Arman Khalulyan v. Merrick GarlandArman Khalulyan v. Merrick Garland
FOR PUBLICATION
OPINION
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted January 27, 2023 San Francisco, California
Filed March 30, 2023
Before: Ronald M. Gould, Johnnie B. Rawlinson, and Daniel A. Bress, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Bress
SUMMARY*
Immigration
Dismissing in part and denying in part Arman Khalulyan‘s petition for review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals that found him removable for having been convicted of an aggravated felony under
Khalulyan and several others were charged in a 20-count indictment. Count one charged the defendants with conspiracy to possess fifteen or more unauthorized access devices (credit and debit cards), in violation of
* This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.
finding that his conspiracy conviction rendered him removable and that he was not entitled to relief from removal. The BIA dismissed Khalulyan‘s appeal.
Khalulyan did not dispute that his conspiracy conviction categorically qualified as a crime involving fraud or deceit under
Khalulyan‘s principal argument was that the IJ and BIA never determined how much loss he personally caused. And he pointed out that there was no record evidence that the district court in his criminal case made any such findings, which are also not reflected in his plea agreement. Khalulyan thus contended that the government did not meet its burden of proof on the loss threshold. The panel concluded that the problem with Khalulyan‘s argument was that he was convicted of conspiracy and, under the basic law of conspiracy, the amount of loss tethered to a conviction is the loss associated with the conspiracy itself because all co-conspirators are criminally liable for reasonably foreseeable overt acts committed by others in furtherance of the conspiracy they have joined.
The panel held that under
The panel also concluded that the government had met its burden of proving that the conspiracy to which Khalulyan pleaded guilty involved more than $10,000 in losses. Khalulyan in his plea agreement admitted that he knew his co-conspirators were stealing credit card numbers to make fraudulent purchases, and that ten or more victims were involved. Critically, Khalulyan agreed to a sentencing enhancement for a loss of more than $250,000. The panel explained that there was no basis to treat that stipulation as reflecting anything other than the loss associated with the conspiracy count of conviction and that no further parceling of this amount as between Khalulyan and his co-defendants was required.
The panel found support for its approach in Doe v. Attorney General of United States, 659 F.3d 266 (3d Cir. 2011). There, the petitioner pleaded guilty to aiding and abetting wire fraud, but in later removal proceedings argued that the loss fell short of $10,000 because his plea agreement identified only a single transaction under that amount. The Third Circuit rejected that argument, reasoning that the petitioner pleaded guilty to aiding and abetting an entire scheme, not merely a single discrete act identified in his plea agreement. The panel concluded that similar logic applied to Khalulyan.
In a concurrently filed memorandum disposition, the panel concluded that petitioner was not entitled to relief from removal.
COUNSEL
Kevin W. Harris (argued), Kevin W. Harris Attorney at Law, Sacramento, California; Ryan P. Friedman, Friedman Law Firm Inc., Sacramento, California; for Petitioner.
Ilana J. Snyder (argued) and Joanna L. Watson, Trial Attorneys; Anthony P. Nicastro, Assistant Director; Brian Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General; Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; for Respondent.
BRESS, Circuit Judge:
An alien who is convicted of an offense that “involves fraud or deceit in which the loss to the victim or victims exceeds $10,000” may be removed from the United States.
I
The petitioner, Arman Khalulyan, was born in the former Soviet Union in what is now Armenia. He entered the United States with his family in 1992 at age seven, becoming a lawful permanent resident in 1994.
In 2015, Khalulyan and several others were charged in a 20-count indictment in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. Count one charged
the defendants with conspiracy to possess fifteen or more unauthorized access devices (credit and debit cards), in violation of
Khalulyan pleaded guilty to count one, and the other charges were dismissed. In his plea agreement, Khalulyan admitted that he “entered into an agreement between one or more other persons to operate a credit card skimming operation.” He further admitted that on multiple occasions, he helped his co-conspirators install skimming devices at gas pumps to steal customers’ credit and debit card numbers. Khalulyan‘s admitted role in the conspiracy was to distract and block the view of gas station attendants so they would not notice his co-conspirators installing the devices. Khalulyan admitted to engaging in this ploy at gas stations across Southern California, knowing that the stolen card numbers “would be used by members of the conspiracy, without authorization, to make fraudulent purchases.” The plea agreement also recited how Khalulyan‘s co-conspirators were later caught with 494 blank credit cards encoded with stolen numbers, as well as device-making equipment.
In his plea agreement, Khalulyan agreed to the application of a 12-level sentencing enhancement for a “Loss of More Than $250,000.” See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1(b)(1)(G) (U.S. Sentencing
Comm‘n 2015). Khalulyan also agreed to sentencing enhancements for offenses involving ten or more victims and for trafficking in unauthorized access devices. Khalulyan was sentenced to 18 months’ imprisonment and three years’ supervised release.
In 2017, the Department of Homeland Security sought Khalulyan‘s removal. An Immigration Judge (IJ) found that Khalulyan‘s conspiracy conviction rendered him removable and that he was not entitled to relief from removal. The IJ thus
Khalulyan timely petitioned for review in this court. We have jurisdiction under
II
A
“Any alien who is convicted of an aggravated felony at any time after admission is deportable.”
“involves fraud or deceit in which the loss to the victim or victims exceeds $10,000,” or a “conspiracy to commit” such an offense.
To determine whether an offense qualifies as one involving “fraud or deceit,” we use the categorical approach. Kawashima v. Holder, 565 U.S. 478, 483 (2012). That requires us to “look[] to the statute defining the crime of conviction, rather than to the specific facts underlying the crime.” Id. Khalulyan does not dispute that his conviction for conspiracy to possess fifteen or more unauthorized access devices,
The disagreement in this case instead relates to the second of
Because our assessment of the $10,000 loss threshold is “circumstance-specific,” we are also “not limited to only those documents which a court applying the modified categorical approach may review.” Kawashima v. Holder, 615 F.3d 1043, 1056 (9th Cir. 2010). The list of materials we may consult includes “charging documents, jury instructions,” “special jury finding[s],” “judge-made findings,” “written plea documents,” “the plea colloquy,” “sentencing-related material,” and a “defendant‘s own stipulation[s].” Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 41-42. But nor are we limited to sentencing-related materials or the record in the underlying criminal case. Orellana v. Mayorkas, 6 F.4th 1034, 1036, 1040-41 (9th Cir. 2021). Instead, courts (and the BIA) “are generally
The Supreme Court has instructed, however, that “the loss must be tied to the specific counts covered by the conviction.” Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 42 (quotation omitted). Thus, “[f]or purposes of
Khalulyan‘s principal argument is that the IJ and BIA never determined how much loss Khalulyan personally caused through his participation in the “skimming device” scheme. And he points out that there is no evidence in the record that the district court in his underlying criminal case made any such findings, which are also not reflected in his plea agreement. Khalulyan thus contends that the government has not met its burden of proof on the $10,000 loss threshold. Khalulyan further maintains that his role in
the criminal scheme was minor, asserting before the IJ that he was paid $100 to $200 per day and made a “[c]ouple thousand” dollars total for his efforts to distract gas station employees.
The problem with Khalulyan‘s argument is that he was convicted of conspiracy. Under the basic law of conspiracy, the amount of loss “tethered to” a conspiracy conviction, Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 42, is the loss associated with the conspiracy itself. That is because “all co-conspirators [are] criminally liable for reasonably foreseeable overt acts committed by others in furtherance of the conspiracy they have joined, whether they were aware of them or not.” United States v. Hernandez-Orellana, 539 F.3d 994, 1007 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640, 647 (1946)); see also United States v. Long, 301 F.3d 1095, 1103 (9th Cir. 2002) (per curiam) (explaining that under Pinkerton, “a conspirator [is] criminally liable for the substantive offenses committed by a co-conspirator when they are reasonably foreseeable and committed in furtherance of the conspiracy“).
In pleading guilty to count one, Khalulyan necessarily acknowledged his conspiratorial liability associated with the device-skimming scheme. And the loss associated with that scheme, and thus Khalulyan‘s conviction, is the loss tied to the conspiracy as a whole. We hold that under
overall conspiracy-related loss to demonstrate that the $10,000 loss threshold in
There remains the question of whether the government has proven that the conspiracy to which Khalulyan pleaded guilty involved more than $10,000 in losses to the victims. We easily conclude that the government has met its burden. Khalulyan in his plea agreement admitted that he knew his co-conspirators were stealing credit card numbers to make fraudulent purchases, and that ten or more victims were involved. Critically, Khalulyan further agreed to a 12-level sentencing enhancement for a “Loss of More Than $250,000.” We may consider this stipulated amount under the circumstance-specific approach. See Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 42-43
We find support for our approach in the Third Circuit‘s decision in Doe v. Attorney General of United States, 659 F.3d 266 (3d Cir. 2011). There, the petitioner, Rodov, pleaded guilty to aiding and abetting wire fraud and stipulated in his plea agreement that the losses exceeded $120,000. Id. at 268. When the government tried to remove him, Rodov argued that the loss fell short of $10,000 because “the plea agreement specifically identifie[d] as the basis for his conviction only a single
specific transaction“-accepting a fraudulent check-“in the amount of $6,447.” Id. at 275.
The Third Circuit rejected this argument. It reasoned that the petitioner pleaded guilty to “aiding and abetting the entire scheme,” not merely a “single discrete act of accepting a $6,447 transfer.” Id. at 276. Because Rodov pleaded guilty “to aiding and abetting the whole of a large-scale criminal endeavor,” the
Similar logic applies to Khalulyan‘s conspiracy conviction. Khalulyan did not merely plead guilty to his individual conduct of blocking the view of gas station attendants; he pleaded guilty to entering the unlawful agreement that was the basis of the conspiracy. See Doe, 659 F.3d at 276. Properly understood, the agreed-upon sentencing enhancement reflects losses attributable to the “skimming device” scheme‘s co-conspirators acting in tandem-all of whom were charged in the same indictment based on the same facts for the same conspiracy. As the government points out, although Khalulyan was charged as part of a 20-count indictment and pleaded guilty only to count one, the remaining counts do not contain any additional facts beyond what is set forth for the conspiracy charge. Because Khalulyan‘s plea agreement admitted all the relevant facts contained in the indictment, the BIA correctly concluded that the
conspiracy that formed the count of conviction. See Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 42.
B
Khalulyan makes three other arguments, but they are not persuasive. First, Khalulyan claims that his case is more analogous to Alaka v. Attorney General of United States, 456 F.3d 88 (3d Cir. 2006), Obasohan v. United States Attorney General, 479 F.3d 785 (11th Cir. 2007), and Rampersaud v. Barr, 972 F.3d 55 (2d Cir. 2020). But Alaka and Rampersaud involved fact-specific inquiries into whether particular loss amounts were sufficiently tethered to the offenses of conviction. Neither case involved conspiracy convictions. These cases are thus inapposite.
The Eleventh Circuit‘s decision in Obasohan is also distinguishable. In that case, Obasohan pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to produce, use, and traffic in counterfeit access devices. 479 F.3d at 786. But the indictment alleged that the conspiracy
The Eleventh Circuit disagreed. It did so in part on the ground that the elements of the conspiracy with which Obasohan was charged did not require any loss amount to be shown. Id. at 789. This part of Obasohan is no longer good law after the Supreme Court‘s decision in Nijhawan, which for the $10,000 threshold element rejected the categorical approach and held that the “circumstance-
specific” approach applies. See Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 33 (specifically identifying Obasohan as the among the circuit court decisions that had applied the categorical approach to the loss amount element).
Obasohan also went on to explain that the $37,000 restitution order did not satisfy
Second, Khalulyan argues that the BIA erred in relying on the loss stipulation in his plea agreement because the stipulation could encompass “potential” losses in addition to “actual” ones. But we have previously held that “[p]otential or intended losses can satisfy” the $10,000 threshold for conspiracy offenses. Li v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 892, 896 n.8 (9th Cir. 2004), overruled on other grounds by Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 33; see also, e.g., Rad v. Att‘y Gen. U.S., 983 F.3d 651, 670 (3d Cir. 2020) (“Today, we join the Second Circuit, Ninth Circuit, and Board in recognizing that a conspiracy or attempt to commit fraud or deceit involving over $10,000 in intended losses qualifies as an aggravated felony.“); Ljutica v. Holder, 588 F.3d 119, 126 (2d Cir. 2009); In re S-I-K-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 324, 327 (B.I.A. 2007).
Third, Khalulyan maintains that the government did not meet its burden to show loss exceeding $10,000 because there is no indication that the district court in Khalulyan‘s criminal case has ordered him to pay restitution. This argument is beside the point. Although a restitution order can be sufficient evidence of a loss exceeding $10,000, see, e.g., Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 43, we have never held that a restitution order is required before an alien can be removed consistent with
The statute requires the alien to have been convicted of an offense that “involves fraud or deceit in which the loss to the victim or victims exceeds $10,000.”
*
We hold that the government carried its burden of showing that Khalulyan‘s offense of conviction involved losses exceeding $10,000. Because Khalulyan‘s conviction is an aggravated felony under
DISMISSED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.
Daniel A. Bress
Circuit Judge