entity.” Id. In the Preliminary Results, Commerce preliminarily assigned the PRC-wide entity a rate of 105.59%, which it obtained by taking a simple average of the individual rate Commerce calculated for Double Coin (0.69%) and the rate Commerce assigned to the PRC-wide entity in the original antidumping duty investigation, which was 210.48%. Id. Commerce also preliminarily determined that GTC made sales of subject merchandise at less than fair value and qualified for a separate rate, preliminarily assigning GTC an individually-determined
On April 15, 2015, Commerce published the Final Results, incorporating by reference an Issues and Decision Memorandum for Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires from the People‘s Republic of China; 2012-2013, A-570-912 ARP 12-13 (Int‘l Trade Admin. Apr. 8, 2015) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 293), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/2015-08673-1.pdf (last visited Jan. 25, 2017) (“Final I&D Mem.“). Commerce assigned a margin of 11.34% to GTC and a margin of 105.31% to the PRC-wide entity, which Commerce again determined to include Double Coin based on a finding that Double Coin had not rebutted the Department‘s presumption of government control. Final Results, 80 Fed. Reg. at 20,199. The PRC-wide rate was the “simple average of the previously assigned PRC-wide rate (210.48 percent) and Double Coin‘s calculated margin (0.14 percent).” Id. (footnotes omitted).
Following a ministerial error allegation, Commerce published amended final results of the review (“Amended Final Results“) on May 7, 2015. See Amended Final Results, 80 Fed. Reg. at 26,230. In the Amended Final Results, Commerce revised GTC‘s margin from 11.34% to 11.41%.3 Id. at 26,231.4 The PRC-wide rate remained 105.31%. Id.
D. Proceedings before the Court of International Trade
CMA and Double Coin Holdings Ltd. commenced their action on April 28, 2015. Summons, ECF No. 1; Compl., ECF No. 6. Plaintiffs GTC, and Titan and the USW, commenced their actions thereafter. See Compl. (May 1, 2015), ECF No. 6 (Court No. 15-00128); Compl. (May 6, 2015), ECF No. 6 (Court No. 15-00136). Titan and the USW filed a motion to intervene as defendant-intervenors in the cases brought by CMA/Double Coin Holdings Ltd. and GTC. See Titan and the USW Consent Mot. to Intervene as of Right (May 12, 2015), ECF No. 12; Titan and the USW Consent Mot. to Intervene as of Right (May 12, 2015), ECF No. 12 (Court No. 15-00128). CMA and Double Coin Holdings Ltd., and GTC, filed motions to intervene as defendant-intervenors in the case brought by Titan and the USW. See Double Coin Consent Mot. to Intervene as of Right (May 15, 2015), ECF No. 13 (Court No. 15-00136); Guizhou Consent Mot. to Intervene as of Right (June 2, 2015), ECF No. 18 (Court No. 15-00136).
Before the court are the three motions for judgment on the agency record, filed by each of the three groups of plaintiffs according to USCIT Rule 56.2. See Resp. Pls.’ Mot. for J. on the Agency R. (Sept. 24, 2015), ECF No. 38; GTC‘s Mot. for J. on the Agency R. and Br. in Supp. (Sept.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
The court exercises jurisdiction under section 201 of the Customs Courts Act of 1980,
B. The Claims of the Three Groups of Plaintiffs
CMA and Double Coin claim that Commerce acted unlawfully in determining a 105.31% rate for the PRC-wide entity and assigning this rate to Double Coin. Double Coin‘s Br. 8-51. They advance several grounds for this claim, which the court addresses below.
GTC raises five claims. First, it claims that Commerce unlawfully made downward adjustments to account for Chinese value-added tax when determining the export prices and constructed export prices at which GTC‘s subject merchandise was sold in the United States. GTC‘s Br. 7-23. Second, GTC challenges the Department‘s choice from among the record data for determining surrogate financial ratios. Id. at 23-31. Third, GTC challenges the surrogate value Commerce used to value steam coal inputs. Id. at 31-45. Fourth, GTC contends that Commerce improperly double counted certain costs as domestic brokerage and handling and as ocean freight. Id. at 45-51. Finally, GTC claims that the Department‘s surrogate value for domestic warehouse costs should have been, but was not, adjusted for inflation. Id. at 51-54.
Titan and the USW challenge, first, the 105.31% margin Commerce assigned to Double Coin, arguing that Commerce instead should have assigned the 210.48% margin originally determined in the investigation for the PRC-wide entity and applied in reviews prior to the fifth review. Titan‘s Br. 17-24. Second, they claim that Double Coin reported freight distances incorrectly and that Commerce erred in accepting the misreported data. Id. at 24-25. Third, Titan and the USW claim that Commerce erred in accepting Double Coin‘s reported inventory carrying costs for subject merchandise. Id. at 25-27. Finally, they claim that Commerce incorrectly limited
C. CMA‘s and Double Coin‘s, and Titan‘s and the USW‘s, Claims Challenging Assignment of the 105.31% Rate to Double Coin
CMA and Double Coin Holdings Ltd. make four arguments in challenging the 105.31% “PRC-wide” rate Commerce assigned to Double Coin. They argue, first, that Commerce lacked authority to determine a rate for the “PRC-wide entity” because the statute permitted it only to determine a weighted average dumping margin for each individually examined exporter and producer and an estimated “all others” rate for all exporters and producers not individually examined. Double Coin‘s Br. 8-16. Second, they argue that Commerce had no authority to apply the 105.31% rate to Double Coin because that rate rests on an outdated presumption that that there is a single entity in China consisting of all Chinese exporters under the central control of the PRC government. Id. at 16-27. They submit that the presumption, adopted in the early 1990s based on circumstances in China in the late 1980s, is now factually invalid and contradicted by the Department‘s own determinations since that time, including its determination that China‘s economy is now sufficiently market-oriented that Commerce now considers it appropriate to subject Chinese exports to countervailing duties. Id. at 20-25. Third, they argue that the Department‘s finding that the government of the PRC controls the export activities of Double Coin is not supported by the evidence of record. Id. at 27-51. Fourth, and finally, they argue that it was unlawful for Commerce to subject Double Coin to the 105.31% rate, rather than a rate determined based on Double Coin‘s own data, because Commerce, in doing so, applied a rate determined according to “facts otherwise available” and “adverse inferences.” Id. at 51-59. According to their argument, this was impermissible, inter alia, “particularly since Commerce found determined [sic] that Double Coin‘s actual AD [antidumping duty] rate was de minimis” and because Commerce found that Double Coin fully cooperated with the review. Id. at 51.
CMA and Double Coin Holdings Ltd. have standing to challenge the PRC-wide rate of 105.31% because that rate was applied to Double Coin. The court, therefore, construes their various arguments as constituting a single claim—that Commerce unlawfully assigned this rate to Double Coin—and construes all of its arguments as grounds in support of this claim. For the reasons discussed in this Opinion and Order, the court agrees with the fourth argument they put forth. Therefore, the court does not address the remaining arguments.
Commerce stated in the fifth administrative review that “[t]he Department considers the PRC to be a non-market economy country [“NME“] under
countries a single rate unless an exporter can affirmatively demonstrate an absence of government
In the fifth review, Commerce determined that Double Coin failed to rebut the presumption of de facto state control and, therefore, found that Double Coin “is a part of the PRC-wide entity.” Final I&D Mem. 12. From that finding, Commerce proceeded to a conclusion that Double Coin had not established its entitlement to a “separate rate,” i.e., a rate separate from the rate Commerce would assign to the PRC-wide entity. Id. (“Double Coin is ineligible for a separate rate due to its inability to establish independence from government control.“). On this ground, Commerce declined to assign to Double Coin the de minimis margin of 0.14%, to which it referred in the Final Results as Double Coin‘s “calculated margin.”8 Final Results, 80 Fed. Reg. at 20,199; see Final I&D Mem. 12 (acknowledging that this was the “calculated final margin for Double Coin“). Instead, Commerce assigned Double Coin a rate of 105.31%, a rate Commerce designated as a newly-established rate for “the PRC-wide entity.” Final Results, 80 Fed. Reg. at 20,199.
Titan and the USW claim that Commerce erred in assigning the 105.31% rate to Double Coin on the ground that on the record before it, Commerce should have left unchanged, and applied to Double Coin, the PRC-wide rate of 210.48% determined upon conclusion of the investigation and continued through previous reviews of the Order.
1. Commerce Erred in Assigning Double Coin the 105.31% Rate Instead of the 0.14% De Minimis Margin
The court begins its analysis with the statutory requirements for the conducting of an administrative review of an antidumping duty order.
Commerce designated Double Coin, as an exporter and producer of subject merchandise, to serve as one of the two “mandatory respondents” and maintained this designation throughout the fifth review. Having made this designation, Commerce placed itself under a general obligation to assign Double Coin an “individual weighted average dumping margin.” That much is clear from
may determine the weighted average dumping margins for a reasonable number
of exporters or producers by limiting its examination to . . . a sample of exporters, producers, or types of products that is statistically valid . . . or . . . exporters and producers accounting for the largest volume of the subject merchandise from the exporting country that can be reasonably examined.
The de minimis margin of 0.14% that Commerce calculated for Double Coin qualifies as an “individual weighted average dumping margin” within the meaning of
Even though it calculated the de minimis margin based on Double Coin‘s own data, during the review Commerce rejected Double Coin‘s argument that “the statute requires the Department to assign Double Coin a rate based on this information.” Final I&D Mem. 12. Commerce gave as its reason that “[i]t is the Department‘s policy to assign all exporters of the merchandise subject to review in NME countries a single rate unless an exporter can affirmatively demonstrate an absence of government control” and that “Double Coin is ineligible for a separate rate due to its inability to demonstrate the absence of government control.” Id. This reason does not suffice. No “policy” can justify an agency‘s decision if that policy is applied to conflict with a statutory requirement. Here, the policy Commerce cited cannot serve to reconcile two inconsistent decisions: the Department‘s decision to subject Double Coin to individual examination and its decision not to assign Double Coin an individual margin. The plain language of
Under existing practice, Commerce attempts to calculate individual dumping margins for all producers and exporters of merchandise who are subject to an antidumping investigation or for whom an administrative review is requested.
As a practical matter, however, Commerce may not be able to examine all exporters and producers, for example, when there is a large number of exporters and producers. In such situations, Commerce either limits its examination to those firms accounting for the largest volume of exports to the United States or employs sampling techniques. Commerce will calculate individual dumping margins for those firms selected for examination and an “all others” rate to be applied to those firms not selected for examination.
Statement of Administrative Action accompanying the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, H.R. Rep. No. 103-316, Vol. 1 at 872 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4200 (emphasis added). As the SAA makes clear, an exporter or producer that is “selected for examination” according to
Commerce explained, further, that “[t]he Department must calculate a single rate for the PRC-wide entity, and in this review, we do not have the necessary information, i.e., sales and production data, from the remaining unspecified portion of the PRC-wide entity.” Final I&D Mem. 12; see also Final Results, 80 Fed. Reg. at 20,199. This rationale also fails to justify the Department‘s decision not to assign an individually-determined margin to Double Coin. Commerce is permitted to base an individual weighted average dumping margin on substitute information by invoking its authority under
As to Double Coin, Commerce did not make a valid finding, supported by record evidence, that “necessary information,” within the meaning of
Under
On the other hand, because Commerce intentionally declined to designate as a “mandatory,” i.e., individually examined, producer or exporter the non-Double Coin portion of
what it considered to be the PRC-wide entity, Commerce had no need for information with which to calculate an individual weighted average dumping margin for that “portion.” Commerce determined that “we do not have the necessary information, i.e., sales and production data, from the remaining unspecified portion of the PRC-wide entity,” Final I&D Mem. 12 (emphasis added), but this determination of necessity is incorrect. The “sales and production data” to which Commerce referred pertain to an individual weighted average dumping margin. In short, the Department‘s review of that “remaining unspecified portion” of the PRC, i.e., the non-Double Coin portion, was governed by an exception authorized by
Even were the court to presume, for the sake of argument, that Commerce could have invoked its authority under
Moreover, the 210.48% rate was the result of the Department‘s
(. . . continued) did examine when it calculated (but declined to apply) a de minimis margin for Double Coin. The record contains no data pertaining to any Chinese exporter‘s subject merchandise, or even data pertaining to the identity of such an exporter, other than that of Double Coin, that are relevant to the fifth administrative review and that Commerce considered to be a part of the PRC-wide entity. As Commerce conceded, the record did not allow it to know the composition of what it termed the “PRC-wide entity.” Final I&D Mem. 12.
entity” (other than those it sent to Double Coin). Instead, in using the 210.48% rate in determining Double Coin‘s margin, Commerce impermissibly relied on matters not on the record of the fifth review, pointing to a lack of cooperation in the original antidumping duty investigation of what it then considered to be the PRC-wide entity (which at that time Commerce found not to include Double Coin). As Commerce explained:
In this review, to the extent that the application of the pre-existing PRC-wide rate affects the antidumping duties assessed on Double Coin‘s entries as a result of this review, this rate is not an application of AFA to the entity in this review; rather, it reflects in part the rate applied to the entity based on the actions of the entity in the investigation of which Double Coin is now a part (and unchanged by any subsequent review).
Final I&D Mem. 13. While Commerce attempts to characterize the 105.31% rate it applied to Double Coin as something other than a rate determined according to “AFA,” this characterization is inaccurate. The 105.31% rate was derived in substantial part from the AFA rate assigned to the PRC-wide entity in the investigation. The authority Congress provided in
In the Final Issues and Decision Memorandum, Commerce cited various judicial decisions in an attempt to justify its decision. Commerce relied on a decision of the
Commerce reasoned, further, that in Transcom, Inc. v. United States, 294 F.3d 1371, 1381-83 (Fed. Cir. 2002), the Court of Appeals affirmed “[t]he application of a PRC-wide rate to all parties which were not eligible for a separate rate” and that “[i]n Transcom, the Federal Circuit also found that a rate based on ‘BIA’ (the precursor to facts available and AFA under the current statute) is not punitive.” Final I&D Mem. 11. Transcom also involved a review of an antidumping duty order initiated prior to the effective date of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, which enacted
Commerce concluded from Sigma Corp. and Transcom, and from decisions of this Court that cite the opinions in those two cases, that “contrary to Double Coin‘s assertions, the courts have consistently upheld the Department‘s authority to apply a presumption of state control in
NME countries and to apply a single rate to all exporters that fail to rebut that presumption.” Final I&D Mem. 11. Neither case lends support to the decision challenged here, made under a provision of the URAA, in which a cooperative exporter selected for individual examination was not assigned a margin based on the sales of that exporter‘s own subject merchandise. Commerce took this action on the basis of a review of an entity—the portion of the “PRC-wide enterprise” that did not include Double Coin—that Commerce did not select for individual examination. Nothing in the Tariff Act authorizes Commerce to do this simply upon a Departmental finding that the entity Commerce did select for individual examination, i.e., Double Coin, did not rebut its presumption of government control. This is quite different from the Department‘s established practice of subjecting to a “PRC-wide” rate all Chinese exporters that Commerce found to have failed to demonstrate independence from an uncooperative governmental entity and that Commerce, for that reason, considered not to be entitled to individual examination or to a “separate rate.” While the statute does not specify how Commerce is to determine a rate for respondents that, pursuant to
As did Commerce in the Final Issues and Decisions Memorandum, defendant submits that the Department‘s decision to apply a country-wide rate to Double Coin in the fifth review is consistent with the decision of the Court of International Trade in Advanced Technology & Materials Co. v. United States, 37 CIT __, __, 938 F. Supp. 2d 1342, 1350-51 (2013), which, defendant points out, was affirmed by the Court of Appeals pursuant to Fed. Cir. R. 36 in Advanced Technology & Materials Co. v. United States, 541 F. App‘x. 1002 (Fed. Cir. 2013). The case is neither precedential nor on point. The segment of the opinion of this Court on which Commerce and defendant relied concerned a plaintiff, Advanced Technology & Materials Co., Ltd., that was not selected as a mandatory respondent in the antidumping duty investigation that gave rise to that case. See Advanced Tech. & Materials Co., 37 CIT __ at __, 938 F. Supp. 2d at 1350-51; Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Final Partial Affirmative Determination of Critical Circumstances: Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From the People‘s Republic of China, 71 Fed. Reg. 29,303 (May 22, 2006). As a result, the case did not involve the issue presented by this case, in which Commerce disregarded its obligation under
In the Final Issues and Decision Memorandum, Commerce also relied on its regulation,
Similarly, the court will grant the deference to an agency‘s reasonable interpretation of a statutory provision in appropriate circumstances. See Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). Here, however, Commerce has offered no
2. The Court Denies Relief on Titan‘s and the USW‘s Claim that as to Double Coin, Commerce Unlawfully Departed from the Previous 210.48% PRC-Wide Rate
Titan and the USW claim that the Department‘s decision to assign the 105.31% rate to Double Coin, instead of the previous PRC-wide rate of 210.48%, was unreasonable and unsupported by substantial record evidence. They base this claim on the state of the record and their interpretations of past Commerce practice and various judicial decisions. Titan‘s Br. 17-24. The court denies relief on this claim.
As grounds in support of its claim, Titan and the USW argue that this Court has recognized that under Department practice involving nonmarket economy cases, the separate sales behavior of a single member of the PRC-wide entity is not meaningful and no individual inquiry into that behavior is warranted. Titan‘s Br. 18-19 (citing Watanabe Grp. v. United States, 34 CIT 1545, 1551 (2010), Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube Co. v. United States, 36 CIT__, __, 884 F. Supp. 2d 1295, 1312 (2012)). This argument fails because in this case, Commerce decided to designate Double Coin under
Titan and the USW next argue that “[f]or Commerce to be able to calculate a new margin for the PRC-wide entity,” i.e., a revision of the previous 210.48% rate, “it needed data on factors of production and sales for the entity as a whole” and that where such information is not on the record, the Department‘s standard practice when reviewing a member of the NME-wide entity, as upheld by the courts, “is to apply an AFA rate to the whole entity.” Titan‘s Br. 20-21. As to the lack of record evidence on the PRC-wide entity as a whole, and alluding to the apparent fact that Commerce did not seek information from the PRC-wide entity as a whole, Titan and the USW argue that “[i]n this review, the onus was on the [PRC-wide] entity, including Double Coin, to submit complete data on the record.” Titan‘s Br. 20 (citing Chia Far Indus. Factory Co. v. United States, 28 CIT 1337, 1354, 343 F. Supp. 2d 1344, 1362 (2004)). In support of this argument, Titan and the USW contend that “Double Coin was aware of the government control it was under, and on notice it was likely to be held to be part of the PRC-wide entity” but that “Double Coin and that entity chose not to submit a complete set of information for Commerce to review the activities of the entire PRC-wide entity.” Titan‘s Br. 20-21. These arguments ignore the record fact that Commerce, although naming Double Coin for individual examination as a mandatory respondent, specifically declined to so designate the PRC-wide entity as a whole.
Notably, Titan and the USW do not claim that the Department‘s decision to designate only Double Coin, and not the PRC-wide entity as a whole, as a mandatory respondent was unlawful. Instead, they claim that Commerce was required on the
Finally, Titan and the USW argue that the 210.48% rate permissibly could be used as facts otherwise available in the application of a rate to the PRC-wide entity, and that the 105.31% rate could not, because only the former, being based on the petition, and not the latter, was relevant to the PRC-wide entity as a whole. Titan‘s Br. 22-24. According to Titan and the USW, the rate Commerce selected “was not based on any fact, available or otherwise, but was only an assumption.” Id. at 22. They maintain that “[i]n selection among facts otherwise available,
3. Commerce Must Assign Double Coin the De Minimis Margin Because This Is the Appropriate Remedy for Double Coin‘s Claim Contesting the Assignment of the 105.31% Rate
In conclusion, Commerce acted contrary to law in applying the rate of 105.31% to entries of the subject merchandise exported by Double Coin. As a remedy, Double Coin argues that the decision to impose this rate must be set aside, Double Coin‘s Br. 59, and the court agrees. Double Coin seeks that the court remand the Department‘s decision with instructions for reissuance “consistent with the court‘s decision.” Id. Double Coin thus leaves to the court the specific instructions to be issued in remanding the Department‘s decision.
Whether or not it was lawful for Commerce to deem Double Coin to be part of what it deemed “the PRC-wide entity,” Commerce was required by
It might be argued that the court should issue a more general order that does not direct Commerce to assign Double Coin the de minimis margin but leaves to Commerce the determination of what margin to assign, so long as that margin is, as the statute requires, an individual weighted average dumping margin. According to such an argument, the court should not foreclose the possibility that Commerce might choose to conduct the review anew as to the PRC-wide entity, reopening the record as necessary to remedy what it acknowledged, see Final I&D Mem. 12, as a lack of record evidence on the composition of this entity and on sales and production data pertaining to it. The court decides against this course of action.
As the court discussed previously, Commerce designated Double Coin as a mandatory, i.e., individually examined, respondent, but it expressly avoided this designation for what it considered to be the remainder of the PRC-wide entity, thereby deciding that it would not perform an individual examination upon the PRC-wide entity as a whole. Upon judicial review, it is axiomatic that a court may adjudicate only claims that are properly before it. In actions contesting an agency determination, such as this one, the court may adjudicate only claims challenging findings, determinations, and conclusions Commerce reached in the Final Results. The court‘s remand order, therefore, may include only those directives that are needed to correct the contested findings, determinations, and conclusions the court determines to be contrary to law. The court‘s procedures reflect this limitation on judicial review; see, e.g., USCIT R. 56.2(c).
In this litigation, no party contested the Department‘s designation of GTC and Double Coin as mandatory respondents. Moreover, no party contested the Department‘s decision in the Final Results not to also designate as a “mandatory,” i.e., individually examined, producer or exporter the entire PRC-wide entity or, precisely, what Commerce considered to be the “unspecified” portion of the PRC-wide entity beyond Double Coin.12 However illogical it might seem that Commerce found the PRC-wide entity to be a single entity yet also reached a decision to examine individually only what it deemed a portion of it, i.e., Double Coin, that decision is unchallenged in this litigation and, therefore, final and conclusive.13 As a result, any prospect
reopen the record with the objective of obtaining information that might be used for that purpose. The court is ordering Commerce to assign the 0.14% de minimis margin to Double Coin because it is the only possible result that, on the record of the fifth administrative review, could comply with all statutory requirements, in particular
D. GTC‘s Claims
1. The Department‘s Deductions for Value-Added Tax Were Contrary to the Statute
Section 772(c)(2)(B) of the Tariff Act directs Commerce to reduce “[t]he price used to establish export price and constructed export price” by “the amount, if included in such price, of any export tax, duty, or other charge imposed by the exporting country on the exportation of the subject merchandise to the United States.”15
authorized, the methodology Commerce used to calculate them was unreasonable and contrary to record evidence, id. at 17-23.
For the Final Results, Commerce described the Chinese VAT system as one in which “some portion of the input VAT that a company pays on purchases of inputs used in the production of exports is not refunded.” Final I&D Mem. 28 (footnote omitted). According to Commerce, “[t]his amounts to a tax, duty, or other charge on exports that is not imposed on domestic sales“; Commerce referred to this portion as “irrecoverable VAT.” Id. Commerce explained that “[i]rrecoverable VAT, as defined in PRC law, is a net VAT burden that arises solely from, and is specific to, exports” and “is VAT paid on inputs and raw materials (used in the production of exports) that is nonrefundable and, therefore, a cost.” Id. (footnote omitted). Commerce concluded that, for purposes of
In the Final Issues and Decisions Memorandum, Commerce defined “irrecoverable VAT” as follows: “Irrecoverable VAT is (1) the free-on-board value of the exported good, applied to the difference between
GTC relies on regulations of the PRC, which it placed on the record, as providing that “‘for taxpayers that export goods, the tax rate shall be zero.‘” Id. at 14 (quoting Article 2.3 of the Interim Regulations of the People‘s Republic of China on Value-Added Taxes (2008) and citing GTC‘s Section C Response. at 49-50 and Exhibit C-15 (emphasis in GTC‘s Br.)). According to GTC, “[t]his is an internal tax related to the cost of acquiring inputs within China, and it is obviously not a tax that is ‘imposed on the exportation of the subject merchandise.‘” Id. at 15. GTC argues, further, that “since the record plainly shows that the VAT rate for export sales is zero, there is no support for any assumption that VAT is ‘included in the price’ of the export sale as required before Commerce can make any adjustment pursuant to
GTC maintains that even were Commerce, as a general matter, permitted to make a deduction for irrecoverable VAT, its deduction in this instance was impermissible because “[c]omputing an adjustment based upon the difference between the VAT rates paid and refunded is obviously not the same as computing the actual amount paid if the applicable input VAT rate and refund rate are applied to a different value basis.” Id. at 18 (emphasis in original). Asserting that “the 17% VAT input rate being used by Commerce is only applied to the value of inputs purchased by GTC for the production of its tires, while the 9% refund rate is being applied to the much higher basis of the FOB [free-on-board] value of the finished merchandise,” GTC adds that “it is obvious that 9% of the FOB value of the finished tires could equal or exceed the 17% VAT amount paid on the cost of material inputs (as GTC showed in its VAT supplemental response).” Id. (footnote omitted).
For the Final Results, Commerce included in the Final Issues and Decision Memorandum an interpretation of § 1677a(c)(2)(B) that the court reviews according to the analysis outlined by the U.S. Supreme Court in Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842-43. The first step in the court‘s review is to determine whether Congress has spoken to the precise question presented, because if so, then the answer Congress gave is binding on the agency and on the court. Id. If the statutory language is ambiguous or silent on the precise question presented, then a court, upon reviewing an interpretation of a statute made by the agency charged by Congress with its administration, is to give deference to a reasonable interpretation of
Neither the Final Results nor the incorporated Final Issues and Decision Memorandum includes a specific finding that the PRC government imposed a tax, duty, or other charge in an amount equaling 8% of the free-on-board (“FOB“) value of GTC‘s subject merchandise. Therefore, the statutory language presents two questions of interpretation. One question is whether, in the absence of a finding that any sort of “tax, duty or other charge” equivalent to 8% of the FOB value of the exported merchandise actually was “imposed by the exporting country,” it was permissible for Commerce to construe the statute to authorize it to make that deduction from the starting price for EP or CEP. If, and only if, the answer to the first question is yes, does the second question arise. That question is whether a VAT tax imposed on a producer‘s domestic manufacturing inputs but not refunded upon the exportation of the finished good can be construed to be an “export tax, duty, or other charge” that was “on the exportation of the subject merchandise.”
The answer to the court‘s first question of interpretation is found in the unambiguous language of the statute. Under that language, the deduction from the EP or CEP starting price must be in the actual “amount” of the tax, duty, or other charge that was “imposed” by the government of the country of export.
Instead of finding as a fact that the PRC imposed a tax, duty, or charge—of whatever character—in an amount equivalent to 8% of the FOB value of GTC‘s subject merchandise, Commerce applied a presumption that goods exported from China are subject to “irrecoverable VAT” in the amount of 8% of the FOB value of the exported good. Final I&D Mem. 30 (“Irrecoverable VAT is (1) the free-on-board value of the exported good, applied to the difference between (2) the standard VAT levy rate and (3) the VAT rebate rate applicable to exported goods.“). A presumption is, of course, different than a finding of fact. Commerce neither found that China imposed a tax, duty, or other charge on GTC‘s subject merchandise in an amount equivalent to 8% of the FOB value nor found that China had imposed on that merchandise a charge in any other specific amount. Instead, it stated in the Final Issues and Decisions Memorandum a general finding that “under the PRC‘s VAT regime, . . . some portion of the input VAT that a company pays on purchases of inputs used in the production of exports is not refunded.” Id. at 28 (emphasis added) (footnote omitted). Later in the memorandum, Commerce further found that “[i]nformation placed on the record by both GTC and Double Coin indicates that according to the Chinese VAT schedule, the standard VAT levy is 17 percent and the rebate rate for subject merchandise is nine
After discussing record evidence consisting of GTC‘s responses to the Department‘s questionnaires on VAT, defendant argues that “Commerce properly relied on the information on the record, which demonstrated that the irrecoverable VAT for the subject merchandise was eight percent.” Def.‘s Opp‘n. 60. This argument is erroneous. Having failed to state the finding the statute required as to GTC‘s subject merchandise, Commerce cannot be said to have relied on record information “which demonstrated that the irrecoverable VAT for the subject merchandise was eight percent.”
Commerce concluded that under Chinese law irrecoverable VAT “is VAT paid on inputs and raw materials (used in the production of exports) . . . .” Final I&D Mem. 28 (footnote omitted). Commerce also concluded that under Chinese law “the standard VAT levy is 17 percent and the rebate rate for subject merchandise is nine percent.” Id. at 29 (footnote omitted). Commerce fails to explain how, in light of these two conclusions, a presumption of GTC‘s having incurred an “irrecoverable VAT” charge in the amount of 8% of the value of the subject exports could have been plausible. A simplified example illustrates this point. Based on the Department‘s two conclusions about Chinese VAT, as stated above, a subject off-the-road tire exported from China to the United States with an FOB export value of $100 (to take a round number) would contain “inputs and raw materials” that were subject to VAT at the rate of 17% applicable to those inputs and raw materials, and the exportation of the tire would have qualified GTC for a VAT rebate of $9.00. In order for GTC to have incurred a “tax, duty, or other charge,” based on unrefunded VAT, of $8.00 (in accordance with the Department‘s presumption that the irrecoverable VAT was 8% of export value), the actual VAT imposed on the “inputs and raw materials” used in the production of the tire would have had to have been $17.00, i.e., the $9.00 in refunded VAT plus the $8.00 in unrefunded VAT. But for the VAT on the inputs and raw materials to have been $17.00, those VAT-subject inputs and raw materials would have had to
Moreover, the record contains evidence consisting of GTC‘s responses to the Department‘s VAT questionnaires that is probative on the issue of whether GTC possibly could have incurred a net charge for VAT that was in an amount equivalent to 8% of the FOB value of its subject merchandise. This evidence included twelve monthly VAT tax returns (copies of which GTC submitted to Commerce for the record), a calculation of the total VAT incurred on production inputs, and an allocation of that amount to export sales on the basis of sales value. GTC‘s Supplemental VAT Questionnaire Response 1-3 & Exhibits 2-3 (May 28, 2014), ECF No. 45-1. In the review, GTC informed Commerce that “. . . during the POR GTC‘s VAT refund based upon the 9% refund rate for export sales exceeded the amount of VAT paid for inputs attributable to exported merchandise.” Id. at 3; see GTC‘s Br. 18. Commerce refused to consider this evidence because it concluded that GTC “did not provide the reconciliation” the Department requested, that the reconciliation it did provide “would result in an adjustment to irrecoverable VAT based on non-product specific data” and that “[f]or the calculation of irrecoverable VAT we will not consider allocations across all company sales or across products with different VAT schedules.” Final I&D Mem. 30 (footnote omitted).
The record evidence indicates that the Department‘s refusal to consider GTC‘s submitted evidence was, at least in part, the result of the way that GTC maintained its VAT-related business records in the company‘s SAP accounting system.17 In
merchandise would not be possible“; it also argues that Commerce did not request such. Id. at 8. GTC disputes the Department‘s finding that GTC‘s allocation was over multiple products with different VAT rates and asserts that, with the exception of certain natural rubber (for which GTC alleges there was a lower VAT rate) the VAT rate for its domestic input purchases was 17%. Id. at 7. Also, GTC argues that the Department‘s refusal to consider GTC‘s VAT reconciliation conflicted with
It is not necessary that the court accept or reject each of these various arguments as to GTC‘s VAT reconciliation. As the court concluded above, Commerce, contrary to the premise of defendant‘s argument, relied on a presumption rather than an actual finding of fact that GTC incurred a net VAT charge equivalent to 8% of the FOB value of its subject exports. Had Commerce made an actual finding, such a finding would have been subjected to judicial review based on the record evidence viewed as a whole, including the evidence Commerce refused to consider.
Defendant also argues that the Department‘s construction of
Titan and the USW argue that the statute is silent on how Commerce is to adjust EP and CEP prices for export duties, taxes, and other charges and, in particular, “is silent on how this adjustment should be applied to exports from a non-market economy.” Resp. Br. of Titan and the USW (Dec. 7, 2015) 38, ECF No. 55 (“Titan‘s Opp‘n“). According to Titan and the USW, having “examined the Chinese VAT system to determine how best to implement the statute and [having] reviewed GTC‘s VAT payments and refunds in this case,” Commerce “has made a reasonable determination to apply a rate-based adjustment to U.S. prices for the Chinese government‘s imposition of irrecoverable VAT specifically to GTC‘s exports of subject merchandise.” Id. This argument, too, is unpersuasive.
The presumptive “rate-based adjustment” to which Titan and the USW refer was contrary to the statute, under which a reduction from the starting price for EP or CEP must be in the amount of a tax, duty, or other charge imposed by the exporting country in relation to the subject merchandise. Their argument that the statute is silent on how the adjustment is applied to exports from a nonmarket economy country
Nor can the court conclude that Commerce has made, in Titan‘s and the USW‘s words, a “reasonable determination.” The court has discussed certain flaws in the Final Issues and Decision Memorandum, including the lack of an essential finding of fact, but another flaw is the inconsistency in describing the effect of the Department‘s presumption. At certain points, the memorandum appears to treat the presumption as irrebuttable for any Chinese exporter, as is demonstrated by the following blanket statement:
Irrecoverable VAT is (1) the free-on-board value of the exported good, applied to the difference between (2) the standard VAT levy rate and (3) the VAT rebate rate applicable to exported goods. The first variable, export value, is unique to each respondent and sale while the rates in (2) and (3), as well the formula for determining irrecoverable VAT, are each explicitly set forth in Chinese law and regulations.
Final I&D Mem. 30. This “formula for determining irrecoverable VAT” appears to leave no possibility for a Chinese exporter to rebut the presumption that it has incurred a net VAT cost equal to 8% of the value of the exported goods.18 The Final Issues and Decision Memorandum also cites a 2012 issuance, Methodological Change for Implementation of Section 772(c)(2)(B) of
the
In summary, Commerce substituted a presumption—whether rebuttable or irrebutable—for an actual finding. The Department‘s decision violated
2. The Department‘s Selection of Financial Statements for Calculating Surrogate Financial Ratios Was Supported by Substantial Evidence
According to
In selecting financial statements to calculate the surrogate financial ratios, the Department‘s policy is to use audited and complete statements, which are contemporaneous with the period of review, from one or more market economy producers of identical merchandise. See Final I&D Mem. 36; Prelim. I&D Mem. 17-18. In the fifth review, the petitioners placed on the record financial statements for two producers in Indonesia, the Department‘s chosen surrogate country, of merchandise identical to the subject merchandise: PT Gajah Tunggal Tbk (“Gajah Tunggal“) and PT Goodyear Indonesia Tbk (“Goodyear“). See Petitioners’ 4th Surrogate Value Comments, Attachments 3, 4 (Sept. 2, 2014), ECF Nos. 89-19, 89-20, 89-21. In the Preliminary Results, Commerce used both of these financial statements to calculate the surrogate financial ratios.19 Preliminary Results Surrogate Value Mem., A-570-912, ARP 13-14 (Sept. 30, 2014), (Admin.R.Doc. No. 265) ECF No. 108-1 (“Prelim. Surrogate Value Mem.“).
GTC argues that Commerce erred in rejecting the Gajah Tunggal statements. See GTC‘s Br. 26. Specifically, GTC argues that “Commerce has a well-established preference for using multiple financial statements in its surrogate ratio calculations so that the resulting ratios provide a more accurate representation of the industry as a whole rather than a single company.” Id. GTC also argues that there was record evidence that could be used to calculate Gajah Tunggal‘s energy costs, namely the company‘s 2013 annual report, and the Department‘s determination that the annual report was unreliable is unsupported by substantial evidence. Id. at 27. Finally, GTC argues that Commerce could have taken notice of Gajah Tunggal‘s revised 2013 financial statements, which do contain a line item for energy costs. Id. at 28-30. The revised 2013 financial statements were not on the record in this review but were on the record in another antidumping proceeding. Id.
The court rejects GTC‘s arguments. The Department has a statutory obligation to calculate surrogate values using the best available information, see
Commerce acted within its discretion in deciding against the Gajah Tunggal financial statements because of the lack of a breakdown for energy costs. While Commerce adjusted for this deficiency in the Preliminary Results using information from the company‘s annual report, it was under no obligation to do so in the Final Results. Nor was Commerce under an obligation to take steps allowing it to use Gajah Tunggal‘s revised 2013 financial statements, which were not on the record in this review, when it had a complete, audited, and contemporaneous set of financial statements from Goodyear on the record. As to the use of only the Goodyear statements, Commerce permissibly balanced the advantage of using financial statements of two companies with the advantage of ensuring consistent reporting of the various costs. Upon judicial review, it is not the role of the court to disturb the valid exercise of an agency‘s discretion where it discerns no error in fact or law.
3. The Department‘s Choice of Surrogate Data for Coal Was Supported by Substantial Evidence
Commerce applied a surrogate value of $0.15/kg. for steam coal, which GTC used to manufacture the subject merchandise, which value Commerce calculated from Global Trade Atlas (“GTA“) import data for “Bituminous Coal, Not Agglomerated” from Indonesia, Harmonized System subheading 2701.12. Prelim. Surrogate Value Mem. 12. In making this calculation, Commerce excluded imports of coal originating in nonmarket economy countries, unspecified countries, and the countries Commerce considered to maintain non-specific export subsidies, which were India, Indonesia, South Korea, and Thailand. Id. GTC claims that the Department‘s finding that the Indonesian import data were the best available data on the record for valuing steam coal was not supported by substantial evidence. Based on its review of the record evidence available to support that finding, the court declines to grant relief on this claim.
“Congress has vested Commerce with considerable discretion in selecting the ‘best available information’ for use in valuing factors of production.” Allied Pacific Food (Dalian) Co. Ltd. v. United States, 32 CIT 1328, 1342, 587 F. Supp. 2d 1330, 1339 (2008) (citing Nation Ford Chem. Co. v. United States, 166 F.3d 1373, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). Commerce stated for the Final Results that “[w]hen selecting SVs [i.e., surrogate values] for use in an NME proceeding, the Department‘s preference is to use, where possible, a range of publicly available, non-export, tax-exclusive, and product-specific prices for the POR, with each of these factors applied non-hierarchically to the case-specific facts and with preference to data from a single surrogate country.” Final I&D Mem. 38 (footnote omitted).
Commerce chose Indonesia as the surrogate country for valuation of factors of production, a decision GTC does not contest. The record contained two possible sources of Indonesian data for valuing coal: the Global Trade Atlas import data and the price indices published by Argus Coalindo, a source of information on prices for Indonesian coal. See Final I&D Mem. 37-39. Commerce determined the Global Trade Atlas data superior to the Argus Coalindo data, concluding that “the GTA data represent actual prices of coal purchases in Indonesia” whereas the Argus Coalindo data represent prices on the international spot market “and thus do not accurately represent the price of coal bought or sold in Indonesia.” Id. at 38. Commerce added that “[b]ecause the Argus Coalindo data is for export prices paid for Indonesian coal, GTA data is a better, more specific, source to value coal inputs and fulfills the Department‘s standard SV criteria (non-export, broad-market, etc.).” Id.
GTC makes three arguments in claiming that the Department‘s selection of the Global Trade Atlas import data as the best available information was unlawful. GTC argues, first, that the Department‘s finding that the Argus Coalindo data reflect only export prices is unsupported by record evidence. GTC‘s Br. 39. Second, GTC argues that Commerce should have found that the Argus Coalindo data are more specific to the input than are the import data and that Commerce “did not have a valid basis for rejecting the Argus/Coalindo price data” when it found insufficient certain “testing slips” for coal samples that GTC submitted for the record to show the heat values of the coal it used. Id. at 42.
GTC bases its first argument, i.e., that Commerce incorrectly found the Argus Coalindo data to be based solely on export data, on record evidence that the Argus Coalindo data are derived from two separate services, Argus and Coalindo. According to GTC, the Department‘s conclusion regarding prices for Indonesian coal traded on the international spot market “refers only to the Argus data collection methodology; it has nothing to do with the Coalindo data collection methodology,” which GTC describes as having been founded to develop specialist pricing services for the Indonesian coal markets and as deriving prices using panels comprised of Indonesian coal producers, consumers and traders. Id. at 39-40. GTC also argues that according to the record information on Argus Coalindo, the prices are for deliveries on an FOB Kalimantan basis, apply as much “to a coal buyer (or trader) located in Indonesia as one located elsewhere,” and, therefore, should not be considered prices for export only. Id. at 40.
It is possible to interpret the Department‘s finding that “the Argus Coalindo data is for export prices paid for Indonesian coal,” as GTC does, to mean that the data are derived entirely from export prices. However, it also is possible to interpret the finding as meaning that the data are derived only partly from export prices. But even if the court were to interpret the statement of the finding as GTC does, the court would not conclude that the choice of the Global Trade Atlas import data was not based on substantial evidence. Regarding export prices, the Department‘s criterion is that surrogate values be “non-export average values,” Prelim. Surrogate Value Mem., i.e., averages that are exclusive of export prices. See also Final I&D Mem. 38 (“non-export . . . prices“). Regardless of how the finding is interpreted, the Argus Coalindo data, according to record evidence, did not satisfy the criterion. Commerce cited the “Argus Coalindo Methodology and Specifications Guide,” which describes the Argus data collection team as consisting of “specialist market reporters/analysts in Singapore, Beijing, Tokyo, Sydney, London, Moscow, Washington, Johannesburg and Bogota, drawing on Argus’ global network of energy correspondents.” Final I&D Mem. 38 n.135 (citing GTC‘s Second Surrogate Value Submission, Exhibit 5 (Sept. 2, 2014), ECF No. 89-29). The guide goes on to state:
The market reporters/analysts ask market participants in the survey whether they have bought or sold any Indonesian coal, whether they have heard of any trade in Indonesian coal, and whether they have received or made any bids or offers for Indonesian coal. The participants are asked where they see the level of prices for Indonesian coal traded on the international spot market.
GTC‘s Second Surrogate Value Submission, Exhibit 5 (Sept. 2, 2014), ECF No. 89-29. The record evidence supports a finding that the Argus Coalindo database is at least derived in some way from prices on the international spot market. Commerce validly could conclude on the basis of this evidence that export prices influenced the prices in that database. Commerce also determined that Indonesia maintains non-specific export subsidies, Prelim. Surrogate Value Mem. 12, a determination GTC does not contest. Seeking to use price data derived solely from the Indonesian market and avoid data on prices of coal exported from Indonesia to
For its second argument, GTC maintains that Commerce should have found that the Argus Coalindo data to be more specific to the input it consumed in producing the subject merchandise. See GTC‘s Br. 35-38. Specifically, GTC argues that “Commerce has repeatedly recognized a preference for published sources that provide values specific to the coal input used by respondents (particularly with respect to useful heat values (‘UHV‘)), and it has repeatedly relied on such sources instead of the less-specific import price data.” Id. at 36 (emphasis in original; citations omitted). GTC argues, further, that it “provided the Department with ample evidence of the specific UHV ranges for the coal it uses in the production of subject merchandise, including a summary of characteristics (including UHV) for 48 of GTC‘s coal testing reports.” Id. at 38. According to GTC, “[u]sing this information in conjunction with the Argus/Coalindo pricing data, Commerce had the ability to assign a surrogate value for coal specific to the heat value of the actual coal input used by GTC.” Id.
The court does not agree with GTC that Commerce was required by the record data or its past decisions to choose the Argus Coalindo data based on specificity to the input. Commerce concluded that “there is insufficient record data to establish consistent heat values for GTC‘s coal during the POR (i.e., GTC provided only a handful of coal testing slips with heat values that vary quite widely).” Final I&D Mem. 38. The finding that the submitted testing results vary widely is supported by the record evidence, which shows, for both the minimum and the maximum heat values in the samples, that the highest value is considerably higher than the lowest value. See GTC‘s Supplemental Section C&D Responses, Exhibit SD-8 (Conf.) (June 17, 2014), ECF No. 45-3. Referring to a simple average of the minimum and maximum heat values in its coal testing slips, respectively, GTC states that “[u]sing the summary sheet [i.e., for its testing reports] and underlying coal test reports to calculate a simple average, it is evident that the UHV for GTC‘s coal is in the 4748-4996 Kcal/Kg range.” GTC‘s Br. 41. But the two simple averages do not demonstrate that the heat values consistently were in a narrow range, and according to the record data, they were not.
Further to its argument on useful heat values, GTC argues that Commerce had an obligation under
GTC‘s third argument takes issue with the Department‘s statement in the Final Issues and Decision Memorandum that “[t]hough GTC did provide a limited selection of coal testing slips with heat values, GTC made no effort to corroborate its ash and sulfur levels with those specified in the
The court is unconvinced by GTC‘s third argument. Neither the record data on sulfur and ash content, nor the Department‘s comments on those data, are sufficient to cause the court to disallow as unsupported by record evidence the finding that the Global Trade Atlas import data were the best available information for valuing GTC‘s coal input. Commerce did not conclude that heat value information was unimportant as to the issue of specificity. Nevertheless, given the limitation posed by the significant variation in the heat value test data GTC submitted, Commerce was justified by the record evidence in rejecting GTC‘s argument, as made during the review, that the Argus Coalindo must be preferred to the Global Trade Atlas import data because of specificity to the input. GTC summarizes its arguments by asserting that “the record demonstrates that the Argus/Coalindo data satisfy the Department‘s surrogate value criteria and are more product specific than any other source available on the record,” id. at 45, but this argument ignores that the Argus Coalindo data, according to record data, did not meet the Department‘s criterion that the data it uses be based on averages that are exclusive of export prices. Commerce was justified in finding the heat value data GTC submitted insufficiently probative on the question of specificity to the input when weighed against the record data showing that the Argus Coalindo data were not exclusive of data derived from prices for coal exported from Indonesia.
For the foregoing reasons, the court does not grant relief on GTC‘s claim challenging the steam coal surrogate value.
4. The Department‘s Finding that its Calculations of GTC‘s Brokerage & Handling and Ocean Freight Costs Were Free of Double-Counting Is Not Supported by Substantial Evidence
Under
Commerce valued the trans-Pacific ocean freight using price quotes submitted by GTC and obtained from a website listing ocean freight costs, http://rates.descartes.com. Prelim. Surrogate Value Mem. 15. Commerce valued export brokerage and handling using information in a report published in 2013 by the World Bank as Doing Business 2014: Indonesia, “Trading Across Borders Indicators.” Id. at 16. From the World Bank publication, Commerce used prices for what it described as “a price list of export procedures necessary to export a standardized cargo of goods from Indonesia.” Prelim I&D Mem. 27. Commerce concluded that there was no double-counting between the two data sources, noting that ”Doing Business states that its trading-across-borders methodology measures the ‘cost necessary to complete every official procedure for exporting and importing’ a ‘standardized cargo of goods by seaport,’ but not the ‘cost for sea transport’ itself.” Final I&D Mem. 44 (footnotes omitted).20
The price list Commerce assembled from the data in Doing Business 2014: Indonesia consisted of the following three costs: “Documents preparation” at “$165“; “Customs clearance and technical control” at “$125“; and “Ports and terminal handling” at “$165.” Doing Business 2014: Indonesia 81. Commerce divided the total of the three costs, $455, by the weight of the “standardized cargo of goods from Indonesia,” which, based on information concerning the Trading Across Borders methodology provided by Titan and the USW, it determined to be 10,000 kilograms, to calculate “a cost of 0.0455 USD per kilogram in brokerage and handling fees for goods exported from Indonesia,” its chosen surrogate country. Id. at 16. GTC does not contest the Department‘s method of calculation per se; its claim, instead, is that several cost elements included in the Descartes ocean freight price quotes are also included in the brokerage and handling costs Commerce derived from the Doing Business report.
As double-counted costs, GTC points to the following “‘Documentation Charges,’ ‘Traffic Metigation [sic] fee,’ ‘AMS Charge,’ ‘Clean Truck Fee,’ ‘Chassis Usage Charges,’ ‘Shanghai Port Charges,’ ‘International Ship & Port Security charges,’ and ‘ISD Handling Charge.‘” GTC‘s Br. 49. These items are listed separately in one or more of the Descartes quotes. On each quote, separate from these items, is a cost item for “Ocean Freight.” GTC Mot. Appx. Part 3, Document 7, Exhibit 9, ECF No. 45-3 (“Descartes quotes“).
Commerce stated in the Preliminary Surrogate Value Memorandum that “[w]e did not exclude any ocean freight handling costs” from the Descartes quotes “as they appeared to be necessary for the shipment of freight and did not appear to have been covered by other brokerage and handling calculations.” Prelim. Surrogate Value Mem. 15. Commerce also stated in the Final Decision Memorandum that “[t]he surcharges on the Descartes quotes do not appear to overlap with the B&H charge
Upon examining the record evidence consisting of the Doing Business 2014: Indonesia report and the documentation showing the Descartes quotes, the court cannot sustain the Department‘s finding that there was no double counting in the Department‘s use of the two data sources. The court does not decide that each of the charges identified by GTC necessarily was double counted, but it notes that Commerce stated its finding of no double-counting only generally and not specifically as to each of the charges in the Descartes quotes that GTC identified during the review and to which it now directs the court‘s attention. Commerce, therefore, did not address the specific question of whether certain charges in the Descartes quotes overlap those in the Doing Business report. As an example, one of the three cost elements in the Department‘s calculation of the $455 brokerage and handling cost from that report is “Documents preparation” at $165. Commerce did not address the specific question of whether this charge overlapped with the item identified on certain of the Descartes quotes as “Documentation Charges” of $45 and the item listed on one of the quotes as “Doc. Handling Charges” of $60. As another example, Commerce also included in the $455 total a charge for “Ports and terminal handling” at $165. Commerce does not explain its reasoning for its apparent conclusion that this had no overlap with “Shanghai Port Charges” of $66, which is listed on one of the Descartes quotes. Because the Department‘s finding that no double-counting occurred is not supported by substantial evidence, the court must remand the Department‘s decisions as to deductions from CEP for brokerage and handling, and for ocean freight, for reconsideration. In reconsidering these decisions, Commerce should address specifically each of the charges in the Descartes quotes that GTC identifies as charges that overlap with the charges Commerce obtained from the Doing Business report.
5. The Department‘s Decision Not to Make a Cost-of-Living Adjustment to the Surrogate Value for Domestic Warehouse Costs Was Unsupported by Substantial Evidence
GTC challenges the Department‘s surrogate valuation of domestic (Chinese) warehouse costs. In the Preliminary and Final Results, Commerce calculated a surrogate value for domestic warehouse costs using a publicly available price quote from GIC Logistics Group, an Indonesian warehousing and logistics provider. Prelim. I&D Mem. 29; Final I&D Mem. 45. Because they are not considered publicly available, Commerce prefers not to use price quotes, but “[w]hen there are no better alternatives, . . . Commerce may use price quotes.” Vinh Quang Fisheries Corp. v. United States, 33 CIT 1277, 637 F. Supp. 2d 1352, 1358 (2009). In this case, the price quote Commerce used was the only evidence for valuing domestic warehouse costs that was submitted for the record. See Final I&D Mem. 45.
GTC is not arguing that Commerce should have refrained from using the price quote, only that Commerce should have adjusted it for inflation so as to make it contemporaneous with the period of review. GTC argues that the date given for the price quote used to value domestic warehouse costs was April 9, 2014 and that because that date was more than seven months after the end of the period of review on August 31, 2013, Commerce should have deflated it using the Producers Price Index (PPI) to make it contemporaneous with the period of review. See
Commerce regards contemporaneousness with the POR as important to its ensuring it is valuing factors of production as accurately as possible. See Jinan Yipin Corp. Ltd. v. United States, 35 CIT __, 800 F. Supp. 2d 1226, 1292 n.76 (2011). The price quote itself is undated, but the website from which the quote originated was accessed on April 9, 2014. See Petitioner‘s Initial Surrogate Value Comments, Attachment 18 (Apr. 14, 2014), ECF No. 86-43. The date the site was accessed is not itself contemporaneous with the period of review, which began on September 1, 2012 (19 months before the date the site was accessed) and ended on August 31, 2013 (7 months before that date). In the Preliminary Surrogate Value Memorandum, Commerce stated that “[w]e did not inflate [sic]” the value calculated for domestic warehouse costs “because it is contemporaneous with the POR.” Prelim. Surrogate Value Mem. 15. In the Final Results, Commerce justified its decision not to deflate the surrogate value for domestic warehouse costs on the ground that “there is no indication that the quoted price was not in effect during the POR and no party provided a better source of data for the warehouse cost.” Final I&D Mem. 45.
“[I]t is not sufficient for Commerce to simply rely on the absence of evidence to reach its decision.” Shandong Huarong Machinery Co. v. United States, 29 CIT 484, 498 (2005). Commerce does not explain whether, or why, its decision not to adjust the surrogate value for inflation should be considered to have produced a more accurate margin. For example, Commerce offers no discussion of evidence on price trends in Indonesia during the period in question as context for its decision, or on whether the record even contained such evidence. Without deciding the question of whether Commerce should have deflated the value according to the date the site was accessed, a date that was of limited probativity on the question of contemporaneity with the POR, the court directs Commerce to reconsider its decision not to make a cost-of-living adjustment and provide a more thorough analysis of the issue that is grounded in whatever relevant evidence exists on the record.
E. The Remaining Claims of Titan and the USW
1. Commerce Did Not Err in Finding that Double Coin Complied with Its Instruction to Revise the Reporting of Freight Distances for Materials
Titan and the USW argue that Double Coin failed to comply with the Department‘s instruction for submitting corrected reporting of the travel distances for manufacturing inputs, which Commerce used in the calculation of surrogate freight expenses as a component of the determination of the normal value of Double Coin‘s merchandise. They claim the Department‘s finding that Double Coin‘s revised reporting complied with the Department‘s instruction was not supported by substantial evidence on the record. Titan‘s Br. 24-25. The court denies relief on this claim.
In calculating normal value for the subject merchandise of GTC and Double Coin, Commerce added surrogate freight costs to the surrogate values for Double Coin‘s materials inputs so that these prices would represent prices as delivered to the point of tire manufacturing. See
The issue underlying Titan‘s and the USW‘s claim arose because “at verification, the Department observed and Double Coin acknowledged that the sub-Sigma cap distances reported for certain suppliers corresponded to trading companies from which certain inputs were purchased and not the actual producer/supplier of that input.” Letter from Dep‘t Commerce to Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP re: Request for Revised FOP and U.S. Sales Databases 1 (Sept. 16, 2014) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 253), ECF No. 89-42 (“Commerce Letter“). Commerce instructed as follows: “Accordingly, please re-report the supplier distances for all uncapped sub-Sigma suppliers to the Sigma-capped distance, as appropriate.” Id.
In their brief, Titan and the USW state that “[i]n the Final Results, Commerce agreed that Double Coin had not shown that it had revised the distances in its database as instructed, but stated that Commerce‘s ‘review of the changes. . . demonstrate{d} that the requested changes were properly reported.‘” Titan‘s Br. 13 (quoting Final I&D Mem. 49). Titan‘s and the USW‘s statement informing the court that “Commerce agreed that Double Coin had not shown that it had revised the distances in its database as instructed” does not accurately characterize the record. The relevant statements in the Final Issues and Decision Memorandum are as follows:
We note that Double Coin certified that it made all requested corrections in its Post-Verification Corrections submission and further confirmed that it capped the underlying line item distances at the distance to the port for the trading companies (rather than the distance to the trading companies), as requested. Though Double Coin‘s resubmission did not include the underlying worksheets demonstrating the change for every supplier (nor was such information requested), our review of the changes to the overall distances reported for each input between the most recent factors of production (“FOP“) database and the preceding database demonstrate that the requested changes were properly reported.
In the statement of facts in their Rule 56.2 brief, Titan and the USW state that “[p]er Commerce‘s instructions, the freight distance for each of Double Coin‘s FOPs should have been calculated as the weight-averaged Sigma distances.” Titan‘s Br. 10. They later repeat this alleged fact in their argument, stating that “[a]s discussed above, Commerce instructed Double Coin to report all its freight distances using the capped Sigma distances once it discovered that Double Coin had misreported the freight distances.” Titan‘s Br. 24. The court does not accept this allegation as the uncontested fact Titan and the USW allege it to be. The Department‘s instruction was that Double Coin “re-report the supplier distances for all uncapped sub-Sigma suppliers to the Sigma-capped distance, as appropriate.” Commerce Letter 1. Although this sentence can be interpreted to mean, as Titan and the USW do, that Commerce wanted Double Coin to re-report all of its freight distances to the Sigma-capped distance, i.e., the distance from the nearest port to the tire plant rather than the distance from the material supplier to the tire plant, several considerations caution against acceptance of Titan‘s and the USW‘s interpretation. The first consideration is the language Commerce used in the instruction. In addition to the words “as appropriate,” the previous sentence suggests a more limited context: “at verification, the Department observed and Double Coin acknowledged that the sub-Sigma distances reported for certain suppliers corresponded to trading companies from which certain inputs were purchased and not the actual producer/supplier of that input.” Id.
Second, the problem Commerce identified involved distances from trading companies. Therefore, it is not clear to the court why Commerce would have required Double Coin to use the distance between the tire plant and the port in all cases, even if there was a shorter distance from the tire factory to a material supplier that was not a trading company. Had Commerce done so, it would have imposed a requirement that would have departed from its established Sigma-derived practice of using the shorter of the two distances.
Finally, Commerce itself was in the best position to interpret its instruction (as well as whether Double Coin complied with it), and Commerce did not interpret the instruction as Titan and the USW do. Commerce stated in the Final Issues and Decision Memorandum that Double Coin “confirmed that it capped the underlying line item distances at the distance to the port for the trading companies (rather than the distance to the trading companies), as requested.” Final I&D Mem. 49 (“our review of the changes to the overall distances reported for each input between the most recent factors of production (‘FOP‘) database and the preceding database demonstrate that the requested changes were properly reported.“).
Titan and the USW include in the fact section of their brief a recalculation of Double Coin‘s freight distances in which they attempt to demonstrate that Double Coin did not follow the Department‘s instructions and continued to misreport the freight distances. Titan‘s Br. 12-13. Their recalculation, however, is based on their own interpretation of the Department‘s instructions. Id. at 10.
In summary, the court finds no error in the Department‘s determination that Double
2. The Court Denies Relief on Titan‘s and the USW‘s Claim Contesting the Inventory Carrying Cost Deduction for Sales by CMA
Because Double Coin‘s U.S. sales were made to an affiliated entity, CMA, Commerce calculated CEP based on the first sale from CMA to an unaffiliated customer, as provided under
In the Final Issues and Decision Memorandum, Commerce concluded that “[b]ecause CMA does not track the movement of individual tires into its warehouse, the inventory carrying cost calculation must necessarily rely on an estimate of average days in inventory.” Final I&D Mem. 55. Commerce explained, further, that CMA “does not track individual tires to a specific shipment into their warehouses, and the accounting for warehouse inventory only tracks the quantity of a given product in and out of inventory.” Id. at 56 (footnote omitted). Commerce also stated:
Because they do not know when the first shipment of a tire that has gone out for sale came in, Double Coin utilized a last-in-first-out (“LIFO“) method to estimate average days in inventory for reporting its inventory carrying costs because company officials know exactly when a tire went out for sale and exactly when the last instance of that type of tire came in to the warehouse.
Id. Commerce found, further, that “[a]s support for this method, CMA provided and Department officials reviewed documentation demonstrating that, for certain models of their larger selling tires, the inventory is moving out of inventory at a quicker pace than it is replaced.” Id. (footnote omitted).
Commerce stated for the Final Results that “we previously found that the methodology used by Double Coin to determine average days in inventory is acceptable and verified that the relevant information was properly reported.” Id. Commerce further stated that “we continue to find Double Coin‘s reported inventory carrying costs, based on CMA‘s LIFO method of estimating average days in inventory, to be acceptable and appropriate for use in these final results.” Id.
During the fifth review, the petitioners, Titan and the USW, argued to Commerce that according to what they termed a “typical” methodology for determining time in inventory, the average time in inventory should have been calculated as 290.6 days. Id. at 55. Commerce described the methodology favored as “typical” by Titan and the USW as “computing a ratio of the average inventory value during the POR to the total sales during the POR and then applying that ratio to the number of days in a year.” Id. Titan and the USW argued to Commerce that this estimate is supported by record evidence and that the estimate resulting from the LIFO methodology reported by Double Coin, which according to Titan and the USW “results in an average of 13.5 days in inventory for each tire sold,” was not. Id. Commerce rejected this position in the Final Results,
Because neither the statute,
3. The Court Denies Relief on Titan‘s and the USW‘s Claim that Commerce Miscalculated the Freight Expenses for GTC
Titan and the USW challenge the Department‘s calculation of surrogate freight costs for GTC‘s material inputs. They argue that Commerce erred in using as its cap on freight distance the “Sigma” distance, i.e., the distance from the tire plant to the nearest port, rather than the distance to a port GTC used in importing its market-economy (“ME“) purchases of materials. Titan‘s Br. 27. According to their argument, the Department‘s decision was not supported by substantial evidence because “Commerce recognized that the record showed that GTC did not in fact use the nearest port for imports.” Id. They argue, further, that Commerce “used the nearest port as the Sigma cap distance because it was its practice to make this presumption, which presumption Commerce argues was directed by the Federal Circuit in Sigma.” Id. They argue that the Court of Appeals “did not direct this particular outcome” in Sigma, which in their view did not direct Commerce “to apply a particular method” but “only directed Commerce to consider how a producer would act in sourcing inputs.” Id. at 27-28.
In the Preliminary and Final Results, Commerce “used GTC‘s reported distance from the factory to the closest commercial port (i.e., the Port of Fengcheng, at 710 km) as the Sigma cap distance.” Final I&D Mem. 47. Commerce determined that “[t]he record also demonstrates that GTC‘s ME input purchases and finished goods exports predominantly transit through a different port (or ports), which is (are) at a greater distance from GTC‘s factory.” Id.
In support of their claim, Titan and the USW summarize their arguments by asserting that “Commerce‘s reliance on its practice as an irrebuttable presumption was not directed by the Federal Circuit, is
For the Final Results, Commerce stated that it considered, and declined to follow, the petitioners’ suggestion that Commerce “alter the Department‘s long established practice of capping import distances to the closest port . . . for its ME imports and export sales.” Final I&D Mem. 47. Titan‘s and the USW‘s argument that the Sigma decision did not require the particular methodology Commerce used is unpersuasive because Commerce, in the Final Results, did not state that the holding in Sigma compelled it to apply that particular methodology. Instead, in the Final Issues and Decision Memorandum, Commerce described its adherence to its prior practice as follows:
Specifically, the Department added to Indonesian import SVs [surrogate values] a surrogate freight cost using the shorter of the reported distance from the domestic supplier to the factory or the distance from the nearest seaport to the factory where it relied on an import value. This adjustment is in accordance with the decision of the Federal Circuit in Sigma . . .
Id. (footnote omitted). Commerce did not describe its decision as based on a conclusion that the holding in Sigma would permit no other method. Instead, Commerce grounded its decision in its ”long-standing Department practice following the Federal Circuit‘s holding in Sigma.” Id. (emphasis added).
Nor can the court agree that the Department‘s decision was not supported by substantial evidence on the record. Titan and the USW do not point to a finding of fact Commerce made that they allege to be unsupported by record evidence; instead, they argue that the decision on the whole was not supported by substantial evidence because “Commerce recognized that the record showed that GTC did not in fact use the nearest port for imports.” Titan‘s Br. 27. Properly construed, their claim is not that Commerce reached an invalid finding of fact but that Commerce should have used a different methodology. As Titan and the USW implicitly acknowledge, Commerce found that GTC used a port other than the nearest port for its market economy inputs (as well as export sales). See Final I&D Mem. 47. Commerce simply chose not to adopt the petitioners’ suggestion that the distance to this farther port be adopted as the Sigma cap distance for the nonmarket economy inputs.
Finally, the court rejects Titan‘s and the USW‘s vague assertion that the Department‘s decision not to adopt their suggestion on GTC‘s freight costs was “otherwise not in accordance with the law.” Titan‘s Br. 29. Because the statute and the regulations are silent on how Commerce is to determine freight distances when calculating surrogate freight costs for a respondent‘s nonmarket economy input purchases, the court considers the Department‘s decision according to an abuse of discretion standard. The court discerns no violation of law in the Department‘s decision not to depart from its standard methodology in the circumstance presented.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed in the foregoing, the court remands the determination of the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce published as Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires from the People‘s Republic of China: Amended Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2012-2013, 80 Fed. Reg. 26,230 (Int‘l Trade Admin. May 7, 2015) for reconsideration and redetermination. Therefore, upon consideration of all papers and proceedings in this case, and upon due deliberation, it is hereby
ORDERED that Commerce shall issue, within ninety (90) days of the date of this Opinion and Order, a new determination upon remand (“Remand Redetermination“) that conforms to this Opinion and Order; specifically, the Remand Redetermination shall assign the individual weighted-average dumping margin to Double Coin as directed in this Opinion and Order and shall redetermine GTC‘s margin as necessary; it is further
ORDERED that plaintiffs and intervenors may file comments on the Remand Redetermination within thirty (30) days from the date on which the Remand Redetermination is filed with the court; and it is further
ORDERED that defendant may file a response within fifteen (15) days from the date on which the last of any such comments is filed with the court.
/s/ Timothy C. Stanceu
Timothy C. Stanceu
Chief Judge
Dated: February 6, 2017
New York, New York
Notes
In our questionnaires to Double Coin and GTC we asked that if the irrecoverable VAT amount reported is not directly derived as the difference between the VAT tax rate applicable to domestic purchases and inputs and the refund rate for export sales of subject merchandise, then they need to: 1) explain in detail why and provide worksheets demonstrating how to calculate the irrecoverable VAT; 2) reconcile the worksheets to the translated VAT tax returns provided and provide a detailed narrative explanation that describes the calculations shown in the worksheets; and 3) for each reconciling item reported in the worksheets, provide documentation and a citation to Chinese laws and regulations to fully support the reason for the reconciling item. However, the respondents did not provide this information, and the limited information they did provide would result in an adjustment to irrecoverable VAT based on non-product specific data. For the calculation of irrecoverable VAT we will not consider allocations across all company sales or across products with different VAT schedules.
Final I&D Mem. 30 (footnote omitted). Commerce rejected “GTC‘s assertion that it provided the exact type of reconciliation to its VAT tax returns that the Department requested” on the ground that the reconciliation was to GTC‘s tax returns and not its VAT tax returns. Id.