Wyo. Code R. 053-0025-7
OSHA - General Industry 1910
Chapter 7: Occupational Health & Environmental Control (G)
Effective Date: 07/16/1998 to 04/27/2009
Rule Type: Superceded Rules & Regulations
Reference Number: 053.0025.7.07161998
| 1910.94 | Ventilation. |
|---|---|
| 1910.95 | Occupational noise exposure. |
| 1910.96 | Ionizing radiation. |
| 1910.97 | Nonionizing radiation. |
| 1910.98 | Effective dates. |
| 1910.99 | Sources of standards. |
| 1910.100 | Standards organizations. |
AUTHORITY: Secs. 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059), 9-83 (48 FR 35736) or 1-90 (55 FR 9033), or 6-96 (62FR 111), as applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911.
(i) Abrasive. A solid substance used in an abrasive blasting operation.
(ii) Abrasive-blasting respirator. A respirator constructed so that it covers the wearer's head, neck, and shoulders to protect the wearer from rebounding abrasive.
(iii) Blast cleaning barrel. A complete enclosure which rotates on an axis, or which has an internal moving tread to tumble the parts, in order to expose various surfaces of the parts to the action of an automatic blast spray.
(iv) Blast cleaning room. A complete enclosure in which blasting operations are performed and where the operator works inside of the room to operate the blasting nozzle and direct the flow of the abrasive material.
(v) Blasting cabinet. An enclosure where the operator stands outside and operates the blasting nozzle through an opening or openings in the enclosure.
(vi) Clean air. Air of such purity that it will not cause harm or discomfort to an individual if it is inhaled for extended periods of time.
(vii) Dust collector. A device or combination of devices for separating dust from the air handled by an exhaust ventilation system.
(viii) Exhaust ventilation system. A system for removing contaminated air from a space, comprising two or more of the following elements (a) enclosure or hood, (b) duct work, (c) dust collecting equipment, (d) exhauster, and (e) discharge stack.
(ix) Particulate-filter respirator. An air purifying respirator, commonly referred to as a dust or a fume respirator, which removes most of the dust or fume from the air passing through the device.
(x) Respirable dust. Airborne dust in sizes capable of passing through the upper respiratory system to reach the lower lung passages.
(xi) Rotary blast cleaning table. An enclosure where the pieces to be cleaned are positioned on a rotating table and are passed automatically through a series of blast sprays.
(xii) Abrasive blasting. The forcible application of an abrasive to a surface by pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure, or centrifugal force.
(2) Dust hazards from abrasive blasting.
(i) Abrasives and the surface coatings on the materials blasted are shattered and pulverized during blasting operations and the dust formed will contain particles of respirable size. The composition and toxicity of the dust from these sources shall be considered in making an evaluation of the potential health hazards.
(ii) The concentration of respirable dust or fume in the breathing zone of the abrasive-blasting operator or any other worker shall be kept below the levels specified in 1910.1000.
(iii) Organic abrasives which are combustible shall be used only in automatic systems. Where flammable or explosive dust mixtures may be present, the construction of the equipment, including the exhaust system and all electric wiring, shall conform to the requirements of American National Standard Installation of Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock, and Vapor Removal or Conveying, Z33.1-1961 (NFPA 91-1961), which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6, and Subpart S of this part. The blast nozzle shall be bonded and grounded to prevent the build up of static charges. Where flammable or explosive dust mixtures may be present, the abrasive blasting enclosure, the ducts, and the dust collector shall be constructed with loose panels or explosion venting areas, located on sides away from any occupied area, to provide for pressure relief in case of explosion, following the principles set forth in the National Fire Protection Association Explosion Venting Guide NFPA 68-1954, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.
(3) Blast-cleaning enclosures.
(i) Blast-cleaning enclosures shall be exhaust ventilated in such a way that a continuous inward flow of air will be maintained at all openings in the enclosure during the blasting operation.
(a) All air inlets and access openings shall be baffled or so arranged that by the combination of inward air flow and baffling the escape of abrasive or dust particules into an adjacent work area will be minimized and visible spurts of dust will not be observed.
(b) The rate of exhaust shall be sufficient to provide prompt clearance of the dust-laden air within the enclosure after the cessation of blasting. STEP (c) Before the enclosure is opened, the blast shall be turned off and the exhaust system shall be run for a sufficient period of time to remove the dusty air within the enclosure.
(d) Safety glass protected by screening shall be used in observation windows, where hard deep-cutting abrasives are used.
(e) Slit abrasive-resistant baffles shall be installed in multiple sets at all small access openings where dust might escape, and shall be inspected regularly and replaced when needed.
(1) Doors shall be flanged and tight when closed.
(2) Doors on blast-cleaning rooms shall be operable from both inside and outside, except that where there is a small operator access door, the large work access door may be closed or opened from the outside only.
(4) Exhaust ventilation systems.
(i) The construction, installation, inspection, and maintenance of exhaust systems shall conform to the principles and requirements set forth in American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960, and ANSI Z33.1-1961, which are incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.
(a) When dust leaks are noted, repairs shall be made as soon as possible. STEP
(b) The static pressure drop at the exhaust ducts leading from the equipment shall be checked when the installation is completed and periodically thereafter to assure continued satisfactory operation. Whenever an appreciable change in the pressure drop indicates a partial blockage, the system shall be cleaned and returned to normal operating condition.
(ii) In installations where the abrasive is recirculated, the exhaust ventilation system for the blasting enclosure shall not be relied upon for the removal of fines from the spent abrasive instead of an abrasive separator. An abrasive separator shall be provided for the purpose.
(iii) The air exhausted from blast-cleaning equipment shall be discharged through dust collecting equipment. Dust collectors shall be set up so that the accumulated dust can be emptied and removed without contaminating other working areas.
(5) Personal protective equipment.
(i) Employers must use only respirators approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) under 42 CFR part 84 to protect employees from dusts produced during abrasive-blasting operations.
(ii) Abrasive-blasting respirators shall be worn by all abrasive-blasting operators:
(a) When working inside of blast-cleaning rooms, or (b) When using silica sand in manual blasting operations where the nozzle and blast are not physically separated from the operator in an exhaust ventilated enclosure, or
(c) Where concentrations of toxic dust dispersed by the abrasive blasting may exceed the limits set in 1910.1000 and the nozzle and blast are not physically separated from the operator in an exhaust-ventilated enclosure.
(iii) Properly fitted particulate-filter respirators, commonly referred to as dust-filter respirators, may be used for short, intermittent, or occasional dust exposures such as cleanup, dumping of dust collectors, or unloading shipments of sand at a receiving point when it is not feasible to control the dust by enclosure, exhaust ventilation, or other means. The respirators used must be approved by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84 for protection against the specific type of dust encountered.
(iv) For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer must implement a respiratory protection program in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.134.
(a) Dust-filter respirators may be used to protect the operator of outside abrasive-blasting operations where nonsilica abrasives are used on materials having low toxicities.
(b) Dust-filter respirators shall not be used for continuous protection where silica sand is used as the blasting abrasive, or toxic materials are blasted.
(iv) A respiratory protection program as defined and described in 1910.134 (a) and (b), shall be established wherever it is necessary to use respiratory protective equipment.
(v) Operators shall be equipped with heavy canvas or leather gloves and aprons or equivalent protection to protect them from the impact of abrasives. Safety shoes shall be worn to protect against foot injury where heavy pieces of work are handled.
(a) Safety shoes shall conform to the requirements of American National Standard for Men's Safety-Toe Footwear, Z41.1-1967, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.
(b) Equipment for protection of the eyes and face shall be supplied to the operator when the respirator design does not provide such protection and to any other personnel working in the vicinity of abrasive blasting operations. This equipment shall conform to the requirements of 1910.133.
(6) Air supply and air compressors. Air for abrasive-blasting respirators must be free of harmful quantities of dusts, mists, or noxious gases, and must meet the requirements for supplied-air quality and use specified in 29 CFR 1910.134(i). The air from the regular compressed air line of the plant may be used for the abrasive-blasting respirator if
(i) a trap and carbon filter are installed and regularly maintained, to remove oil, water, scale, and odor, STEP (ii) a pressure reducing diaphragm or valve is installed to reduce the pressure down to requirements of the particular type of abrasive-blasting respirator, and STEP
(iii) an automatic control is provided to either sound an alarm or shut down the compressor in case of overheating. STEP
(7) Operational procedures and general safety. Dust shall not be permitted to accumulate on the floor or on ledges outside of an abrasive-blasting enclosure, and dust spills shall be cleaned up promptly. Aisles and walkways shall be kept clear of steel shot or similar abrasive which may create a slipping hazard. STEP
(8) Scope. This paragraph (a) applies to all operations where an abrasive is forcibly applied to a surface by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure, or by centrifugal force. It does not apply to steam blasting, or steam cleaning, or hydraulic cleaning methods where work is done without the aid of abrasives.
(b) Grinding, polishing, and buffing operations
(1) Definitions applicable to this paragraph
(i) Abrasive cutting-off wheels. Organic-bonded wheels, the thickness of which is not more than one forty-eighth of their diameter for those up to, and including, 20 inches in diameter, and not more than one-sixth of their diameter for those larger than 20 inches in diameter, used for a multitude of operations variously known as cutting, cutting off, grooving, slotting, coping, and jointing, and the like. The wheels may be “solid” consisting of organic-bonded abrasive material throughout, “steel centered” consisting of a steel disc with a rim of organic-bonded material moulded around the periphery, or of the “inserted tooth” type consisting of a steel disc with organic-bonded abrasive teeth or inserts mechanically secured around the periphery.
(ii) Belts. All power-driven, flexible, coated bands used for grinding, polishing, or buffing purposes.
(iii) Branch pipe. The part of an exhaust system piping that is connected directly to the hood or enclosure.
(iv) Cradle. A movable fixture, upon which the part to be ground or polished is placed.
(v) Disc wheels. All power-driven rotatable discs faced with abrasive materials, artificial or natural, and used for grinding or polishing on the side of the assembled disc.
(vi) Entry loss. The loss in static pressure caused by air flowing into a duct or hood. It is usually expressed in inches of water gauge.
(vii) Exhaust system. A system consisting of branch pipes connected to hoods or enclosures, one or more header pipes, an exhaust fan, means for separating solid contaminants from the air flowing in the system, and a discharge stack to outside.
(viii) Grinding wheels. All power-driven rotatable grinding or abrasive wheels, except disc wheels as defined in this standard, consisting of abrasive particles held together by artificial or natural bonds and used for peripheral grinding.
(ix) Header pipe (main pipe). A pipe into which one or more branch pipes enter and which connects such branch pipes to the remainder of the exhaust system.
(x) Hoods and enclosures. The partial or complete enclosure around the wheel or disc through which air enters an exhaust system during operation.
(xi) Horizontal double-spindle disc grinder. A grinding machine carrying two power-driven, rotatable, coaxial, horizontal spindles upon the inside ends of which are mounted abrasive disc wheels used for grinding two surfaces simultaneously.
(xii) Horizontal single-spindle disc grinder. A grinding machine carrying an abrasive disc wheel upon one or both ends of a power-driven, rotatable single horizontal spindle.
(xiii) Polishing and buffing wheels. All power-driven rotatable wheels composed all or in part of textile fabrics, wood, felt, leather, paper, and may be coated with abrasives on the periphery of the wheel for purposes of polishing, buffing, and light grinding.
(xiv) Portable grinder. Any power-driven rotatable grinding, polishing, or buffing wheel mounted in such manner that it may be manually manipulated.
(xv) Scratch brush wheels. All power-driven rotatable wheels made from wire or bristles, and used for scratch cleaning and brushing purposes.
(xvi) Swing-frame grinder. Any power-driven rotatable grinding, polishing, or buffing wheel mounted in such a manner that the wheel with its supporting framework can be manipulated over stationary objects.
(xvii) Velocity pressure (vp). The kinetic pressure in the direction of flow necessary to cause a fluid at rest to flow at a given velocity. It is usually expressed in inches of water gauge.
(xviii) Vertical spindle disc grinder. A grinding machine having a vertical, rotatable power-driven spindle carrying a horizontal abrasive disc wheel.
(2) Application. Wherever dry grinding, dry polishing or buffing is performed, and employee exposure, without regard to the use of respirators, exceeds the permissible exposure limits prescribed in 1910.1000 or other sections of this part, a local exhaust ventilation system shall be provided and used to maintain employee exposures within the prescribed limits.
(3) Hood and branch pipe requirements.
(i) Hoods connected to exhaust systems shall be used, and such hoods shall be designed, located, and placed so that the dust or dirt particles shall fall or be projected into the hoods in the direction of the air flow. No wheels, discs, straps, or belts shall be operated in such manner and in such direction as to cause the dust and dirt particles to be thrown into the operator's breathing zone.
(ii) Grinding wheels on floor stands, pedestals, benches, and special-purpose grinding machines and abrasive cutting-off wheels shall have not less than the minimum exhaust volumes shown in Table G-4 with a recommended minimum duct velocity of 4,500 feet per minute in the branch and 3,500 feet per minute in the main. The entry losses from all hoods except the vertical-spindle disc grinder hood, shall equal 0.65 velocity pressure for a straight takeoff and 0.45 velocity pressure for a tapered takeoff. The entry loss for the vertical-spindle disc grinder hood is shown in figure G-1 (following 1910.94(b)).
TABLE G-4 - GRINDING AND ABRASIVE CUTTING-OFF WHEELS
| Wheel diameter (inches) : Wheel width : Minimum exhaust : (inches) : volume (feet (3)/min.) | ||
|---|---|---|
| : | : | |
| To 9... | 1 1/2 : | 220 |
| Over 9 to 16... | 2 : | 390 |
| Over 16 to 19... | 3 : | 500 |
| Over 19 to 24... | 4 : | 610 |
| Over 24 to 30... | 5 : | 880 |
| Over 30 to 36... | 6 : | 1,200 |
| : | : |
For any wheel wider than wheel diameters shown in Table G-4, increase the exhaust volume by the ratio of the new width to the width shown.
Example:
If wheel width=4 1/2 inches, then
4.5 divided by 4 X 610=686 (rounded to 690).
(iii) Scratch-brush wheels and all buffing and polishing wheels mounted on floor stands, pedestals, benches, or special-purpose machines shall have not less than the minimum exhaust volume shown in Table G-5.
TABLE G-5 - BUFFING AND POLISHING WHEELS
| Wheel diameter (inches) : Wheel width : Minimum exhaust : (inches) : volume (feet (3)/min.) | ||
|---|---|---|
| : | : | |
| To 9... | 2 : | 300 |
| Over 9 to 16... | 3 : | 500 |
| Over 16 to 19... | 4 : | 610 |
| Over 19 to 24... | 5 : | 740 |
| Over 24 to 30... | 6 : | 1,040 |
Over 30 to 36...: 6 : 1,200 : :
(iv) Grinding wheels or discs for horizontal single-spindle disc grinders shall be hooded to collect the dust or dirt generated by the grinding operation and the hoods shall be connected to branch pipes having exhaust volumes as shown in Table G-6.
TABLE G-6 - HORIZONTAL SINGLE-SPINDLE DISC GRINDER
| Disc diameter (inches) | : Exhaust |
|---|---|
| : volume | |
| : (cu. ft./min.) | |
| Up to 12...: | 220 |
| Over 12 to 19...: | 390 |
| Over 19 to 30...: | 610 |
| Over 30 to 36...: | 880 |
(v) Grinding wheels or discs for horizontal double-spindle disc grinders shall have a hood enclosing the grinding chamber and the hood shall be connected to one or more branch pipes having exhaust volumes as shown in Table G-7.
TABLE G-7 - HORIZONTAL DOUBLE-SPINDLE DISC GRINDER
| Disc diameter (inches) | : Exhaust |
|---|---|
| : volume | |
| : (cu. ft./min.) | |
| Up to 19...: | 610 |
| Over 19 to 25...: | 880 |
| Over 25 to 30...: | 1,200 |
| Over 30 to 53...: | 1,770 |
| Over 53 to 72...: | 6,280 |
(vi) Grinding wheels or discs for vertical single-spindle disc grinders shall be encircled with hoods to remove the dust generated in the operation. The hoods shall be connected to one or more branch pipes having exhaust volumes as shown in Table G-8.
TABLE G-8 - VERTICAL SPINDLE DISC GRINDER
| : One-half or more | : Disc not covered |
|---|---|
| Disc diameter : of disc covered | : |
(inches) : ___ : Number : Exhaust
: Number : Exhaust : (1) : foot (3)/min.
: (1) :foot (3)/min.:
| Up to 20...: | 1 : | 500 : | 2 : | 780 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Over 20 to 30.: | 2 : | 780 : | 2 : | 1,480 |
| Over 30 to 53.: | 2 : | 1,770 : | 4 : | 3,530 |
| Over 53 to 72.: | 2 : | 3,140 : | 5 : | 6,010 |
Footnote(1) Number of exhaust outlets around periphery of hood, or equal distribution provided by other means.
(vii) Grinding and polishing belts shall be provided with hoods to remove dust and dirt generated in the operations and the hoods shall be connected to branch pipes having exhaust volumes as shown in Table G-9.
TABLE G-9 - GRINDING AND POLISHING BELTS
| Belts width (inches) | : Exhaust : volume : (cu. ft./min.) |
|---|---|
| Up to 3...: | 220 |
| Over 3 to 5...: | 300 |
| Over 5 to 7...: | 390 |
| Over 7 to 9...: | 500 |
| Over 9 to 11...: | 610 |
| Over 11 to 13...: | 740 |
(viii) Cradles and swing-frame grinders. Where cradles are used for handling the parts to be ground, polished, or buffed, requiring large partial enclosures to house the complete operation, a minimum average air velocity of 150 feet per minute shall be maintained over the entire opening of the enclosure. Swing-frame grinders shall also be exhausted in the same manner as provided for cradles. (See fig. G-3)
(ix) Where the work is outside the hood, air volumes must be increased as shown in American Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960 (section 4, exhaust hoods).
(4) Exhaust systems.
(i) Exhaust systems for grinding, polishing, and buffing operations should be designed in accordance with American Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960.
(ii) Exhaust systems for grinding, polishing, and buffing operations shall be tested in the manner described in American Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960.
(iii) All exhaust systems shall be provided with suitable dust collectors.
(5) Hood and enclosure design.
(i)
(a) It is the dual function of grinding and abrasive cutting-off wheel hoods to protect the operator from the hazards of bursting wheels as well as to provide a means for the removal of dust and dirt generated. All hoods shall be not less in structural strength than specified in the American National Standard Safety Code for the Use, Care, and Protection of Abrasive Wheels, B7.1-1970, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.
(b) Due to the variety of work and types of grinding machines employed, it is necessary to develop hoods adaptable to the particular machine in question, and such hoods shall be located as close as possible to the operation.
(ii) Exhaust hoods for floor stands, pedestals, and bench grinders shall be designed in accordance with figure G-2. The adjustable tongue shown in the figure shall be kept in working order and shall be adjusted within one-fourth inch of the wheel periphery at all times.
(iii) Swing-frame grinders shall be provided with exhaust booths as indicated in figure G-3.
(iv) Portable grinding operations, whenever the nature of the work permits, shall be conducted within a partial enclosure. The opening in the enclosure shall be no larger than is actually required in the operation and an average face air velocity of not less than 200 feet per minute shall be maintained.
(v) Hoods for polishing and buffing and scratch-brush wheels shall be constructed to conform as closely to figure G-4 as the nature of the work will permit.
(vi) Cradle grinding and polishing operations shall be performed within a partial enclosure similar to figure G-5. The operator shall be positioned outside the working face of the opening of the enclosure. The face opening of the enclosure should not be any greater in area than that actually required for the performance of the operation and the average air velocity into the working face of the enclosure shall not be less than 150 feet per minute.
(vii) Hoods for horizontal single-spindle disc grinders shall be constructed to conform as closely as possible to the hood shown in figure G-6. It is essential that there be a space between the back of the wheel and the hood, and a space around the periphery of the wheel of at least 1 inch in order to permit the suction to act around the wheel periphery. The opening on the side of the disc shall be no larger than is required for the grinding operation, but must never be less than twice the area of the branch outlet.
(viii) Horizontal double-spindle disc grinders shall have a hood encircling the wheels and grinding chamber similar to that illustrated in figure G-7. The openings for passing the work into the grinding chamber should be kept as small as possible, but must never be less than twice the area of the branch outlets.
(ix) Vertical-spindle disc grinders shall be encircled with a hood so constructed that the heavy dust is drawn off a surface of the disc and the lighter dust exhausted through a continuous slot at the top of the hood as shown in figure G-1.
(x) Grinding and polishing belt hoods shall be constructed as close to the operation as possible. The hood should extend almost to the belt, and 1-inch wide openings should be provided on either side. Figure G-8 shows a typical hood for a belt operation.
FIGURE G-1 VERTICAL SPINDLE DISC GRINDER EXHAUST HOOD AND BRANCH PIPE CONNECTIONS
(For Figure G-1, see printed copy)
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Entry loss=1.0 slot velocity pressure + 0.5 branch velocity pressure. Minimum slot velocity=2,000 ft/min- 1/2 -inch slot width.
FIGURE G-2 STANDARD GRINDER HOOD
(For Figure G-2, see printed copy)
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: Wheel dimension, inches : : : :---:---: Exhaust : Volume of : : Diameter : Width, : outlet, : air at : :---:---: Max : inches E : 4,500 : : Min=d : Max=D : : : ft/min : :---:---:---:---: : : 9 : 1 1/2 : 3 : 220 : : Over 9 : 16 : 2 : 4 : 390 : : Over 16 : 19 : 3 : 4 1/2 : 500 : : Over 19 : 24 : 4 : 5 : 610 : : Over 24 : 30 : 5 : 6 : 880 : : Over 30 : 36 : 6 : 7 : 1,200 : :---:---:---:---:
Entry loss = 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff 0.65 velocity pressure for straight takeoff.
FIGURE G-3 A METHOD OF APPLYING AN EXHAUST ENCLOSURE TO SWING-FRAME GRINDERS
(For Figure G-3, see printed copy)
FIGURE G-4 STANDARD BUFFING AND POLISHING HOOD
(For Figure G-4, see printed copy)
Standard Buffing and Polishing Hood
:---:---:---:---: : Wheel dimension, inches : : : : :---:---: Exhaust : Volume of : : Diameter : Width, : outlet, : air at : :---:---: Max : inches E : 4,500 : : Min=d : Max=D : : : ft/min : :---:---:---:---: : : 9 : 2 : 3 1/2 : 300 : : Over 9 : 16 : 3 : 4 : 500 : : Over 16 : 19 : 4 : 5 : 610 : : Over 19 : 24 : 5 : 5 1/2 : 740 : : Over 24 : 30 : 6 : 6 1/2 : 1,040 : : Over 30 : 36 : 6 : 7 : 1,200 : :---:---:---:---:
Entry loss = 0.15 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff; 0.65 velocity pressure for straight takeoff.
FIGURE G-5 CRADLE POLISHING OR GRINDING ENCLOSURE
(For Figure G-5, see printed copy)
Table H-12-Maximum Allowable Size of Containers and Portable Tanks
:---:---:---:---: : : Flammable liquids : Combustible liquids : : Container type :---:---:---:---:
: Class IA : Class IB : Class IC : Class II : Class III : : Glass or : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : approved plastic : 1 pt : 1 qt : 1 gal : 1 gal : 1 gal. : : Metal (other than : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : DOT drums) : 1 gal : 5 gal : 5 gal : 5 gal : 5 gal. : : Safety cans : 2 gal : 5 gal : 5 gal : 5 gal : 5 gal. : : Metal drums : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : (DOT spec.) : 60 gal : 60 gal : 60 gal : 60 gal : 60 gal. : : Approved portable : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : tanks : 660 gal : 660 gal : 660 gal : 660 gal : 660 gal. : : ---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---:---
Container exemptions: (a) Medicines, beverages, foodstuffs, cosmetics, and other common consumer items, when packaged according to commonly accepted practices, shall be exempt from the requirements of 1910.106(d)(2) (i) and (ii).
(For Figure G-6, see printed copy)
: ---:---:---: ---: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Volume : : Dia D, inches : Exhaust E, : exhausted at 4, : : ---:---: dia. inches : 500 ft/min : : Min. : Max. : ft3/min : : ---:---: ---: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 12 : 3 : 220 : : Over 12 : 19 : 4 : 390 : : Over 19 : 30 : 5 : 610 : : Over 30 : 36 : 6 : 880 : : ---:---: ---: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Note: If grinding wheels are used for disc grinding purposes, hoods must conform to structural strength and materials as described in 9.1.
Entry loss = 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff.
(For Figure G-7, see printed copy)
: ---:---:---: ---: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Volume exhaust : Note : : inches : Exhaust E : at 4,500 : : ---:---: ft/min. : : Min. : Max. : No Pipes : Dia. : ft3/min : : ---:---: ---: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
| : | : 19 : 1 | : 5 : 610 | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : Over 19 | : 25 : 1 | : 6 : 880 | : When width “W” | : |
| : | : | : | : permits, exhaust ducts | : |
| : | : | : | : should be as near | : |
| : | : | : | : heaviest grinding as | : |
| : | : | : | : possible. | : |
| : Over 25 | : 30 : 1 | : 7 : 1,200 | : | : |
| : Over 30 | : 53 : 2 | : 6 : 1,770 | : | : |
| : Over 53 | : 72 : 4 | : 8 : 6,280 | : | : |
| :--- |
Entry loss = 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff.
FIGURE G-8 A TYPICAL HOOD FOR A BELT OPERATION (For Figure G-8, see printed copy)
| :--- | :--- |
|---|---|
| : Belt width | : Exhaust : |
| : | : volume. : |
| : W. Inches | : ft.1/min : |
| :--- | :--- |
| : Up to 3 | : 220 : |
| : 3 to 5 | : 300 : |
| : 5 to 7 | : 390 : |
| : 7 to 9 | : 500 : |
| : 9 to 11 | : 610 : |
| : 11 to 13 | : 740 : |
| :--- | :--- |
Minimum duct velocity = 4,500 ft/min branch, 3,500 ft/min main.
Entry loss = 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff; 0.65 velocity pressure for straight takeoff.
(6) Scope. This paragraph (b), prescribes the use of exhaust hood enclosures and systems in removing dust, dirt, fumes, and gases generated through the grinding, polishing, or buffing of ferrous and nonferrous metals.
(c) Spray finishing operations
(1) Definitions applicable to this paragraph
(i) Spray-finishing operations. Spray-finishing operations are employment of methods wherein organic or inorganic materials are utilized in dispersed form for deposit on surfaces to be coated, treated, or cleaned. Such methods of deposit may involve either automatic, manual, or electrostatic deposition but do not include metal spraying or metallizing, dipping, flow coating, roller coating, tumbling, centrifuging, or spray washing and degreasing as conducted in self-contained washing and degreasing machines or systems.
(ii) Spray booth. Spray booths are defined and described in 1910.107(a). (See sections 103, 104, and 105 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials,
NFPA No. 33-1969), which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.
(iii) Spray room. A spray room is a room in which spray-finishing operations not conducted in a spray booth are performed separately from other areas.
(iv) Minimum maintained velocity. Minimum maintained velocity is the velocity of air movement which must be maintained in order to meet minimum specified requirements for health and safety.
(2) Location and application. Spray booths or spray rooms are to be used to enclose or confine all operations. Spray-finishing operations shall be located as provided in sections 201 through 206 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969. STEP
(3) Design and construction of spray booths.
(i) Spray booths shall be designed and constructed in accordance with 1910.107(b) (1) through (4) and (6) through (10) (see sections 301-304 and 306-310 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969), for general construction specifications. For a more detailed discussion of fundamentals relating to this subject, see ANSI Z9.2-1960
(a) Lights, motors, electrical equipment, and other sources of ignition shall conform to the requirements of 1910.107 (b)(10) and (c). (See section 310 and chapter 4 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials NFPA No. 33-1969.)
(b) In no case shall combustible material be used in the construction of a spray booth and supply or exhaust duct connected to it. STEP
(ii) Unobstructed walkways shall not be less than 6 1/2 feet high and shall be maintained clear of obstruction from any work location in the booth to a booth exit or open booth front. In booths where the open front is the only exit, such exits shall be not less than 3 feet wide. In booths having multiple exits, such exits shall not be less than 2 feet wide, provided that the maximum distance from the work location to the exit is 25 feet or less. Where booth exits are provided with doors, such doors shall open outward from the booth.
(iii) Baffles, distribution plates, and dry-type overspray collectors shall conform to the requirements of 1910.107(b) (4) and (5). (See sections 304 and 305 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969.)
(a) Overspray filters shall be installed and maintained in accordance with the requirements of 1910.107 (b)(5), (see section 305 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969), and shall only be in a location easily accessible for inspection, cleaning, or replacement.
(b) Where effective means, independent of the overspray filters, are installed which will result in design air distribution across the booth cross section, it is permissible to operate the booth without the filters in place.
(iv)
(a) For wet or water-wash spray booths, the water-chamber enclosure, within which intimate contact of contaminated air and cleaning water or other cleaning medium is maintained, if made of steel, shall be 18 gage or heavier and adequately protected against corrosion.
(b) Chambers may include scrubber spray nozzles, headers, troughs, or other devices. Chambers shall be provided with adequate means for creating and maintaining scrubbing action for removal of particulate matter from the exhaust air stream.
(v) Collecting tanks shall be of welded steel construction or other suitable non-combustible material. If pits are used as collecting tanks, they shall be concrete, masonry, or other material having similar properties.
(a) Tanks shall be provided with weirs, skimmer plates, or screens to prevent sludge and floating paint from entering the pump suction box. Means for automatically maintaining the proper water level shall also be provided. Fresh water inlets shall not be submerged. They shall terminate at least one pipe diameter above the safety overflow level of the tank.
(b) Tanks shall be so constructed as to discourage accumulation of hazardous deposits.
(vi) Pump manifolds, risers, and headers shall be adequately sized to insure sufficient water flow to provide efficient operation of the water chamber.
(4) Design and construction of spray rooms.
(i) Spray rooms, including floors, shall be constructed of masonry, concrete, or other noncombustible material.
STEP
(ii) Spray rooms shall have noncombustible fire doors and shutters.
(iii) Spray rooms shall be adequately ventilated so that the atmosphere in the breathing zone of the operator shall be maintained in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of this section.
(iv) Spray rooms used for production spray-finishing operations shall conform to the requirements for spray booths.
(5) Ventilation.
(i) Ventilation shall be provided in accordance with provisions of 1910.107(d) (see chapter 5 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable or Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969), and in accordance with the following:
(a) Where a fan plenum is used to equalize or control the distribution of exhaust air movement through the booth, it shall be of sufficient strength or rigidity to withstand the differential air pressure or other superficially imposed loads for which the equipment is designed and also to facilitate cleaning. Construction specifications shall be at least equivalent to those of paragraph (c)(5)(iii) of this section.
(ii) Inlet or supply ductwork used to transport makeup air to spray booths or surrounding areas shall be constructed of noncombustible materials.
(a) If negative pressure exists within inlet ductwork, all seams and joints shall be sealed if there is a possibility of infiltration of harmful quantities of noxious gases, fumes, or mists from areas through which ductwork passes.
(b) Inlet ductwork shall be sized in accordance with volume flow requirements and provide design air requirements at the spray booth.
(c) Inlet ductwork shall be adequately supported throughout its length to sustain at least its own weight plus any negative pressure which is exerted upon it under normal operating conditions.
(iii)
(a) Exhaust ductwork shall be adequately supported throughout its length to sustain its weight plus any normal accumulation in interior during normal operating conditions and any negative pressure exerted upon it.
(b) Exhaust ductwork shall be sized in accordance with good design practice which shall include consideration of fan capacity, length of duct, number of turns and elbows, variation in size, volume, and character of materials being exhausted. See American National Standard Z9.2-1960 for further details and explanation concerning elements of design.
(c) Longitudinal joints in sheet steel ductwork shall be either lock-seamed, riveted, or welded. For other than steel construction, equivalent securing of joints shall be provided.
(d) Circumferential joints in ductwork shall be substantially fastened together and lapped in the direction of airflow. At least every fourth joint shall be provided with connecting flanges, bolted together, or of equivalent fastening security.
(e) Inspection or clean-out doors shall be provided for every 9 to 12 feet of running length for ducts up to 12 inches in diameter, but the distance between cleanout doors may be greater for larger pipes. (See 8.3.21 of American National Standard Z9.1-1951, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.) A clean-out door or doors shall be provided for servicing the fan, and where necessary, a drain shall be provided.
(f) Where ductwork passes through a combustible roof or wall, the roof or wall shall be protected at the point of penetration by open space or fire-resistive material between the duct and the roof or wall. When ducts pass through firewalls, they shall be provided with automatic fire dampers on both sides of the wall, except that three-eighth-inch steel plates may be used in lieu of automatic fire dampers for ducts not exceeding 18 inches in diameter.
(g) Ductwork used for ventilating any process covered in this standard shall not be connected to ducts ventilating any other process or any chimney or flue used for conveying any products of combustion.
(6) Velocity and air flow requirements. STEP
(i) Except where a spray booth has an adequate air replacement system, the velocity of air into all openings of a spray booth shall be not less than that specified in Table G-10 for the operating conditions specified. An adequate air replacement system is one which introduces replacement air upstream or above the object being sprayed and is so designed that the velocity of air in the booth cross section is not less than that specified in Table G-10 when measured upstream or above the object being sprayed. STEP
TABLE G-10 - MINIMUM MAINTAINED VELOCITIES INTO SPRAY BOOTHS
| ---:---:---Operating conditions for objects : Crossdraft, : | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Airflow velocities, f.p.m. | |||
| completely inside booth | : f.p.m. | : Design | : Range |
| ---:---:---Electrostatic and automatic : Negligible : 50 | |||
| large booth : 50-75 | |||
| airless operation contained | : | : | in booth without operator. : |
| ---:---:---Air-operated guns, manual : Up to 50 : 100 small booth | |||
| : 75-125 | |||
| or automatic | : | : | : 100 large booth : 75-125 |
| ---:---:---Air-operated guns, manual : Up to 100 : 150 small | |||
| booth : 125-175 | |||
| or automatic | : | : | : 150 large booth : 125-175 |
| ---:---:--- : 200 small booth : | |||
| 150-250 | |||
| ---:---:---Notes: |
(1) Attention is invited to the fact that the effectiveness of the spray booth is dependent upon the relationship of the depth of the booth to its height and width. (2) Crossdrafts can be eliminated through proper design and such design should be sought. Crossdrafts in excess of 100fpm (feet per minute) should not be permitted. (3) Excessive air pressures result in loss of both efficiency and material waste in addition to creating a backlash that may carry overspray and fumes into adjacent work areas. (4) Booths should be designed with velocities shown in the column headed "Design." However, booths operating with velocities shown in the column headed "Range" are in compliance with this standard.
(ii) In addition to the requirements in paragraph (c)(6)(i) of this section the total air volume exhausted through a spray booth shall be such as to dilute solvent vapor to at least 25 percent of the lower explosive limit of the solvent being sprayed. An example of the method of calculating this volume is given below.
Example: To determine the lower explosive limits of the most common solvents used in spray finishing, see Table G-11. Column 1 gives the number of cubic feet of vapor per gallon of solvent and column 2 gives the lower explosive limit (LEL) in percentage by volume of air. Note that the quantity of solvent will be diminished by the quantity of solids and nonflammables contained in the finish.
To determine the volume of air in cubic feet necessary to dilute the vapor from 1 gallon of solvent to 25 percent of the lower explosive limit, apply the following formula:
Dilution volume required per gallon of solvent = 4 (100 - LEL) (cubic feet of vapor per gallon) divided by LEL
Using toluene as the solvent.
1. LEL of toluene from Table G-11, column 2, is 1.4 percent.
2. Cubic feet of vapor per gallon from Table G-11, column 1, is 30.4 cubic feet per gallon.
3. Dilution volume required = 4 (100 - 1.4) 30.4 divided by 1.4 = 8,564 cubic feet.
4. To convert to cubic feet per minute of required ventilation, multiply the dilution volume required per gallon of solvent by the number of gallons of solvent evaporated per minute.
TABLE G-11 - LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT OF SOME COMMONLY USED SOLVENTS
| Solvent | : Lower : Cubic feet : explosive : per gallon : limit in : of vapor of : percent by : liquid at : volume of air : 70 deg. F. : at 70 deg. F. |
|---|---|
| : : : Column 1 : Column 2 | |
| Acetone | : 44.0 : 2.6 |
| Amyl Acetate (iso) | : 21.6 : (1) 1.0 |
| Amyl Alcohol (n) | : 29.6 : 1.2 |
| Amyl Alcohol (iso) | : 29.6 : 1.2 |
| Benzene | : 36.8 : (1) 1.4 |
| Butyl Acetate (n) | : 24.8 : 1.7 |
| Butyl Alcohol (n) | : 35.2 : 1.4 |
| Butyl Cellosolve | : 24.8 : 1.1 |
| Cellosolve | : 33.6 : 1.8 |
| Cellosolve Acetate | : 23.2 : 1.7 |
| Cyclohexanone | : 31.2 : (1) 1.1 |
| 1,1 Dichloroethylene | : 42.4 : 5.9 |
| 1,2 Dichloroethylene | 42.4 | : | 9.7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethyl Acetate | 32.8 | : | 2.5 |
| Ethyl Alcohol | 55.2 | : | 4.3 |
| Ethyl Lactate | 28.0 | : | (1) 1.5 |
| Methyl Acetate | 40.0 | : | 3.1 |
| Methyl Alcohol | 80.8 | : | 7.3 |
| Methyl Cellosolve | 40.8 | : | 2.5 |
| Methyl Ethyl Ketone | 36.0 | : | 1.8 |
| Methyl n-Propyl Ketone | 30.4 | : | 1.5 |
| Naphtha (VM&P) (76 deg. Naphtha) | 22.4 | : | 0.9 |
| Naphtha (100 deg. Flash) Safety | : | : | : |
| Solvent - Stoddard Solvent | 23.2 | : | 1.0 |
| Propyl Acetate (n) | 27.2 | : | 2.8 |
| Propyl Acetate (iso) | 28.0 | : | 1.1 |
| Propyl Alcohol (n) | 44.8 | : | 2.1 |
| Propyl Alcohol (iso) | 44.0 | : | 2.0 |
| Toluene | 30.4 | : | 1.4 |
| Turpentine | 20.8 | : | 0.8 |
| Xylene (o) | 26.4 | : | 1.0 |
Footnote(1)At 212 deg. F.
(iii)
(a) When an operator is in a booth downstream from the object being sprayed, an air-supplied respirator or other type of respirator must be used by employees that has been approved under 42 CFR part 84 for the material being sprayed.
(b) Where downdraft booths are provided with doors, such doors shall be closed when spray painting.
(7) Make-up air.
(i) Clean fresh air, free of contamination from adjacent industrial exhaust systems, chimneys, stacks, or vents, shall be supplied to a spray booth or room in quantities equal to the volume of air exhausted through the spray booth.
(ii) Where a spray booth or room receives make-up air through self-closing doors, dampers, or louvers, they shall be fully open at all times when the booth or room is in use for spraying. The velocity of air through such doors, dampers, or louvers shall not exceed 200 feet per minute. If the fan characteristics are such that the required air flow through the booth will be provided, higher velocities through the doors, dampers, or louvers may be used.
(iii)
(a) Where the air supply to a spray booth or room is filtered, the fan static pressure shall be calculated on the assumption that the filters are dirty to the extent that they require cleaning or replacement.
(b) The rating of filters shall be governed by test data supplied by the manufacturer of the filter. A pressure gage shall be installed to show the pressure drop across the filters. This gage shall be marked to show the pressure drop at which the filters require cleaning or replacement. Filters shall be replaced or cleaned whenever the pressure drop across them becomes excessive or whenever the air flow through the face of the booth falls below that specified in Table G-10.
(iv)
(a) Means for heating make-up air to any spray booth or room, before or at the time spraying is normally performed, shall be provided in all places where the outdoor temperature may be expected to remain below 55 deg. F. for appreciable periods of time during the operation of the booth except where adequate and safe means of radiant heating for all operating personnel affected is provided. The replacement air during the heating seasons shall be maintained at not less than 65 deg. F. at the point of entry into the spray booth or spray room. When otherwise unheated make-up air would be at a temperature of more than 10 deg. F. below room temperature, its temperature shall be regulated as provided in section 3.6.3 of ANSI Z9.2-1960.
(b) As an alternative to an air replacement system complying with the preceding section, general heating of the building in which the spray room or booth is located may be employed provided that all occupied parts of the building are maintained at not less than 65 deg. F. when the exhaust system is in operation or the general heating system supplemented by other sources of heat may be employed to meet this requirement.
(c) No means of heating make-up air shall be located in a spray booth.
(d) Where make-up air is heated by coal or oil, the products of combustion shall not be allowed to mix with the make-up air, and the products of combustion shall be conducted outside the building through a flue terminating at a point remote from all points where make-up air enters the building.
(e) Where make-up air is heated by gas, and the products of combustion are not mixed with the make-up air but are conducted through an independent flue to a point outside the building remote from all points where make-up air enters the building, it is not necessary to comply with paragraph (c)(7)(iv)(f) of this section.
(f) Where make-up air to any manually operated spray booth or room is heated by gas and the products of combustion are allowed to mix with the supply air, the following precautions must be taken:
(1) The gas must have a distinctive and strong enough odor to warn workmen in a spray booth or room of its presence if in an unburned state in the make-up air.
(2) The maximum rate of gas supply to the make-up air heater burners must not exceed that which would yield in excess of 200 p.p.m. (parts per million) of carbon monoxide or 2,000 p.p.m. of total combustible gases in the mixture if the unburned gas upon the occurrence of flame failure were mixed with all of the make-up air supplied.
(3) A fan must be provided to deliver the mixture of heated air and products of combustion from the plenum chamber housing the gas burners to the spray booth or room.
(8) Scope. Spray booths or spray rooms are to be used to enclose or confine all spray finishing operations covered by this paragraph (c). This paragraph does not apply to the spraying of the exteriors of buildings, fixed tanks, or similar structures, nor to small portable spraying apparatus not used repeatedly in the same location. STEP
(i) This paragraph applies to all operations involving the immersion of materials in liquids, or in the vapors of such liquids, for the purpose of cleaning or altering the surface or adding to or imparting a finish thereto or changing the character of the materials, and their subsequent removal from the liquid or vapor, draining, and drying. These operations include washing, electroplating, anodizing, pickling, quenching, dying, dipping, tanning, dressing, bleaching, degreasing, alkaline cleaning, stripping, rinsing, digesting, and other similar operations.
(ii) Except where specific construction specifications are prescribed in this section, hoods, ducts, elbows, fans, blowers, and all other exhaust system parts, components, and supports thereof shall be so constructed as to meet conditions of service and to facilitate maintenance and shall conform in construction to the specifications contained in American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960.
(i) Open-surface tank operations shall be classified into 16 classes, numbered A-1 to D-4, inclusive.
(ii) Determination of class. Class is determined by two factors, hazard potential designated by a letter from A to D, inclusive, and rate of gas, vapor, or mist evolution designated by a number from 1 to 4, inclusive (for example, B.3).
(iii) Hazard potential is an index, on a scale of from A to D, inclusive, of the severity of the hazard associated with the substance contained in the tank because of the toxic, flammable, or explosive nature of the vapor, gas, or mist produced therefrom. The toxic hazard is determined from the concentration, measured in parts by volume of a gas or vapor, per million parts by volume of contaminated air (p.p.m.), or in milligrams of mist per cubic meter of air (mg./meter (3)), below which ill effects are unlikely to occur to the exposed worker. The concentrations shall be those in 1910.1000.
(iv) The relative fire or explosion hazard is measured in degrees Fahrenheit in terms of the closed-cup flash point of the substance in the tank. Detailed information on the prevention of fire hazards in dip tanks may be found in Dip Tanks Containing Flammable or Combustible Liquids, NFPA No. 34-1966, National Fire Protection Association, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6. Where the tank contains a mixture of liquids, other than organic solvents, whose effects are additive, the hygienic standard of the most toxic component (for example, the one having the lowest p.p.m. or mg./meter (3) shall be used, except where such substance constitutes an insignificantly small fraction of the mixture. For mixtures of organic solvents, their combined effect, rather than that of either individually, shall determine the hazard potential. In the absence of information to the contrary, the effects shall be considered as additive. If the sum of the ratios of the airborne concentration of each contaminant to the toxic concentration of that contaminant exceeds unity, the toxic concentration shall be considered to have been exceeded. (See Note A to subdivision (v) of this subparagraph.)
(v) Hazard potential shall be determined from Table G-12, with the value indicating greater hazard being used. When the hazardous material may be either a vapor with a threshold limit value (TLV) in p.p.m. or a mist with a TLV in mg./meter (3), the TLV indicating the greater hazard shall be used (for example, A takes precedence over B or C; B over C; C over D).
NOTE A:
(c1 divided by TLV1) + (c2 divided by TLV2) + (c3 divided by TLV3) + ; . . . (cN divided by TLVN) 1
where:
c = Concentration measured at the operation in p.p.m.
TABLE G-12 - DETERMINATION OF HAZARD POTENTIAL
| :Toxicity group | |
|---|---|
| : _____ | |
| : Gas or : Mist : Flash | |
| Hazard potential : vapor : (mg./m(3) : point (in | |
| : (p.p.m.) : : deg. F) | |
| : _ : : __ | |
| A...: 0-10 : 0-0.1 :... | |
| B...: 11-100 : 0.11-1.0 : Under 100 | |
| C...: 101-500 : 1.1-10 : 100-200 | |
| D...: Over 500 : Over 10 : Over 200 | |
| : _ : : __ |
(vi) Rate of gas, vapor, or mist evolution is a numerical index, on a scale of from 1 to 4, inclusive, both of the relative capacity of the tank to produce gas, vapor, or mist and of the relative energy with which it is projected or carried upwards from the tank. Rate is evaluated in terms of
(a) The temperature of the liquid in the tank in degrees Fahrenheit;
(b) The number of degrees Fahrenheit that this temperature is below the boiling point of the liquid in degrees Fahrenheit;
(c) The relative evaporation of the liquid in still air at room temperature in an arbitrary scale-fast, medium, slow, or nil; and
(d) The extent that the tank gases or produces mist in an arbitrary scale-high, medium, low, and nil. (See Table G-13, Note 2.) Gassing depends upon electrochemical or mechanical processes, the effects of which have to be individually evaluated for each installation (see Table G-13, Note 3).
(vii) Rate of evolution shall be determined from Table G-13. When evaporation and gassing yield different rates, the lowest numerical value shall be used.
TABLE G-13 - DETERMINATION OF RATE OF GAS, VAPOR, OR MIST EVOLUTION (1)
| Liquid | Degrees | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rate | Temp. | below | Relative | Gassing |
| Deg. F. | boiling | evaporation | (3) | |
| point | (2) | |||
| 1... | Over 200 | 0-20 | Fast... | High. |
| 2... | 150-200 | 21-50 | Medium... | Medium. |
| 3... | 94-149 | 51-100 | Slow... | Low. |
| 4... | Under 94 | Over 100 | Nil... | Nil. |
Footnote(1) In certain classes of equipment, specifically vapor degreasers, an internal condenser or vapor level thermostat is used to prevent the vapor from leaving the tank during normal operation. In such cases, rate of vapor evolution from the tank into the workroom is not dependent upon the factors listed in the table, but rather upon abnormalities of operating procedure, such as carryout of vapors from excessively fast action, dragout of liquid by entrainment in parts, contamination of solvent by water and other materials, or improper heat balance. When operating procedure is excellent, effective rate of evolution may be taken as 4. When operating procedure is average, the effective rate of evolution may be taken as 3. When operation is poor, a rate of 2 or 1 is indicated, depending upon observed conditions.
Footnote(2) Relative evaporation rate is determined according to the methods described by A. K. Doolittle in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 27, p. 1169, (3) where time for 100-percent evaporation is as follows: Fast: 0-3 hours; Medium: 3-12 hours; Slow: 12-50 hours; Nil: more than 50 hours.
Footnote(3) Gassing means the formation by chemical or electrochemical action of minute bubbles of gas under the surface of the liquid in the tank and is generally limited to aqueous solutions.
(3) Ventilation. Where ventilation is used to control potential exposures to workers as defined in subparagraph (2)(iii) of this paragraph, it shall be adequate to reduce the concentration of the air contaminant to the degree that a hazard to the worker does not exist. Methods of ventilation are discussed in American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960.
(4) Control requirements.
(i) Control velocities shall conform to Table G-14 in all cases where the flow of air past the breathing or working zone of the operator and into the hoods is undisturbed by local environmental conditions, such as open windows, wall fans, unit heaters, or moving machinery.
(ii) All tanks exhausted by means of hoods which
(a) Project over the entire tank;
(b) Are fixed in position in such a location that the head of the workman, in all his normal operating positions while working at the tank, is in front of all hood openings; and
(c) Are completely enclosed on at least two sides, shall be considered to be exhausted through an enclosing hood.
(d) The quantity of air in cubic feet per minute necessary to be exhausted through an enclosing hood shall be not less than the product of the control velocity times the net area of all openings in the enclosure through which air can flow into the hood.
TABLE G-14 - CONTROL VELOCITIES IN FEET PER MINUTE (F.P.M.) FOR UNDISTURBED LOCATIONS
| Class | Enclosing hood | Canopy hood(2) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| One open side | Two open sides | exhaust (1) | Three open sides | |
| A-1 and A-2... | 100 | 150 | 150 | Do not use |
| A-3(2), B-1, B-2 and C-1... | 75 | 100 | 100 | 125 |
| B-3, C-2, and D-1(3). | 65 | 90 | 75 | 100 |
| A-4(2), C-3, and D-2(3)... | 50 | 75 | 50 | 75 |
| B-4, C-4, D-3(3) and D-4(4)... |
(1) See Table G-15 for computation of ventilation rate. (2) Do not use canopy hood for Hazard Potential A processes. (3) Where complete control of hot water is desired, design as next highest class. (4) General room ventilation required.
(iii) All tanks exhausted by means of hoods which do not project over the entire tank, and in which the direction of air movement into the hood or hoods is substantially horizontal, shall be considered to be laterally exhausted. The quantity of air in cubic feet per minute necessary to be laterally ex- hausted per square foot of tank area in order to maintain the required control velocity shall be determined from Table G-15 for all variations in ratio of tank width (W) to tank length (L). The total quantity of air in cubic feet per minute required to be exhausted per tank shall be not less than the product of the area of tank surface times the cubic feet per minute per square foot of tank area, determined from Table G-15.
(a) For lateral exhaust hoods over 42 inches wide, or where it is desirable to reduce the amount of air removed from the workroom, air supply slots or orifices shall be provided along the side or the center of the tank opposite from the exhaust slots. The design of such systems shall meet the following criteria:
(1) The supply air volume plus the entrained air shall not exceed 50 percent of the exhaust volume.
(2) The velocity of the supply airstream as it reaches the effective control area of the exhaust slot shall be less than the effective velocity over the exhaust slot area.
Table G-15 Minimum Ventilation Rate in Cubic Feet of Air Per Minute Per Square Foot of Tank Area for Lateral Exhaust
| : C.f.m. per sq. ft. to maintain : | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| : Required minimum : required minimum velocities at following : | |||||||||
| : control velocity, : ratios (tank width (W)/tank length (L)).(1),(2) : | |||||||||
| : f.p.m. (from : ---: | |||||||||
| : Table G-14) : 0.0-0.09 : 0.1-0.24 : 0.25-0.49 : 0.5-0.99 : 1.0-2.0 : | |||||||||
| : ---: Hood along one side or two parallel sides of tank when one hood is : | |||||||||
| : against a wall or baffle.(2) : | |||||||||
| : Also for a manifold along tank centerline.(3) : | |||||||||
| : ---: 50 : 50 : 60 : 75 : 90 : 100 : | |||||||||
| : 75 : 75 : 90 : 110 : 130 : 150 : | |||||||||
| : 100 : 100 : 125 : 150 : 175 : 200 : | |||||||||
| : 150 : 150 : 190 : 225 : 260 : 300 : | |||||||||
| : ---: Hood along one side or two parallel sides of free standing tank not : | |||||||||
| : against wall or baffle. : | |||||||||
| : ---: 50 : 75 : 90 : 100 : 110 : 125 : | |||||||||
| : 75 : 110 : 130 : 150 : 170 : 190 : | |||||||||
| : 100 : 150 : 175 : 200 : 225 : 250 : | |||||||||
| : 150 : 225 : 260 : 300 : 340 : 375 : | |||||||||
| : ---: (1) It is not practicable to ventilate across the long dimension of a tank whose ratio W/L exceeds 2.0. |
It is undesirable to do so when W/L exceeds 1.0. For circular tanks with lateral exhaust along up to 1/2 the circumference, use W/L=1.0; for over one-half the circumference use W/L=0.5.
(2) Baffle is a vertical plate the same length as the tank, and with the top of the plate as high as the tank is wide. If he exhaust hood is on the side of a tank against a building wall or close to it, it is perfectly baffled.
(3) Use W/2 as tank width in computing when manifold is along centerline, or when hoods are used on two parallel sides of a tank.
Tank Width (W) means the effective width over which the hood must pull air to operate (for example, where the hood face is set back from the edge of the tank, this set back must be added in measuring tank width). The surface area of tanks can frequently be reduced and better control obtained (particularly on conveyorized systems) by using covers extending from the upper edges of the slots toward the center of the tank.
(3) The vertical height of the receiving exhaust hood, including any baffle, shall not be less than one-quarter the width of the tank.
(4) The supply airstream shall not be allowed to impinge on obstructions between it and the exhaust slot in such a manner as to significantly interfere with the performance of the exhaust hood.
(5) Since most failure of push-pull systems result from excessive supply air volumes and pressures, methods of measuring and adjusting the supply air shall be provided. When satisfactory control has been achieved, the adjustable features of the hood shall be fixed so that they will not be altered.
(iv) All tanks exhausted by means of hoods which project over the entire tank, and which do not conform to the definition of enclosing hoods, shall be considered to be overhead canopy hoods. The quantity of air in cubic feet per minute necessary to be exhausted through a canopy hood shall be not less than the product of the control velocity times the net area of all openings between the bottom edges of the hood and the top edges of the tank.
(v) The rate of vapor evolution (including steam or products of combustion) from the process shall be estimated. If the rate of vapor evolution is equal to or greater than 10 percent of the calculated exhaust volume required, the exhaust volume shall be increased in equal amount.
(5) Spray cleaning and degreasing. Wherever spraying or other mechanical means are used to disperse a liquid above an open-surface tank, control must be provided for the airborne spray. Such operations shall be enclosed as completely as possible. The inward air velocity into the enclosure shall be sufficient to prevent the discharge of spray into the workroom. Mechanical baffles may be used to help prevent the discharge of spray. Spray painting operations are covered by paragraph (c) of this section.
(6) Control means other than ventilation. Tank covers, foams, beads, chips, or other materials floating on the tank surface so as to confine gases, mists, or vapors to the area under the cover or to the foam, bead, or chip layer; or surface tension depressive agents added to the liquid in the tank to minimize mist formation, or any combination thereof, may all be used as gas, mist, or vapor control means for open-surface tank operations, provided that they effectively reduce the concentrations of hazardous materials in the vicinity of the worker below the limits set in accordance with subparagraph (2) of this paragraph.
(7) System design.
(i) The equipment for exhausting air shall have sufficient capacity to produce the flow of air required in each of the hoods and openings of the system.
(ii) The capacity required in subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall be obtained when the airflow producing equipment is operating against the following pressure losses, the sum of which is the static pressure:
(a) Entrance losses into the hood.
(b) Resistance to airflow in branch pipe including bends and transformations.
(c) Entrance loss into the main pipe.
(d) Resistance to airflow in main pipe including bends and transformations.
(e) Resistance of mechanical equipment; that is, filters, washers, condensers, absorbers, etc., plus their entrance and exit losses.
(f) Resistance in outlet duct and discharge stack.
(iii) Two or more operations shall not be connected to the same exhaust system where either one or the combination of the substances removed may constitute a fire, explosion, or chemical reaction hazard in the duct system. Traps or other devices shall be provided to insure that condensate in ducts does not drain back into any tank.
(iv) The exhaust system, consisting of hoods, ducts, air mover, and discharge outlet, shall be designed in accordance with American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960, or the manual, Industrial Ventilation, published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 1970, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6. Airflow and pressure loss data provided by the manufacturer of any air cleaning device shall be included in the design calculations.
STEP
(i) The required airflow shall be maintained at all times during which gas, mist, or vapor is emitted from the tank, and at all times the tank, the draining, or the drying area is in operation or use. When the system is first installed, the airflow from each hood shall be measured by means of a pitot traverse in the exhaust duct and corrective action taken if the flow is less than that required. When the proper flow is obtained, the hood static pressure shall be measured and recorded. At intervals of not more than 3 months operation, or after a prolonged shutdown period, the hoods and duct system shall be inspected for evidence of corrosion or damage. In any case where the airflow is found to be less than required, it shall be increased to the required value. (Information on airflow and static pressure measurement and calculations may be found in American National Standard Fundamental Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960, or in the manual, Industrial Ventilation, published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.) STEP (ii) The exhaust system shall discharge to the outer air in such a manner that the possibility of its effluent entering any building is at a minimum. Recirculation shall only be through a device for contaminant removal which will prevent the creation of a health hazard in the room or area to which the air is recirculated.
(iii) A volume of outside air in the range of 90 percent to 110 percent of the exhaust volume shall be provided to each room having exhaust hoods. The outside air supply shall enter the work-room in such a manner as not to be detrimental to any exhaust hood. The airflow of the makeup air system shall be measured on installation. Corrective action shall be taken when the airflow is below that required. The makeup air shall be uncontaminated.
(i) All employees working in and around open-surface tank operations must be instructed as to the hazards of their respective jobs, and in the personal protection and first aid procedures applicable to these hazards. STEP
(ii) All persons required to work in such a manner that their feet may become wet shall be provided with rubber or other impervious boots or shoes, rubbers, or wooden-soled shoes sufficient to keep feet dry.
(iii) All persons required to handle work wet with a liquid other than water shall be provided with gloves impervious to such a liquid and of a length sufficient to prevent entrance of liquid into the tops of the gloves. The interior of gloves shall be kept free from corrosive or irritating contaminants. STEP
(iv) All persons required to work in such a manner that their clothing may become wet shall be provided with such aprons, coats, jackets, sleeves, or other garments made of rubber, or of other materials impervious to liquids other than water, as are required to keep their clothing dry. Aprons shall extend well below the top of boots to prevent liquid splashing into the boots. Provision of dry, clean, cotton clothing along with rubber shoes or short boots and an apron impervious to liquids other than water shall be considered a satisfactory substitute where small parts are cleaned, plated, or acid dipped in open tanks and rapid work is required. STEP
(v) Whenever there is a danger of splashing, for example, when additions are made manually to the tanks, or when acids and chemicals are removed from the tanks, the employees so engaged shall be required to wear either tight-fitting chemical goggles or an effective face shield. See 1910.133. STEP
(vi) During the emergencies specified in paragraph (d)(11)(v) of this section, if employees must be in areas where the concentrations of air contaminants are greater than the limits set by paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section or the oxygen concentration is less than 19.5 percent, they must use respirators that reduce their exposure to a level below these limits or that provide adequate oxygen. Such respirators must also be provided in marked, quickly-accessible storage compartments built for this purpose when the possibility exists that hazardous concentrations of air contaminants could be released accidentally. The respirators must be approved by the NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84, selected by a competent industrial hygienist or other technically-qualified source, and used in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.134.
(vii) Near each tank containing a liquid which may burn, irritate, or otherwise be harmful to the skin if splashed upon the worker's body, there shall be a supply of clean cold water. The water pipe (carrying a pressure not exceeding 25 pounds) shall be provided with a quick opening valve and at least 48 inches of hose not smaller than three-fourths inch, so that no time may be lost in washing off liquids from the skin or clothing. Alternatively, deluge showers and eye flushes shall be provided in cases where harmful chemicals may be splashed on parts of the body. STEP
(viii) Operators with sores, burns, or other skin lesions requiring medical treatment shall not be allowed to work at their regular operations until so authorized by a physician. Any small skin abrasions, cuts, rash, or open sores which are found or reported shall be treated by a properly designated person so that chances of exposures to the chemicals are removed. Workers exposed to chromic acids shall have a periodic examination made of the nostrils and other parts of the body, to detect incipient ulceration. STEP
(ix) Sufficient washing facilities, including soap, individual towels, and hot water, shall be provided for all persons required to use or handle any liquids which may burn, irritate, or otherwise be harmful to the skin, on the basis of at least one basin (or its equivalent) with a hot water faucet for every 10 employees. See 1910.141(d).
(x) Locker space or equivalent clothing storage facilities shall be provided to prevent contamination of street clothing.
(xi) First aid facilities specific to the hazards of the operations conducted shall be readily available.
(10) Special precautions for cyanide. Dikes or other arrangements shall be provided to prevent the possibility of intermixing of cyanide and acid in the event of tank rupture. STEP
(11) Inspection, maintenance, and installation.
(i) Floors and platforms around tanks shall be prevented from becoming slippery both by original type of construction and by frequent flushing. They shall be firm, sound, and of the design and construction to minimize the possibility of tripping.
(ii) Before cleaning the interior of any tank, the contents shall be drained off, and the cleanout doors shall be opened where provided. All pockets in tanks or pits, where it is possible for hazardous vapors to collect, shall be ventilated and cleared of such vapors.
(iii) Tanks which have been drained to permit employees to enter for the purposes of cleaning, inspection, or maintenance may contain atmospheres which are hazardous to life or health, through the presence of flammable or toxic air contaminants, or through the absence of sufficient oxygen. Before employees shall be permitted to enter any such tank, appropriate tests of the atmosphere shall be made to determine if the limits set by paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section are exceeded, or if the oxygen concentration is less than 19.5 percent.
(iv) If the tests made in accordance with paragraph(d)(11)(iii) of this section indicate that the atmosphere in the tank is unsafe, before any employee is permitted to enter the tank, the tank shall be ventilated until the hazardous atmosphere is removed, and ventilation shall be continued so as to prevent the occurrence of a hazardous atmosphere as long as an employee is in the tank.
(v) If, in emergencies, such as rescue work, it is necessary to enter a tank which may contain a hazardous atmosphere, suitable respirators, such as self-contained breathing apparatus; hose mask with blower, if there is a possibility of oxygen deficiency; or a gas mask, selected and operated in accordance with paragraph (d)(9)(vi) of this section, shall be used. If a contaminant in the tank can cause dermatitis, or be absorbed through the skin, the employee entering the tank shall also wear protective clothing. At least one trained standby employee, with suitable respirator, shall be present in the nearest uncontaminated area. The standby employee must be able to communicate with the employee in the tank and be able to haul him out of the tank with a lifeline if necessary.
(vi) Maintenance work requiring welding or open flame, where toxic metal fumes such as cadmium, chromium, or lead may be evolved, shall be done only with sufficient local exhaust ventilation to prevent the creation of a health hazard, or be done with respirators selected and used in accordance with paragraph (d)(9)(vi) of this section. Welding, or the use of open flames near any solvent cleaning equipment shall be permitted only after such equipment has first been thoroughly cleared of solvents and vapors.
(i) In any vapor degreasing tank equipped with a condenser or vapor level thermostat, the condenser or thermostat shall keep the level of vapors below the top edge of the tank by a distance at least equal to one-half the tank width, or at least 36 inches, whichever is shorter.
(ii) Where gas is used as a fuel for heating vapor degreasing tanks, the combustion chamber shall be of tight construction, except for such openings as the exhaust flue, and those that are necessary for supplying air for combustion. Flues shall be of corrosion-resistant construction and shall extend to the outer air. If mechanical exhaust is used on this flue, a draft diverter shall be used. Special precautions must be taken to prevent solvent fumes from entering the combustion air of this or any other heater when chlorinated or fluorinated hydrocarbon solvents (for example, trichloroethylene, Freon) are used.
(iii) Heating elements shall be so designed and maintained that their surface temperature will not cause the solvent or mixture to decompose, break down, or be converted into an excessive quantity of vapor.
(iv) Tanks or machines of more than 4 square feet of vapor area, used for solvent cleaning or vapor degreasing, shall be equipped with suitable cleanout or sludge doors located near the bottom of each tank or still. These doors shall be so designed and gasketed that there will be no leakage of solvent when they are closed.
(i) This paragraph (d) applies to all operations involving the immersion of materials in liquids, or in the vapors of such liquids, for the purpose of cleaning or altering their surfaces, or adding or imparting a finish thereto, or changing the character of the materials, and their subsequent removal from the liquids or vapors, draining, and drying. Such operations include washing, electroplating, anodizing, pickling, quenching, dyeing, dipping, tanning, dressing, bleaching, degreasing, alkaline cleaning, stripping, rinsing, digesting, and other similar operations, but do not include molten materials handling opera- tions, or surface coating operations.
(ii) “Molten materials handling operations” means all operations, other than welding, burning, and soldering operations, involving the use, melting, smelting, or pouring of metals, alloys, salts, or other similar substances in the molten state. Such operations also include heat treating baths, descaling baths, die casting stereotyping, galvanizing, tinning, and similar operations.
(iii) “Surface coating operations” means all operations involving the application of protective, decorative, adhesive, or strengthening coating or impregnation to one or more surfaces, or into the interstices of any object or material, by means of spraying, spreading, flowing, brushing, roll coating, pouring, cementing, or similar means; and any subsequent draining or drying operations, excluding open-tank operations.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 40 FR 23073, May 28, 1975; 40 FR 24522, June 9, 1975; 43 FR 49746, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5322, Feb. 10, 1984]
1910.95 Occupational noise exposure.
(a) Protection against the effects of noise exposure shall be provided when the sound levels exceed those shown in Table G-16 when measured on the A scale of a standard sound level meter at slow response. When noise levels are determined by octave band analysis, the equivalent A-weighted sound level may be determined as follows: STEP
FIGURE G-9 - Equivalent A-Weighted Sound Level
Equivalent sound level contours. Octave band sound pressure levels may be converted to the equivalent A-weighted sound level by plotting them on this graph and noting the A-weighted sound level corresponding to the point of highest penetration into the sound level contours. This equivalent A-weighted sound level, which may differ from the actual A-weighted sound level of the noise, is used to determine exposure limits from Table 1.G-16.
(b)
(1) When employees are subjected to sound exceeding those listed in Table G-16, feasible administrative or engineering controls shall be utilized. If such controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels of Table G-16, personal protective equipment shall be provided and used to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table. STEP
(2) If the variations in noise level involve maxima at intervals of 1 second or less, it is to be considered continuous.
TABLE G-16 - PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES (1)
: Sound level dBA
Duration per day, hours : slow response
| 8 | 90 |
|---|---|
| 6 | 92 |
| 4 | 95 |
| 3 | 97 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 1 1/2 | 102 |
| 1 | 105 |
| 1/2 | 110 |
| 1/4 or less | 115 |
Footnote(1) When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of each. If the sum of the following fractions: C(1)/T(1) + C(2)/T(2) C(n)/T(n) exceeds unity, then, the mixed exposure should be considered to exceed the limit value. Cn indicates the total time of exposure at a specified noise level, and Tn indicates the total time of exposure permitted at that level.
Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.
(c) Hearing conservation program. STEP
(1) The employer shall administer a continuing, effective hearing conservation program, as described in paragraphs (c) through (o) of this section, whenever employee noise exposures equal or exceed an 8-hour time-weighted average sound level (TWA) of 85 decibels measured on the A scale (slow response) or, equivalently, a dose of fifty percent. For purposes of the hearing conservation program, employee noise exposures shall be computed in accordance with Appendix A and Table G-16a, and without regard to any attenuation provided by the use of personal protective equipment. STEP
(2) For purposes of paragraphs (c) through (n) of this section, an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels or a dose of fifty percent shall also be referred to as the action level.
(d) Monitoring.
(1) When information indicates that any employee's exposure may equal or exceed an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels, the employer shall develop and implement a monitoring program. STEP (i) The sampling strategy shall be designed to identify employees for inclusion in the hearing conservation program and to enable the proper selection of hearing protectors.
(ii) Where circumstances such as high worker mobility, significant variations in sound level, or a significant component of impulse noise make area monitoring generally inappropriate, the employer shall use representative personal sampling to comply with the monitoring requirements of this paragraph unless the employer can show that area sampling produces equivalent results.
(2)
(i) All continuous, intermittent and impulsive sound levels from 80 decibels to 130 decibels shall be integrated into the noise measurements.
(ii) Instruments used to measure employee noise exposure shall be calibrated to ensure measurement accuracy.
(3) Monitoring shall be repeated whenever a change in production, process, equipment or controls increases noise exposures to the extent that: STEP
(i) Additional employees may be exposed at or above the action level; or
(ii) The attenuation provided by hearing protectors being used by employees may be rendered inadequate to meet the requirements of paragraph (j) of this section.
(e) Employee notification. The employer shall notify each employee exposed at or above an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels of the results of the monitoring. STEP
(f) Observation of monitoring. The employer shall provide affected employees or their representatives with an opportunity to observe any noise measurements conducted pursuant to this section.
(g) Audiometric testing program.
(1) The employer shall establish and maintain an audiometric testing program as provided in this paragraph by making audiometric testing available to all employees whose exposures equal or exceed an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels. STEP
(2) The program shall be provided at no cost to employees.
(3) Audiometric tests shall be performed by a licensed or certified audiologist, otolaryngologist, or other physician, or by a technician who is certified by the Council of Accreditation in Occupational Hearing Conservation, or who has satisfactorily demonstrated competence in administering audiometric examinations, obtaining valid audiograms, and properly using, maintaining and checking calibration and proper functioning of the audiometers being used. A technician who operates microprocessor audiometers does not need to be certified. A technician who performs audiometric tests must be responsible to an audiologist, otolaryngologist or physician.
(4) All audiograms obtained pursuant to this section shall meet the requirements of Appendix C: Audiometric Measuring Instruments.
(i) Within 6 months of an employee’s first exposure at or above the action level, the employer shall establish a valid baseline audiogram against which subsequent audiograms can be compared.
STEP
(ii) Mobile test van exception. Where mobile test vans are used to meet the audiometric testing obligation, the employer shall obtain a valid baseline audiogram within 1 year of an employee’s first exposure at or above the action level. Where baseline audiograms are obtained more than 6 months after the employee’s first exposure at or above the action level, employees shall wearing hearing protectors for any period exceeding six months after first exposure until the baseline audiogram is obtained.
(iii) Testing to establish a baseline audiogram shall be preceded by at least 14 hours without exposure to workplace noise. Hearing protectors may be used as a substitute for the requirement that baseline audiograms be preceded by 14 hours without exposure to workplace noise. STEP
(iv) The employer shall notify employees of the need to avoid high levels of non-occupational noise exposure during the 14-hour period immediately preceding the audiometric examination.
(6) Annual audiogram. At least annually after obtaining the baseline audiogram, the employer shall obtain a new audiogram for each employee exposed at or above an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels.
STEP
(i) Each employee’s annual audiogram shall be compared to that employee’s baseline audiogram to determine if the audiogram is valid and if a standard threshold shift as defined in paragraph (g)(10) of this section has occurred. This comparison may be done by a technician. STEP
(ii) If the annual audiogram shows that an employee has suffered a standard threshold shift, the employer may obtain a retest within 30 days and consider the results of the retest as the annual audiogram.
(iii) The audiologist, otolaryngologist, or physician shall review problem audiograms and shall determine whether there is a need for further evaluation. The employer shall provide to the person performing this evaluation the following information:
(A) A copy of the requirements for hearing conservation as set forth in paragraphs (c) through (n) of this section;
(B) The baseline audiogram and most recent audiogram of the employee to be evaluated;
(C) Measurements of background sound pressure levels in the audiometric test room as required in Appendix D: Audiometric Test Rooms.
(D) Records of audiometer calibrations required by paragraph (h)(5) of this section.
(i) If a comparison of the annual audiogram to the baseline audiogram indicates a standard threshold shift as defined in paragraph (g)(10) of this section has occurred, the employee shall be informed of this fact in writing, within 21 days of the determination. STEP
(ii) Unless a physician determines that the standard threshold shift is not work related or aggravated by occupational noise exposure, the employer shall ensure that the following steps are taken when a standard threshold shift occurs:
(A) Employees not using hearing protectors shall be fitted with hearing protectors, trained in their use and care, and required to use them. STEP
(B) Employees already using hearing protectors shall be refitted and retrained in the use of hearing protectors and provided with hearing protectors offering greater attenuation if necessary. STEP
(C) The employee shall be referred for a clinical audiological evaluation or an otological examination, as appropriate, if additional testing is necessary or if the employer suspects that a medical pathology of the ear is caused or aggravated by the wearing of hearing protectors.
STEP
(D) The employee is informed of the need for an otological examination if a medical pathology of the ear that is unrelated to the use of hearing protectors is suspected. STEP
(iii) If subsequent audiometric testing of an employee whose exposure to noise is less than an 8-hour TWA of 90 decibels indicates that a standard threshold shift is not persistent, the employer:
(A) Shall inform the employee of the new audiometric interpretation; and
(B) May discontinue the required use of hearing protectors for that employee.
(9) Revised baseline. An annual audiogram may be substituted for the baseline audiogram when, in the judgment of the audiologist, otolaryngologist or physician who is evaluating the audiogram:
(i) The standard threshold shift revealed by the audiogram is persistent; or
(ii) The hearing threshold shown in the annual audiogram indicates significant improvement over the baseline audiogram.
(i) As used in this section, a standard threshold shift is a change in hearing threshold relative to the baseline audiogram of an average of 10 dB or more at 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz in either ear.
(ii) In determining whether a standard threshold shift has occurred, allowance may be made for the contribution of aging (presbycusis) to the change in hearing level by correcting the annual audiogram according to the procedure described in Appendix F: Calculation and Application of Age Correction to Audiograms.
(1) Audiometric tests shall be pure tone, air conduction, hearing threshold examinations, with test frequencies including as a minimum 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz. Tests at each frequency shall be taken separately for each ear. STEP
(2) Audiometric tests shall be conducted with audiometers (including microprocessor audiometers) that meet the specifications of, and are maintained and used in accordance with, American National Standard Specification for Audiometers, S3.6-1969, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.
(3) Pulsed-tone and self-recording audiometers, if used, shall meet the requirements specified in Appendix C: Audiometric Measuring Instruments.
(4) Audiometric examinations shall be administered in a room meeting the requirements listed in Appendix D: Audiometric Test Rooms.
(i) The functional operation of the audiometer shall be checked before each day's use by testing a person with known, stable hearing thresholds, and by listening to the audiometer's output to make sure that the output is free from distorted or unwanted sounds. Deviations of 10 decibels or greater require an acoustic calibration.
(ii) Audiometer calibration shall be checked acoustically at least annually in accordance with Appendix E: Acoustic Calibration of Audiometers. Test frequencies below 500 Hz and above 6000 Hz may be omitted from this check. Deviations of 15 decibels or greater require an exhaustive calibration.
(iii) An exhaustive calibration shall be performed at least every two years in accordance with sections 4.1.2; 4.1.3.; 4.1.4.3; 4.2; 4.4.1; 4.4.2; 4.4.3; and 4.5 of the American National Standard Specification for Audiometers, S3.6-1969. Test frequencies below 500 Hz and above 6000 Hz may be omitted from this calibration.
(1) Employers shall make hearing protectors available to all employees exposed to an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels or greater at no cost to the employees. Hearing protectors shall be replaced as necessary. STEP
(i) By an employee who is required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section to wear personal protective equipment; and STEP (ii) By any employee who is exposed to an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels or greater, and who:
(A) Has not yet had a baseline audiogram established pursuant to paragraph (g)(5)(ii);
or STEP
(B) Has experienced a standard threshold shift.
STEP
(3) Employees shall be given the opportunity to select their hearing protectors from a variety of suitable hearing protectors provided by the employer. STEP
(4) The employer shall provide training in the use and care of all hearing protectors provided to employees. STEP
(5) The employer shall ensure proper initial fitting and supervise the correct use of all hearing protectors. STEP
(j) Hearing protector attenuation.
(1) The employer shall evaluate hearing protector attenuation for the specific noise environments in which the protector will be used. The employer shall use one of the evaluation methods described in Appendix B: Methods for Estimating the Adequacy of Hearing Protection Attenuation.
STEP
(2) Hearing protectors must attenuate employee exposure at least to an 8-hour time-weighted average of 90 decibels as required by paragraph (b) of this section. STEP
(3) For employees who have experienced a standard threshold shift, hearing protectors must attenuate employee exposure to an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels or below.
(4) The adequacy of hearing protector attenuation shall be re-evaluated whenever employee noise exposures increase to the extent that the hearing protectors provided may no longer provide adequate attenuation. The employer shall provide more effective hearing protectors where necessary.
(k) Training program.
(1) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are exposed to noise at or above an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels, and shall ensure employee participation in such program.
STEP
(2) The training program shall be repeated annually for each employee included in the hearing conservation program. Information provided in the training program shall be updated to be consistent with changes in protective equipment and work processes. STEP
(3) The employer shall ensure that each employee is informed of the following: STEP (i) The effects of noise on hearing; STEP
(ii) The purpose of hearing protectors, the advantages, disadvantages, and attenuation of various types, and instructions on selection, fitting, use, and care; and
(iii) The purpose of audiometric testing, and an explanation of the test procedures.
(l) Access to information and training materials.
(1) The employer shall make available to affected employees or their representatives copies of this standard and shall also post a copy in the workplace. STEP
(2) The employer shall provide to affected employees any informational materials pertaining to the standard that are supplied to the employer by the Assistant Secretary.
(3) The employer shall provide, upon request, all materials related to the employer's training and education program pertaining to this standard to the Assistant Secretary and the Director.
(m) Recordkeeping
(1) Exposure measurements. The employer shall maintain an accurate record of all employee exposure measurements required by paragraph (d) of this section. STEP
(2) Audiometric tests.
(i) The employer shall retain all employee audiometric test records obtained pursuant to paragraph (g) of this section:
(ii) This record shall include: STEP
(A) Name and job classification of the employee;
(B) Date of the audiogram;
(C) The examiner's name;
(D) Date of the last acoustic or exhaustive calibration of the audiometer; and STEP
(E) Employee's most recent noise exposure assessment.
(F) The employer shall maintain accurate records of the measurements of the background sound pressure levels in audiometric test rooms.
(3) Record retention. The employer shall retain records required in this paragraph (m) for at least the following periods.
(i) Noise exposure measurement records shall be retained for two years.
(ii) Audiometric test records shall be retained for the duration of the affected employee's employment.
(4) Access to records. All records required by this section shall be provided upon request to employees, former employees, representatives designated by the individual employee, and the Assistant Secretary. The provisions of 29 CFR 1910.20 (a) through (e) and (g) through (i) apply to access to records under this section.
(5) Transfer of records. If the employer ceases to do business, the employer shall transfer to the successor employer all records required to be maintained by this section, and the successor employer shall retain them for the remainder of the period prescribed in paragraph (m) (3) of this section.
(n) Appendices.
(1) Appendices A, B, C, D, and E to this section are incorporated as part of this section and the contents of these Appendices are mandatory.
(2) Appendices F and G to this section are informational and are not intended to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligations.
(o) Exemptions. Paragraphs (c) through (n) of this section shall not apply to employers engaged in oil and gas well drilling and servicing operations.
(p) Startup date. Baseline audiograms required by paragraph (g) of this section shall be completed by March 1, 1984.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1218-0048)
1910.95 App A Noise exposure computation
Appendix A to 1910.95 - Noise Exposure Computation
This Appendix is Mandatory
(1) Noise dose is computed using Table G-16a as follows:
(i) When the sound level, L, is constant over the entire work shift, the noise dose, D, in percent, is given by: $D=100\ C/T$ where C is the total length of the work day, in hours, and T is the reference duration corresponding to the measured sound level, L, as given in Table G-16a or by the formula shown as a footnote to that table.
(ii) When the workshift noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise at different levels, the total noise dose over the work day is given by:
$$D=100\ (C(1)/T(1)+C(2)/T(2)+\dots+C(n)/T(n)),$$ where C(n) indicates the total time of exposure at a specific noise level, and Tn indicates the reference duration for that level as given by Table G-16a.
(2) The eight-hour time-weighted average sound level (TWA), in decibels, may be computed from the dose, in percent, by means of the formula: TWA=16.61 log(10) (D/100)+90. For an eight-hour workshift with the noise level constant over the entire shift, the TWA is equal to the measured sound level.
(3) A table relating dose and TWA is given in Section II.
TABLE G-16A
| Reference | |
|---|---|
| A-weighted sound level, L (decibel) | duration, |
| T (hour) | |
| 80 | 32 |
| 81 | 27.9 |
| 82 | 24.3 |
| 83 | 21.1 |
| 84 | 18.4 |
| 85 | 16 |
| 86 | 13.9 |
| 87 | 12.1 |
| 88 | 10.6 |
| 89 | 9.2 |
| 90 | 8 |
| 91 | 7.0 |
| 92 | 6.1 |
| 93 | 5.3 |
| 94 | 4.6 |
| 95 | 4 |
| 96 | 3.5 |
| 97 | 3.0 |
| 98 | 2.6 |
| 99 | 2.3 |
| 100 | 2 |
| 101 | 1.7 |
| 102 | 1.5 |
| 103 | 1.3 |
| 104 | 1.1 |
| 105 | 1 |
| 106 | 0.87 |
| 107 | 0.76 |
| 108 | 0.66 |
| 109 | 0.57 |
| 110 | 0.5 |
|---|---|
| 111 | 0.44 |
| 112 | 0.38 |
| 113 | 0.33 |
| 114 | 0.29 |
| 115 | 0.25 |
| 116 | 0.22 |
| 117 | 0.19 |
| 118 | 0.16 |
| 119 | 0.14 |
| 120 | 0.125 |
| 121 | 0.11 |
| 122 | 0.095 |
| 123 | 0.082 |
| 124 | 0.072 |
| 125 | 0.063 |
| 126 | 0.054 |
| 127 | 0.047 |
| 128 | 0.041 |
| 129 | 0.036 |
| 130 | 0.031 |
In the above table the reference duration, T, is computed by
$$T = \frac{8}{2((L - 90) / 5)}$$
where L is the measured A-weighted sound level.
Compliance with paragraphs (c)-(r) of this regulation is determined by the amount of exposure to noise in the workplace. The amount of such exposure is usually measured with an audiodosimeter which gives a readout in terms of “dose.” In order to better understand the requirements of the amendment, dosimeter readings can be converted to an “8-hour time-weighted average sound level.” (TWA).
In order to convert the reading of a dosimeter into TWA, see Table A-1, below. This table applies to dosimeters that are set by the manufacturer to calculate dose or percent exposure according to the relationships in Table G-16a. So, for example, a dose of 91 percent over an eight hour day results in a TWA of 89.3 dB, and, a dose of 50 percent corresponds to a TWA of 85 dB.
If the dose as read on the dosimeter is less than or greater than the values found in Table A-1, the TWA may be calculated by using the formula: TWA=16.61 log(10) (D/100)+90 where TWA=8-hour time-weighted average sound level and D=accumulated dose in percent exposure.
TABLE A-1 - CONVERSION FROM “PERCENT NOISE EXPOSURE” OR “DOSE” TO “8-HOUR TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE SOUND LEVEL” (TWA)
| Dose or percent noise exposure | TWA |
|---|---|
| 10 | 73.4 |
| 15 | 76.3 |
| 20 | 78.4 |
| 25 | 80.0 |
| 30 | 81.3 |
| 35 | 82.4 |
| 40 | 83.4 |
| 45 | 84.2 |
| 50 | 85.0 |
| 55 | 85.7 |
| 60 | 86.3 |
| 65 | 86.9 |
| 70 | 87.4 |
| 75 | 87.9 |
| 80 | 88.4 |
| 81 | 88.5 |
| 82 | 88.6 |
| 83 | 88.7 |
| 84 | 88.7 |
| 85 | 88.8 |
| 86 | 88.9 |
| 87 | 89.0 |
| 88 | 89.1 |
| 89 | 89.2 |
| 90 | 89.2 |
| 91 | 89.3 |
| 92 | 89.4 |
| 93 | 89.5 |
| 94 | 89.6 |
| 95 | 89.6 |
| 96 | 89.7 |
| 97 | 89.8 |
| 98 | 89.9 |
| 99 | 89.9 |
| 100 | 90.0 |
| 101 | 90.1 |
| 102 | 90.1 |
| 103 | 90.2 |
| 104 | 90.3 |
| 105 | 90.4 |
| 106 | 90.4 |
| 107 | 90.5 |
|---|---|
| 108 | 90.6 |
| 109 | 90.6 |
| 110 | 90.7 |
| 111 | 90.8 |
| 112 | 90.8 |
| 113 | 90.9 |
| 114 | 90.9 |
| 115 | 91.1 |
| 116 | 91.1 |
| 117 | 91.1 |
| 118 | 91.2 |
| 119 | 91.3 |
| 120 | 91.3 |
| 125 | 91.6 |
| 130 | 91.9 |
| 135 | 92.2 |
| 140 | 92.4 |
| 145 | 92.7 |
| 150 | 92.9 |
| 155 | 93.2 |
| 160 | 93.4 |
| 165 | 93.6 |
| 170 | 93.8 |
| 175 | 94.0 |
| 180 | 94.2 |
| 185 | 94.4 |
| 190 | 94.6 |
| 195 | 94.8 |
| 200 | 95.0 |
| 210 | 95.4 |
| 220 | 95.7 |
| 230 | 96.0 |
| 240 | 96.3 |
| 250 | 96.6 |
| 260 | 96.9 |
| 270 | 97.2 |
| 280 | 97.4 |
| 290 | 97.7 |
| 300 | 97.9 |
| 310 | 98.2 |
| 320 | 98.4 |
| 330 | 98.6 |
| 340 | 98.8 |
| 350 | 99.0 |
| 360 | 99.2 |
| 370 | 99.4 |
| 380 | 99.6 |
|---|---|
| 390 | 99.8 |
| 400 | 100.0 |
| 410 | 100.2 |
| 420 | 100.4 |
| 430 | 100.5 |
| 440 | 100.7 |
| 450 | 100.8 |
| 460 | 101.0 |
| 470 | 101.2 |
| 480 | 101.3 |
| 490 | 101.5 |
| 500 | 101.6 |
| 510 | 101.8 |
| 520 | 101.9 |
| 530 | 102.0 |
| 540 | 102.2 |
| 550 | 102.3 |
| 560 | 102.4 |
| 570 | 102.6 |
| 580 | 102.7 |
| 590 | 102.8 |
| 600 | 102.9 |
| 610 | 103.0 |
| 620 | 103.2 |
| 630 | 103.3 |
| 640 | 103.4 |
| 650 | 103.5 |
| 660 | 103.6 |
| 670 | 103.7 |
| 680 | 103.8 |
| 690 | 103.9 |
| 700 | 104.0 |
| 710 | 104.1 |
| 720 | 104.2 |
| 730 | 104.3 |
| 740 | 104.4 |
| 750 | 104.5 |
| 760 | 104.6 |
| 770 | 104.7 |
| 780 | 104.8 |
| 790 | 104.9 |
| 800 | 105.0 |
| 810 | 105.1 |
| 820 | 105.2 |
| 830 | 105.3 |
| 840 | 105.4 |
| 850 | 105.4 |
|---|---|
| 860 | 105.5 |
| 870 | 105.6 |
| 880 | 105.7 |
| 890 | 105.8 |
| 900 | 105.8 |
| 910 | 105.9 |
| 920 | 106.0 |
| 930 | 106.1 |
| 940 | 106.2 |
| 950 | 106.2 |
| 960 | 106.3 |
| 970 | 106.4 |
| 980 | 106.5 |
| 990 | 106.5 |
| 999 | 106.6 |
1910.95 App B Methods for estimating the adequacy of hearing protector attenuation Appendix B to 1910.95 - Methods for estimating the adequacy of hearing protector attenuation
This Appendix is Mandatory
For employees who have experienced a significant threshold shift, hearing protector attenuation must be sufficient to reduce employee exposure to a TWA of 85 dB. Employers must select one of the following methods by which to estimate the adequacy of hearing protector attenuation.
The most convenient method is the Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). According to EPA regulation, the NRR must be shown on the hearing protector package. The NRR is then related to an individual worker's noise environment in order to assess the adequacy of the attenuation of a given hearing protector. This Appendix describes four methods of using the NRR to determine whether a particular hearing protector provides adequate protection within a given exposure environment. Selection among the four procedures is dependent upon the employer's noise measuring instruments.
Instead of using the NRR, employers may evaluate the adequacy of hearing protector attenuation by using one of the three methods developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), which are described in the "List of Personal Hearing Protectors and Attenuation Data," HEW Publication No. 76-120, 1975, pages 21-37. These methods are known as NIOSH methods No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3. The NRR described below is a simplification of NIOSH method No. 2. The most complex method is NIOSH method No. 1, which is probably the most accurate method since it uses the largest amount of spectral information from the individual employee's noise environment. As in the case of the NRR method described below, if one of the NIOSH methods is used, the selected method must be applied to an individual's noise environment to assess the adequacy of the attenuation. Employers should be careful to take a sufficient number of measurements in order to achieve a representative sample for each time segment.
NOTE: The employer must remember that calculated attenuation values reflect realistic values only to the extent that the protectors are properly fitted and worn.
When using the NRR to assess hearing protector adequacy, one of the following methods must be used:
(i) When using a dosimeter that is capable of C-weighted measurements:
(A) Obtain the employee’s C-weighted dose for the entire workshift, and convert to TWA (see Appendix A, II).
(B) Subtract the NRR from the C-weighted TWA to obtain the estimated A-weighted TWA under the ear protector.
(ii) When using a dosimeter that is not capable of C-weighted measurements, the following method may be used:
(A) Convert the A-weighted dose to TWA (see Appendix A).
(B) Subtract 7 dB from the NRR.
(C) Subtract the remainder from the A-weighted TWA to obtain the estimated A-weighted TWA under the ear protector.
(iii) When using a sound level meter set to the A-weighting network:
(A) Obtain the employee’s A-weighted TWA.
(B) Subtract 7 dB from the NRR, and subtract the remainder from the A-weighted TWA to obtain the estimated A-weighted TWA under the ear protector.
(iv) When using a sound level meter set on the C-weighting network:
(A) Obtain a representative sample of the C-weighted sound levels in the employee’s environment.
(B) Subtract the NRR from the C-weighted average sound level to obtain the estimated A-weighted TWA under the ear protector.
(v) When using area monitoring procedures and a sound level meter set to the A-weighing network.
(A) Obtain a representative sound level for the area in question.
(B) Subtract 7 dB from the NRR and subtract the remainder from the A-weighted sound level for that area.
(vi) When using area monitoring procedures and a sound level meter set to the C-weighting network:
(A) Obtain a representative sound level for the area in question.
(B) Subtract the NRR from the C-weighted sound level for that area.
1910.95 App C Audiometric measuring instruments
Appendix C to 1910.95 - Audiometric measuring instruments
This Appendix is Mandatory
1. In the event that pulsed-tone audiometers are used, they shall have a tone on-time of at least 200 milliseconds.
2. Self-recording audiometers shall comply with the following requirements:
(A) The chart upon which the audiogram is traced shall have lines at positions corresponding to all multiples of 10 dB hearing level within the intensity range spanned by the audiometer. The lines shall be equally spaced and shall be separated by at least 1/4 inch. Additional increments are optional. The audiogram pen tracings shall not exceed 2 dB in width.
(B) It shall be possible to set the stylus manually at the 10-dB increment lines for calibration purposes.
(C) The slewing rate for the audiometer attenuator shall not be more than 6 dB/sec except that an initial slewing rate greater than 6 dB/sec is permitted at the beginning of each new test frequency, but only until the second subject response.
(D) The audiometer shall remain at each required test frequency for 30 seconds (+ or - 3 seconds). The audiogram shall be clearly marked at each change of frequency and the actual frequency change of the audiometer shall not deviate from the frequency boundaries marked on the audiogram by more than + or - 3 seconds.
(E) It must be possible at each test frequency to place a horizontal line segment parallel to the time axis on the audiogram, such that the audiometric tracing crosses the line segment at least six times at that test frequency. At each test frequency the threshold shall be the average of the midpoints of the tracing excursions.
1910.95 App D Audiometric test rooms STEP
Appendix D to 1910.95 - Audiometric test rooms
This Appendix is Mandatory
Rooms used for audiometric testing shall not have background sound pressure levels exceeding those in Table D-1 when measured by equipment conforming at least to the Type 2 requirements of American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters, S1.4-1971 (R1976), and to the Class II requirements of American National Standard Specification for Octave, Half-Octave, and Third-Octave Band Filter Sets, S1.11-1971 (R1976).
TABLE D-1 - MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OCTAVE-BAND SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS FOR AUDIOMETRIC TEST ROOMS
| Octave-band center frequency (Hz) | 500 | 1000 | 2000 | 4000 | 8000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound pressure level (dB) ... | 40 | 40 | 47 | 57 | 62 |
1910.95 App E Acoustic calibration of audiometers
This Appendix is Mandatory
Audiometer calibration shall be checked acoustically, at least annually, according to the procedures described in this Appendix. The equipment necessary to perform these measurements is a sound level meter, octave-band filter set, and a National Bureau of Standards 9A coupler. In making these measurements, the accuracy of the calibrating equipment shall be sufficient to determine that the audiometer is within the tolerances permitted by American Standard Specification for Audiometers, S3.6-1969.
(1) Sound Pressure Output Check
A. Place the earphone coupler over the microphone of the sound level meter and place the earphone on the coupler. B. Set the audiometer's hearing threshold level (HTL) dial to 70 dB. C. Measure the sound pressure level of the tones at each test frequency from 500 Hz through 6000 Hz for each earphone. D. At each frequency the readout on the sound level meter should correspond to the levels in Table E-1 or Table E-2, as appropriate, for the type of earphone, in the column entitled "sound level meter reading."
(2) Linearity Check
A. With the earphone in place, set the frequency to 1000 Hz and the HTL dial on the audiometer to 70 dB. B. Measure the sound levels in the coupler at each 10-dB decrement from 70 dB to 10 dB, noting the sound level meter reading at each setting. C. For each 10-dB decrement on the audiometer the sound level meter should indicate a corre- sponding 10 dB decrease.
D. This measurement may be made electrically with a voltmeter connected to the earphone terminals.
(3) Tolerances
When any of the measured sound levels deviate from the levels in Table E-1 or Table E-2 by + or - 3 dB at any test frequency between 500 and 3000 Hz, 4 dB at 4000 Hz, or 5 dB at 6000 Hz, an exhaustive calibration is advised. An exhaustive calibration is required if the deviations are greater than 15 dB or greater at any test frequency.
TABLE E-1 - REFERENCE THRESHOLD LEVELS FOR TELEPHONICS - TDH-39 EARPHONES
| Frequency, Hz | Reference threshold Sound level for level TDH-39 meter earphones, reading, dB | |
|---|---|---|
| dB | dB | |
| 500 | 11.5 | 81.5 |
| 1000 | 7 | 77 |
| 2000 | 9 | 79 |
| 3000 | 10 | 80 |
| 4000 | 9.5 | 79.5 |
| 6000 | 15.5 | 85.5 |
TABLE E-2 - REFERENCE THRESHOLD LEVELS FOR TELEPHONICS - TDH-49 EARPHONES
| Frequency, Hz | Reference threshold Sound level for level TDH-49 meter earphones, reading, dB | |
|---|---|---|
| dB | dB | |
| 500 | 13.5 | 83.5 |
| 1000 | 7.5 | 77.5 |
| 2000 | 11 | 81.0 |
| 3000 | 9.5 | 79.5 |
| 4000 ... | 10.5 | 80.5 |
|---|---|---|
| 6000 ... | 13.5 | 83.5 |
In determining whether a standard threshold shift has occurred, allowance may be made for the contribution of aging to the change in hearing level by adjusting the most recent audiogram. If the employer chooses to adjust the audiogram, the employer shall follow the procedure described below. This procedure and the age correction tables were developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in the criteria document entitled “Criteria for a Recommended Standard . . . Occupational Exposure to Noise,” ((HSM)-11001).
For each audiometric test frequency;
(i) Determine from Tables F-1 or F-2 the age correction values for the employee by:
(A) Finding the age at which the most recent audiogram was taken and recording the corresponding values of age corrections at 1000 Hz through 6000 Hz;
(B) Finding the age at which the baseline audiogram was taken and recording the corresponding values of age corrections at 1000 Hz through 6000 Hz.
(ii) Subtract the values found in step (i)(B) from the value found in step (i)(A).
(iii) The differences calculated in step (ii) represented that portion of the change in hearing that may be due to aging.
EXAMPLE: Employee is a 32-year-old male. The audiometric history for his right ear is shown in decibels below.
| Employee's age | Audiometric test frequency (Hz) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1000 | 2000 | 3000 | 4000 | 6000 | |
| 26... | 10 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 5 |
| 27... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| 28... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 5 |
| 29... | 5 | 0 | 5 | 15 | 5 |
| 30... | 0 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 10 |
| 31... | 5 | 10 | 20 | 15 | 15 |
| 32... | 5 | 10 | 10 | 25 | 20 |
The audiogram at age 27 is considered the baseline since it shows the best hearing threshold levels. Asterisks have been used to identify the baseline and most recent audiogram. A threshold shift of 20 dB exists at 4000 Hz between the audiograms taken at ages 27 and 32.
(The threshold shift is computed by subtracting the hearing threshold at age 27, which was 5, from the hearing threshold at age 32, which is 25). A retest audiogram has confirmed this shift. The contribution of aging to this change in hearing may be estimated in the following manner:
Go to Table F-1 and find the age correction values (in dB) for 4000 Hz at age 27 and age 32.
| Frequency (Hz) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1000 | 2000 | 3000 | 4000 | 6000 | |
| Age 32... | 6 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 |
| Age 27... | 5 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 11 |
| Difference | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
The difference represents the amount of hearing loss that may be attributed to aging in the time period between the baseline audiogram and the most recent audiogram. In this example, the difference at 4000 Hz is 3 dB. This value is subtracted from the hearing level at 4000 Hz, which in the most recent audiogram is 25, yielding 22 after adjustment. Then the hearing threshold in the baseline audiogram at 4000 Hz (5) is subtracted from the adjusted annual audiogram hearing threshold at 4000 Hz (22). Thus the age-corrected threshold shift would be 17 dB (as opposed to a threshold shift of 20 dB without age correction).
TABLE F-1 - AGE CORRECTION VALUES IN DECIBELS FOR MALES
| Years | Audiometric test frequency (Hz) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1000 | 2000 | 3000 | 4000 | 6000 | |
| 20 or younger... | 5 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 |
| 21 ... | 5 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 |
| 22 ... | 5 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 |
| 23 ... | 5 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 |
| 24 ... | 5 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 9 |
| 25 ... | 5 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 |
| 26 ... | 5 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 |
| 27 ... | 5 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 11 |
| 28 ... | 6 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 11 |
| 29 ... | 6 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 |
| 30 ... | 6 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 12 |
| 31 ... | 6 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 13 |
| 32 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 33 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 |
| 34 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 15 |
| 35 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 15 |
| 36 | 7 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 16 |
| 37 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 17 |
| 38 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 17 |
| 39 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 18 |
| 40 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 19 |
| 41 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 20 |
| 42 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 20 |
| 43 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 16 | 21 |
| 44 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 17 | 22 |
| 45 | 8 | 7 | 13 | 18 | 23 |
| 46 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 19 | 24 |
| 47 | 8 | 8 | 14 | 19 | 24 |
| 48 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 20 | 25 |
| 49 | 9 | 9 | 15 | 21 | 26 |
| 50 | 9 | 9 | 16 | 22 | 27 |
| 51 | 9 | 9 | 16 | 23 | 28 |
| 52 | 9 | 10 | 17 | 24 | 29 |
| 53 | 9 | 10 | 18 | 25 | 30 |
| 54 | 10 | 10 | 18 | 26 | 31 |
| 55 | 10 | 11 | 19 | 27 | 32 |
| 56 | 10 | 11 | 20 | 28 | 34 |
| 57 | 10 | 11 | 21 | 29 | 35 |
| 58 | 10 | 12 | 22 | 31 | 36 |
| 59 | 11 | 12 | 22 | 32 | 37 |
| 60 or older | 11 | 13 | 23 | 33 | 38 |
TABLE F-2 - AGE CORRECTION VALUES IN DECIBELS FOR FEMALES
| Years | Audiometric test frequency (Hz) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1000 | 2000 | 3000 | 4000 | 6000 | |
| 20 or younger | 7 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 21 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 6 |
| 22 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 |
| 23 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 7 |
| 24 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 7 |
| 25 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 7 |
| 26 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 8 |
| 27 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 |
| 28 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 |
| 29 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 9 |
| 31 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 9 |
| 32 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 10 |
| 33 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 10 |
| 34 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 10 |
| 35 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 11 |
| 36 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 11 |
| 37 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 12 |
| 38 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 12 |
| 39 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 12 |
| 40 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 13 |
| 41 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 13 |
| 42 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 13 |
| 43 | 11 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 14 |
| 44 | 11 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 14 |
| 45 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 15 |
| 46 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 15 |
| 47 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 16 |
| 48 | 12 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 16 |
| 49 | 12 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 16 |
| 50 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 17 |
| 51 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 17 |
| 52 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 18 |
| 53 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 18 |
| 54 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 19 |
| 55 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 19 |
| 56 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 20 |
| 57 | 13 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 20 |
| 58 | 14 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 21 |
| 59 | 14 | 12 | 16 | 16 | 21 |
| 60 or older | 14 | 12 | 16 | 17 | 22 |
1910.95 App G Monitoring noise levels non-mandatory informational appendix
Appendix G to 1910.95 - Monitoring noise levels non-mandatory informational appendix
This appendix provides information to help employers comply with the noise monitoring obligations that are part of the hearing conservation amendment.
This revised amendment requires that employees be placed in a hearing conservation program if they are exposed to average noise levels of 85 dB or greater during an 8 hour workday. In order to determine if exposures are at or above this level, it may be necessary to measure or monitor the actual noise levels in the workplace and to estimate the noise exposure or “dose” received by employees during the workday.
It is not necessary for every employer to measure workplace noise. Noise monitoring or measuring must be conducted only when exposures are at or above 85 dB. Factors which suggest that noise exposures in the workplace may be at this level include employee complaints about the loudness of noise, indications that employees are losing their hearing, or noisy conditions which make normal conversation difficult. The employer should also consider any information available regarding noise emitted from specific machines. In addition, actual workplace noise measurements can suggest whether or not a monitoring program should be initiated.
Basically, there are two different instruments to measure noise exposures: the sound level meter and the dosimeter. A sound level meter is a device that measures the intensity of sound at a given moment. Since sound level meters provide a measure of sound intensity at only one point in time, it is generally necessary to take a number of measurements at different times during the day to estimate noise exposure over a workday. If noise levels fluctuate, the amount of time noise remains at each of the various measured levels must be determined.
To estimate employee noise exposures with a sound level meter it is also generally necessary to take several measurements at different locations within the workplace. After appropriate sound level meter readings are obtained, people sometimes draw “maps” of the sound levels within different areas of the workplace. By using a sound level “map” and information on employee locations throughout the day, estimates of individual exposure levels can be developed. This measurement method is generally referred to as area noise monitoring.
A dosimeter is like a sound level meter except that it stores sound level measurements and integrates these measurements over time, providing an average noise exposure reading for a given period of time, such as an 8-hour workday. With a dosimeter, a microphone is attached to the employee’s clothing and the exposure measurement is simply read at the end of the desired time period. A reader may be used to read-out the dosimeter’s measurements. Since the dosimeter is worn by the employee, it measures noise levels in those locations in which the employee travels. A sound level meter can also be positioned within the immediate vicinity of the exposed worker to obtain an individual exposure estimate. Such procedures are generally referred to as personal noise monitoring.
Area monitoring can be used to estimate noise exposure when the noise levels are relatively constant and employees are not mobile. In workplaces where employees move about in different areas or where the noise intensity tends to fluctuate over time, noise exposure is generally more accurately estimated by the personal monitoring approach.
In situations where personal monitoring is appropriate, proper positioning of the microphone is necessary to obtain accurate measurements. With a dosimeter, the microphone is generally located on the shoulder and remains in that position for the entire workday. With a sound level meter, the microphone is stationed near the employee’s head, and the instrument is usually held by an individual who follows the employee as he or she moves about.
Manufacturer's instructions, contained in dosimeter and sound level meter operating manuals, should be followed for calibration and maintenance. To ensure accurate results, it is considered good professional practice to calibrate instruments before and after each use.
The amendment requires that when there are significant changes in machinery or production processes that may result in increased noise levels, remonitoring must be conducted to determine whether additional employees need to be included in the hearing conservation program. Many companies choose to remonitor periodically (once every year or two) to ensure that all exposed employees are included in their hearing conservation programs.
Noise monitoring equipment may be either purchased or rented. Sound level meters cost about $500 to $1,000, while dosimeters range in price from about $750 to $1,500. Smaller companies may find it more economical to rent equipment rather than to purchase it. Names of equipment suppliers may be found in the telephone book (Yellow Pages) under headings such as: "Safety Equipment," "Industrial Hygiene," or "Engineers-Acoustical." In addition to providing information on obtaining noise monitoring equipment, many companies and individuals included under such listings can provide professional advice on how to conduct a valid noise monitoring program. Some audiological testing firms and industrial hygiene firms also provide noise monitoring services. Universities with audiology, industrial hygiene, or acoustical engineering departments may also provide information or may be able to help employers meet their obligations under this amendment.
Free, on-site assistance may be obtained from OSHA-supported state and private consultation organizations. These safety and health consultative entities generally give priority to the needs of small businesses.
1910.95 App H Availability of referenced documents
Appendix H to 1910.95 - Availability of referenced documents
Paragraphs (c) through (o) of 29 CFR 1910.95 and the accompanying appendices contain provisions which incorporate publications by reference. Generally, the publications provide criteria for instruments to be used in monitoring and audiometric testing. These criteria are intended to be mandatory when so indicated in the applicable paragraphs of 1910.95 and appendices.
It should be noted that OSHA does not require that employers purchase a copy of the referenced publications. Employers, however, may desire to obtain a copy of the referenced publications for their own information.
The designation of the paragraph of the standard in which the referenced publications appear, the titles of the publications, and the availability of the publications are as follows:
Paragraph
:
designation : Referenced publication : Available from
Appendix B : “List of Personal Hearing : National Technical Information : Protectors and Attenuation : Service, Port Royal Road, : Data,” HEW Pub. No. 76-120, : Springfield, VA 22161. : 1975. NTIS-PB267461 :
Appendix D : “Specification for Sound : American National Standards : Level Meters,” S1.4-1971 : Institute, Inc., 1430 Broadway, : (R1976) : New York, NY 10018.
1910.95 : “Specifications for : American National Standards (k)(2), : Audiometers,” S3.6-1969 : Institute, Inc., 1430 Broadway, Appendix E : : New York, NY 10018.
Appendix D : “Specification for Octave, : Back Numbers Department, Dept. : Half-Octave and Third-Octave : STD, American Institute of : Band Filter Sets,” : Physics, 333 E. 45th St., New : S1.11-1971 (R1976) : York, NY 10017; American : : National Standards Institute, : : Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, : : NY 10018.
The referenced publications (or a microfiche of the publications) are available for review at many universities and public libraries throughout the country. These publications may also be examined at the OSHA Technical Data Center, Room N2439, United States Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210, (202) 219-7500 or at any OSHA Regional Office (see telephone directories under United States Government - Labor Department).
1910.95 App I Definitions
Appendix I to 1910.95 - Definitions
These definitions apply to the following terms as used in paragraphs (c) through (n) of 29 CFR 1910.95.
Action level - An 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels measured on the A-scale, slow response, or equivalently, a dose of fifty percent.
Audiogram - A chart, graph, or table resulting from an audiometric test showing an individual’s hearing threshold levels as a function of frequency.
Audiologist - A professional, specializing in the study and rehabilitation of hearing, who is certified by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association or licensed by a state board of examiners.
Baseline audiogram - The audiogram against which future audiograms are compared.
Criterion sound level - A sound level of 90 decibels.
Decibel (dB) - Unit of measurement of sound level. Hertz (Hz) - Unit of measurement of frequency, numerically equal to cycles per second.
Medical pathology - A disorder or disease. For purposes of this regulation, a condition or disease affecting the ear, which should be treated by a physician specialist.
Noise dose - The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of (1) the time integral, over a stated time or event, of the 0.6 power of the measured SLOW exponential time-averaged, squared A-weighted sound pressure and (2) the product of the criterion duration (8 hours) and the 0.6 power of the squared sound pressure corresponding to the criterion sound level (90 dB).
Noise dosimeter - An instrument that integrates a function of sound pressure over a period of time in such a manner that it directly indicates a noise dose.
Otolaryngologist - A physician specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose and throat.
Representative exposure - Measurements of an employee's noise dose or 8-hour time-weighted average sound level that the employers deem to be representative of the exposures of other employees in the workplace. Sound level - Ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of the square of the measured A-weighted sound pressure to the square of the standard reference pressure of 20 micropascals. Unit: decibels (dB). For use with this regulation, SLOW time response, in accordance with ANSI S1.4-1971 (R1976), is required. Sound level meter - An instrument for the measurement of sound level. Time-weighted average sound level - That sound level, which if constant over an 8-hour exposure, would result in the same noise dose as is measured.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 46 FR 4161, Jan. 16, 1981; 46 FR 62845, Dec. 29, 1981; 48 FR 9776, Mar. 8, 1983; 48 FR 29687, June 28, 1983; 54 FR 24333, June 7, 1989]
1910.96 Ionizing radiation. STD 1-4.1
(a) Definitions applicable to this section.
(1) 'Radiation' includes alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons, high-speed elec- trons, high-speed protons, and other atomic particles; but such term does not include sound or radio waves, or visible light, or infrared or ultraviolet light.
(2) “Radioactive material” means any material which emits, by spontaneous nuclear disintegration, corpuscular or electromagnetic emanations.
(3) “Restricted area” means any area access to which is controlled by the employer for purposes of protection of individuals from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials.
(4) “Unrestricted area” means any area access to which is not controlled by the employer for purposes of protection of individuals from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials.
(5) “Dose” means the quantity of ionizing radiation absorbed, per unit of mass, by the body or by any portion of the body. When the provisions in this section specify a dose during a period of time, the dose is the total quantity of radiation absorbed, per unit of mass, by the body or by any portion of the body during such period of time. Several different units of dose are in current use. Definitions of units used in this section are set forth in paragraphs (a) (6) and (7) of this section.
(6) “Rad” means a measure of the dose of any ionizing radiation to body tissues in terms of the energy absorbed per unit of mass of the tissue. One rad is the dose corresponding to the absorption of 100 ergs per gram of tissue (1 millirad (mrad)=0.001 rad).
(7) “Rem” means a measure of the dose of any ionizing radiation to body tissue in terms of its estimated biological effect relative to a dose of 1 roentgen (r) of X-rays (1 millirem (mrem)=0.001 rem). The relation of the rem to other dose units depends upon the biological effect under consideration and upon the conditions for irradiation. Each of the following is considered to be equivalent to a dose of 1 rem:
(i) A dose of 1 roentgen due to X- or gamma radiation;
(ii) A dose of 1 rad due to X-, gamma, or beta radiation;
(iii) A dose of 0.1 rad due to neutrons or high energy protons;
(iv) A dose of 0.05 rad due to particles heavier than protons and with sufficient energy to reach the lens of the eye;
(v) If it is more convenient to measure the neutron flux, or equivalent, than to determine the neutron dose in rads, as provided in subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph, 1 rem of neutron radiation may, for purposes of the provisions in this section be assumed to be equivalent to 14 million neutrons per square centimeter incident upon the body; or, if there is sufficient information to estimate with reasonable accuracy the approximate distribution in energy of the neutrons, the incident number of neutrons per square centimeter equivalent to 1 rem may be estimated from Table G-17:
TABLE G-17 - NEUTRON FLUX DOSE EQUIVALENTS
: Number of :
: neutrons per : Average
: square : flux to
Neutron energy (million : centimeter : deliver 100
electron volts (Mev)) : equivalent to : millirem in
: a dose of 1 : 40 hours
: rem :(neutrons/cm(2)
:(neutrons/cm(2)): per sec)
| Thermal | : 970 X 10(6) : | 670 |
|---|---|---|
| 0.0001 | : 720 X 10(6) : | 500 |
| 0.005 | : 820 X 10(6) : | 570 |
| 0.02 | : 400 X 10(6) : | 280 |
| 0.1 | : 120 X 10(6) : | 80 |
| 0.5 | : 43 X 10(6) : | 30 |
| 1.0 | : 26 X 10(6) : | 18 |
| 2.5 | : 29 X 10(6) : | 20 |
| 5.0 | : 26 X 10(6) : | 18 |
| 7.5 | : 24 X 10(6) : | 17 |
| 10 | : 24 X 10(6) : | 17 |
| 10 to 30 | : 14 X 10(6) : | 10 |
(8) For determining exposures to X- or gamma rays up to 3 Mev., the dose limits specified in this section may be assumed to be equivalent to the “air dose”. For the purpose of this section “air dose” means that the dose is measured by a properly calibrated appropriate instrument in air at or near the body surface in the region of the highest dosage rate.
(b) Exposure of individuals to radiation in restricted areas.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, no employer shall possess, use, or transfer sources of ionizing radiation in such a manner as to cause any individual in a restricted area to receive in any period of one calendar quarter from sources in the employer’s possession or control a dose in excess of the limits specified in Table G-18:
TABLE G-18
Rems per calendar
: quarter
Whole body: Head and
trunk; active blood-forming :
organs; lens of eyes; or gonads 1 1/4
Hands and forearms; feet and ankles 18 3/4
Skin of whole body 7 1/2
(2) An employer may permit an individual in a restricted area to receive doses to the whole body greater than those permitted under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, so long as:
(i) During any calendar quarter the dose to the whole body shall not exceed 3 rems; and
(ii) The dose to the whole body, when added to the accumulated occupational dose to the whole body, shall not exceed 5 (N-18) rems, where “N” equals the individual’s age in years at his last birthday; and
(iii) The employer maintains adequate past and current exposure records which show that the addition of such a dose will not cause the individual to exceed the amount authorized in this subparagraph. As used in this subparagraph “Dose to the whole body” shall be deemed to include any dose to the whole body, gonad, active bloodforming organs, head and trunk, or lens of the eye.
(3) No employer shall permit any employee who is under 18 years of age to receive in any period of one calendar quarter a dose in excess of 10 percent of the limits specified in Table G-18.
(4) “Calendar quarter” means any 3-month period determined as follows:
(i) The first period of any year may begin on any date in January: Provided, That the second, third, and fourth periods accordingly begin on the same date in April, July, and October, respectively, and that the fourth period extends into January of the succeeding year, if necessary to complete a 3-month quarter. During the first year of use of this method of determination, the first period for that year shall also include any additional days in January preceding the starting date for the first period; or
(ii) The first period in a calendar year of 13 complete, consecutive calendar weeks; the second period in a calendar year of 13 complete, consecutive weeks; the third period in a calendar year of 13 complete, consecutive calendar weeks; the fourth period in a calendar year of 13 complete, consecutive calendar weeks. If at the end of a calendar year there are any days not falling within a complete calendar week of that year, such days shall be included within the last complete calendar week of that year. If at the beginning of any calendar year there are days not falling within a complete calendar week of that year, such days shall be included within the last complete calendar week of the previous year; or
(iii) The four periods in a calendar year may consist of the first 14 complete, consecutive calendar weeks; the next 12 complete, consecutive calendar weeks, the next 14 complete, consecutive calendar weeks, and the last 12 complete, consecutive calendar weeks. If at the end of a calendar year there are any days not falling within a complete calendar week of that year, such days shall be included (for purposes of this section) within the last complete calendar week of the year. If at the beginning of any calendar year there are days not falling within a complete calendar week of that year, such days shall be included (for purposes of this section) within the last complete week of the previous year.
(c) Exposure to airborne radioactive material.
(1) No employer shall possess, use or transport radioactive material in such a manner as to cause any employee, within a restricted area, to be exposed to airborne radioactive material in an average concentration in excess of the limits specified in Table 1 of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20. The limits given in Table 1 are for exposure to the concentrations specified for 40 hours in any workweek of 7 consecutive days. In any such period where the number of hours of exposure is less than 40, the limits specified in the table may be increased proportionately. In any such period where the number of hours of exposure is greater than 40, the limits specified in the table shall be decreased proportionately.
(2) No employer shall possess, use, or transfer radioactive material in such a manner as to cause any individual within a restricted area, who is under 18 years of age, to be exposed to airborne radioactive material in an average concentration in excess of the limits specified in Table II of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20. For purposes of this paragraph, concentrations may be averaged over periods not greater than 1 week.
(3) “Exposed” as used in this paragraph means that the individual is present in an airborne concentration. No allowance shall be made for the use of protective clothing or equipment, or particle size.
(d) Precautionary procedures and personal monitoring.
(1) Every employer shall make such surveys as may be necessary for him to comply with the provisions in this section. “Survey” means an evaluation of the radiation hazards incident to the production, use, release, disposal, or presence of radioactive materials or other sources of radiation under a specific set of conditions. When appropriate, such evaluation includes a physical survey of the location of materials and equipment, and measurements of levels of radiation or concentrations of radioactive material present.
(2) Every employer shall supply appropriate personnel monitoring equipment, such as film badges, pocket chambers, pocket dosimeters, or film rings, and shall require the use of such equipment by:
(i) Each employee who enters a restricted area under such circumstances that he receives, or is likely to receive, a dose in any calendar quarter in excess of 25 percent of the applicable value specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section; and
(ii) Each employee under 18 years of age who enters a restricted area under such circumstances that he receives, or is likely to receive, a dose in any calendar quarter in excess of 5 percent of the applicable value specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section; and
(iii) Each employee who enters a high radiation area.
(3) As used in this section:
(i) “Personnel monitoring equipment” means devices designed to be worn or carried by an individual for the purpose of measuring the dose received (e.g., film badges, pocket chambers, pocket dosimeters, film rings, etc.);
(ii) “Radiation area” means any area, accessible to personnel, in which there exists radiation at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any 1 hour a dose in excess of 5 millirem, or in any 5 consecutive days a dose in excess of 100 millirem; and
(iii) “High radiation area” means any area, accessible to personnel, in which there exists radiation at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any one hour a dose in excess of 100 millirem.
(e) Caution signs, labels, and signals
(1) General.
(i) Symbols prescribed by this paragraph shall use the conventional radiation caution colors (magenta or purple on yellow background). The symbol prescribed by this paragraph is the conventional three-bladed design:
(For Figure G-10, see printed copy)
(2) Radiation area. Each radiation area shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol described in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph and the words:
CAUTION
RADIATION AREA
(3) High radiation area.
(i) Each high radiation area shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol and the words:
CAUTION
HIGH RADIATION AREA
(ii) Each high radiation area shall be equipped with a control device which shall either cause the level of radiation to be reduced below that at which an individual might receive a dose of 100 millirems in 1 hour upon entry into the area or shall energize a conspicuous visible or audible alarm signal in such a manner that the individual entering and the employer or a supervisor of the activity are made aware of the entry. In the case of a high radiation area established for a period of 30 days or less, such control device is not required.
(4) Airborne radioactivity area.
(i) As used in the provisions of this section, “airborne radioactivity area” means:
(a) Any room, enclosure, or operating area in which airborne radioactive materials, composed wholly or partly of radioactive material, exist in concentrations in excess of the amounts specified in column 1 of Table 1 of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20 or
(b) Any room, enclosure, or operating area in which airborne radioactive materials exist in concentrations which, averaged over the number of hours in any week during which individuals are in the area, exceed 25 percent of the amounts specified in column 1 of Table 1 of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20.
(ii) Each airborne radioactivity area shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section and the words:
CAUTION
(5) Additional requirements.
(i) Each area or room in which radioactive material is used or stored and which contains any radioactive material (other than natural uranium or thorium) in any amount exceeding 10 times the quantity of such material specified in Appendix C to 10 CFR Part 20 shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section and the words:
CAUTION
(ii) Each area or room in which natural uranium or thorium is used or stored in an amount exceeding 100 times the quantity of such material specified in 10 CFR Part 20 shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section and the words:
CAUTION
(6) Containers.
(i) Each container in which is transported, stored, or used a quantity of any radioactive material (other than natural uranium or thorium) greater than the quantity of such material specified in Appendix C to 10 CFR Part 20 shall bear a durable, clearly visible label bearing the radiation caution symbol described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section and the words:
CAUTION
(ii) Each container in which natural uranium or thorium is transported, stored, or used in a quantity greater than 10 times the quantity specified in Appendix C to 10 CFR Part 20 shall bear a durable, clearly visible label bearing the radiation caution symbol described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section and the words:
CAUTION
(iii) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (e)(6) (i) and (ii) of this section a label shall not be required:
(a) If the concentration of the material in the container does not exceed that specified in column 2 of Table 1 of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20, or
(b) For laboratory containers, such as beakers, flasks, and test tubes, used transiently in laboratory procedures, when the user is present.
(iv) Where containers are used for storage, the labels required in this subparagraph shall state also the quantities and kinds of radioactive materials in the containers and the date of measurement of the quantities.
(f) Immediate evacuation warning signal
(1) Signal characteristics.
(i) The signal shall be a midfrequency complex sound wave amplitude modulated at a subsonic frequency. The complex sound wave in free space shall have a fundamental frequency (f(1)) between 450 and 500 hertz (Hz) modulated at a subsonic rate between 4 and 5 hertz.
(ii) The signal generator shall not be less than 75 decibels at every location where an individual may be present whose immediate, rapid, and complete evacuation is essential.
(iii) A sufficient number of signal units shall be installed such that the requirements of paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section are met at every location where an individual may be present whose immediate, rapid, and complete evacuation is essential.
(iv) The signal shall be unique in the plant or facility in which it is installed.
(v) The minimum duration of the signal shall be sufficient to insure that all affected persons hear the signal.
(vi) The signal-generating system shall respond automatically to an initiating event without requiring any human action to sound the signal.
(2) Design objectives.
(i) The signal-generating system shall be designed to incorporate components which enable the system to produce the desired signal each time it is activated within one-half second of activation.
(ii) The signal-generating system shall be provided with an automatically activated secondary power supply which is adequate to simultaneously power all emergency equipment to which it is connected, if operation during power failure is necessary, except in those systems using batteries as the primary source of power.
(iii) All components of the signal-generating system shall be located to provide maximum practicable protection against damage in case of fire, explosion, corrosive atmosphere, or other environmental extremes consistent with adequate system performance.
(iv) The signal-generating system shall be designed with the minimum number of components necessary to make it function as intended, and should utilize components which do not require frequent servicing such as lubrication or cleaning.
(v) Where several activating devices feed activating information to a central signal generator, failure of any activating device shall not render the signal-generator system inoperable to activating information from the remaining devices.
(vi) The signal-generating system shall be designed to enhance the probability that alarm occurs only when immediate evacuation is warranted. The number of false alarms shall not be so great that the signal will come to be disregarded and shall be low enough to minimize personal injuries or excessive property damage that might result from such evacuation.
(i) Initial tests, inspections, and checks of the signal-generating system shall be made to verify that the fabrication and installation were made in accordance with design plans and specifications and to develop a thorough knowledge of the performance of the system and all components under normal and hostile conditions.
(ii) Once the system has been placed in service, periodic tests, inspections, and checks shall be made to minimize the possibility of malfunction.
(iii) Following significant alterations or revisions to the system, tests and checks similar to the initial installation tests shall be made.
(iv) Tests shall be designed to minimize hazards while conducting the tests.
(v) Prior to normal operation the signal-generating system shall be checked physically and functionally to assure reliability and to demonstrate accuracy and performance. Specific tests shall include:
(a) All power sources.
(b) Calibration and calibration stability.
(c) Trip levels and stability.
(d) Continuity of function with loss and return of required services such as AC or DC power, air pressure, etc.
(e) All indicators.
(f) Trouble indicator circuits and signals, where used.
(g) Air pressure (if used)
(h) Determine that sound level of the signal is within the limit of paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section at all points that require immediate evacuation.
(vi) In addition to the initial startup and operating tests, periodic scheduled performance tests and status checks must be made to insure that the system is at all times operating within design limits and capable of the required response. Specific periodic tests or checks or both shall include:
(a) Adequacy of signal activation device.
(b) All power sources.
(c) Function of all alarm circuits and trouble indicator circuits including trip levels.
(d) Air pressure (if used).
(e) Function of entire system including operation without power where required.
(f) Complete operational tests including sounding of the signal and determination that sound levels are adequate.
(vii) Periodic tests shall be scheduled on the basis of need, experience, difficulty, and disruption of operations. The entire system should be operationally tested at least quarterly.
(viii) All employees whose work may necessitate their presence in an area covered by the signal shall be made familiar with the actual sound of the signal-preferably as it sounds at their work location. Before placing the system into operation, all employees normally working in the area shall be made acquainted with the signal by actual demonstration at their work locations.
(g) Exceptions from posting requirements. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (e) of this section:
(1) A room or area is not required to be posted with a caution sign because of the presence of a sealed source, provided the radiation level 12 inches from the surface of the source container or housing does not exceed 5 millirem per hour.
(2) Rooms or other areas in onsite medical facilities are not required to be posted with caution signs because of the presence of patients containing radioactive material, provided that there are personnel in attendance who shall take the precautions necessary to prevent the exposure of any individual to radiation or radioactive material in excess of the limits established in the provisions of this section.
(3) Caution signs are not required to be posted at areas or rooms containing radioactive materials for periods of less than 8 hours: Provided, That (i) The materials are constantly attended during such periods by an individual who shall take the precautions necessary to prevent the exposure of any individual to radiation or radioactive materials in excess of the limits established in the provisions of this section; and
(ii) Such area or room is subject to the employer's control.
(h) Exemptions for radioactive materials packaged for shipment. Radioactive materials packaged and labeled in accordance with regulations of the Department of Transportation published in 49 CFR Chapter I, are exempt from the labeling and posting requirements of this subpart during shipment, provided that the inside containers are labeled in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (e) of this section.
(i) Instruction of personnel, posting.
(1) Employers regulated by the Atomic Energy Commission shall be governed by 10 CFR Part 20 standards. Employers in a State named in paragraph (p)(3) of this section shall be governed by the requirements of the laws and regulations of that State. All other employers shall be regulated by the following:
(2) All individuals working in or frequenting any portion of a radiation area shall be informed of the occurrence of radioactive materials or of radiation in such portions of the radiation area; shall be instructed in the safety problems associated with exposure to such materials or radiation and in precautions or devices to minimize exposure; shall be instructed in the applicable provisions of this section for the protection of employees from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials; and shall be advised of reports of radiation exposure which employees may request pursuant to the regulations in this section.
(3) Each employer to whom this section applies shall post a current copy of its provisions and a copy of the operating procedures applicable to the work conspicuously in such locations as to insure that employees working in or frequenting radiation areas will observe these documents on the way to and from their place of employment, or shall keep such documents available for examination of employees upon request.
(j) Storage of radioactive materials. Radioactive materials stored in a non-radiation area shall be secured against unauthorized removal from the place of storage.
(k) Waste disposal. No employer shall dispose of radioactive material except by transfer to an authorized recipient, or in a manner approved by the Atomic Energy Commission or a State named in paragraph (p)(3) of this section.
(l) Notification of incidents
(1) Immediate notification. Each employer shall immediately notify the Assistant Secretary of Labor or his duly authorized representative, for employees not protected by the Atomic Energy Commission by means of 10 CFR Part 20; paragraph (p)(2) of this section, or the requirements of the laws and regulations of States named in paragraph (p)(3) of this section, by telephone or telegraph of any incident involving radiation which may have caused or threatens to cause:
(i) Exposure of the whole body of any individual to 25 rems or more of radiation; exposure of the skin of the whole body of any individual to 150 rems or more of radiation; or exposure of the feet, ankles, hands, or forearms of any individual to 375 rems or more of radiation; or
(ii) The release of radioactive material in concentrations which, if averaged over a period of 24 hours, would exceed 5,000 times the limit specified for such materials in Table II of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20.
(2) Twenty-four hour notification. Each employer shall within 24 hours following its occurrence notify the Assistant Secretary of Labor or his duly authorized representative for employees not protected by the Atomic Energy Commission by means of 10 CFR Part 20; paragraph (p)(2) of this section, or the requirements of the laws and applicable regulations of States named in paragraph (p)(3) of this section, by telephone or telegraph of any incident involving radiation which may have caused or threatens to cause:
(i) Exposure of the whole body of any individual to 5 rems or more of radiation; exposure of the skin of the whole body of any individual to 30 rems or more of radiation; or exposure of the feet, ankles, hands, or forearms to 75 rems or more of radiation; or
(m) Reports of overexposure and excessive levels and concentrations.
(1) In addition to any notification required by paragraph (1) of this section each employer shall make a report in writing within 30 days to the Assistant Secretary of Labor or his duly authorized representative, for employees not protected by the Atomic Energy Commission by means of 10 CFR Part 20; or under paragraph (p)(2) of this section, or the requirements of the laws and regulations of States named in paragraph (p)(3) of this section, of each exposure of an individual to radiation or concentrations of radioactive material in excess of any applicable limit in this section. Each report required under this paragraph shall describe the extent of exposure of persons to radiation or to radioactive material; levels of radiation and concentration of radioactive material involved, the cause of the exposure, levels of concentrations; and corrective steps taken or planned to assure against a recurrence.
(2) In any case where an employer is required pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph to report to the U.S. Department of Labor any exposure of an individual to radiation or to concentrations of radioactive material, the employer shall also notify such individual of the nature and extent of exposure. Such notice shall be in writing and shall contain the following statement: 'You should preserve this report for future reference.'
(n) Records.
(1) Every employer shall maintain records of the radiation exposure of all employees for whom personnel monitoring is required under paragraph (d) of this section and advise each of his employees of his individual exposure on at least an annual basis.
(2) Every employer shall maintain records in the same units used in tables in paragraph (b) of this section and Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20.
(o) Disclosure to former employee of individual employee's record.
(1) At the request of a former employee an employer shall furnish to the employee a report of the employee's exposure to radiation as shown in records maintained by the employer pursuant to paragraph (n)(1) of this section. Such report shall be furnished within 30 days from the time the request is made, and shall cover each calendar quarter of the individual's employment involving exposure to radiation or such lesser period as may be requested by the employee. The report shall also include the results of any calculations and analysis of radioactive material deposited in the body of the employee. The report shall be in writing and contain the following statement: 'You should preserve this report for future reference.'
(p) Atomic Energy Commission licensees - AEC contractors operating AEC plants and facilities - AEC Agreement State licensees or registrants.
(1) Any employer who possesses or uses source material, byproduct material, or special nuclear material, as defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, under a license issued by the Atomic Energy Commission and in accordance with the requirements of 10 CFR Part 20 shall be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this section with respect to such possession and use.
(2) AEC contractors operating AEC plants and facilities: Any employer who possesses or uses source material, byproduct material, special nuclear material, or other radiation sources under a contract with the Atomic Energy Commission for the operation of AEC plants and facilities and in accordance with the standards, procedures, and other requirements for radiation protection established by the Commission for such contract pursuant to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as amended (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), shall be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this section with respect to such possession and use.
(3) AEC-agreement State licensees or registrants:
(i) Atomic Energy Act sources. Any employer who possesses or uses source material, byproduct material, or special nuclear material, as defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), and has either registered such sources with, or is operating under a license issued by, a State which has an agreement in effect with the Atomic Energy Commission pursuant to section 274(b) (42 U.S.C. 2021(b)) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and in accordance with the requirements of that State's laws and regulations shall be deemed to be in compliance with the radiation requirements of this section, insofar as his possession and use of such material is concerned, unless the Secretary of Labor, after conference with the Atomic Energy Commission, shall determine that the State's program for control of these radiation sources is incompatible with the requirements of this section. Such agreements currently are in effect only in the States of Alabama, Arkansas, California, Kansas, Kentucky, Florida, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Texas, Tennessee, Oregon, Idaho, Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, Nebraska, Washington, Maryland, North Dakota, South Carolina, and Georgia.
(ii) Other sources. Any employer who possesses or uses radiation sources other than source material, byproduct material, or special nuclear material, as defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), and has either registered such sources with, or is operating under a license issued by a State which has an agreement in effect with the Atomic Energy Commission pursuant to section 274(b) (42 U.S.C. 2021(b)) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and in accordance with the requirements of that State's laws and regulations shall be deemed to be in compliance with the radiation requirements of this section, insofar as his possession and use of such material is concerned, provided the State's program for control of these radiation sources is the subject of a currently effective determination by the Assistant Secretary of Labor that such program is compatible with the requirements of this section. Such determinations currently are in effect only in the States of Alabama, Arkansas, California, Kansas, Kentucky, Florida, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Texas, Tennessee, Oregon, Idaho, Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, Nebraska, Washington, Maryland, North Dakota, South Carolina, and Georgia.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1218-0103)
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 49746, Oct. 24, 1978; 43 FR 51759, Nov. 7, 1978; 49 FR 18295, Apr. 30, 1984]
1910.97 Nonionizing radiation.
(a) Electromagnetic radiation
(1) Definitions applicable to this paragraph.
(i) The term “electromagnetic radiation” is restricted to that portion of the spectrum commonly defined as the radio frequency region, which for the purpose of this specification shall include the microwave frequency region.
(ii) Partial body irradiation. Pertains to the case in which part of the body is exposed to the incident electromagnetic energy.
(iii) Radiation protection guide. Radiation level which should not be exceeded without careful consideration of the reasons for doing so.
(iv) The word “symbol” as used in this specification refers to the overall design, shape, and coloring of the rf radiation sign shown in figure G-11.
(v) Whole body irradiation. Pertains to the case in which the entire body is exposed to the incident electromagnetic energy or in which the cross section of the body is smaller than the cross section of the incident radiation beam.
(2) Radiation protection guide.
(i) For normal environmental conditions and for incident electromagnetic energy of frequencies from 10 MHz to 100 GHz, the radiation protection guide is 10 mW/cm.(2) (milliwatt per square centimeter) as averaged over any possible 0.1-hour period. This means the following:
Power density: 10 mW./cm.(2) for periods of 0.1-hour or more.
Energy density: 1 mW.-hr./cm.(2) (milliwatt hour per square centimeter) during any 0.1-hour period.
This guide applies whether the radiation is continuous or intermittent.
(ii) These formulated recommendations pertain to both whole body irradiation and partial body irradiation. Partial body irradiation must be included since it has been shown that some parts of the human body (e.g., eyes, testicles) may be harmed if exposed to incident radiation levels significantly in excess of the recommended levels.
(3) Warning symbol.
(i) The warning symbol for radio frequency radiation hazards shall consist of a red isosceles triangle above an inverted black isosceles triangle, separated and outlined by an aluminum color border. The words “Warning - Radio-Frequency Radiation Hazard” shall appear in the upper triangle. See figure G-11.
(ii) American National Standard Safety Color Code for Marking Physical Hazards and the Identification of Certain Equipment, Z53.1-1953, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6, shall be used for color specification. All lettering and the border shall be of aluminum color.
(iii) The inclusion and choice of warning information or precautionary instructions is at the discretion of the user. If such information is included it shall appear in the lower triangle of the warning symbol.
RADIO-FREQUENCY RADIATION HAZARD WARNING SYMBOL
(For Figure G-11, see printed copy)
(4) Scope. This section applies to all radiations originating from radio stations, radar equipment, and other possible sources of electromagnetic radiation such as used for communication, radio navigation, and industrial and scientific purposes. This section does not apply to the deliberate exposure of patients by, or under the direction of, practitioners of the healing arts.
1910.98 Effective dates.
(a) The provisions of this Subpart G shall become effective on August 27, 1971, except as provided in the remaining paragraphs of this section.
(b) The following provisions shall become effective on February 15, 1972:
1910.94 (a)(2)(iii), (a)(3), (a)(4), (b), (c)(2), (c)(3), (c)(4), (c)(5), (c)(6)(i), (c)(6)(ii), (d)(1)(ii), (d)(3), (d)(4), (d)(5), and (d)(7).
(c) Notwithstanding anything in paragraph (a), (b), or (d) of this section, any provision in any other section of this subpart which contains in itself a specific effective date or time limitation shall become effective on such date or shall apply in accordance with such limitation.
(d) Notwithstanding anything in paragraph (a) of this section, if any standard in 41 CFR Part 50-204, other than a national consensus standard incorporated by reference in 50-204.2(a)(1), is or becomes applicable at any time to any employment and place of employment, by virtue of the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act, or the Service Contract Act of 1965, or the National Foundation on Arts and Humanities Act of 1965, any corresponding established Federal standard in this Subpart G which is derived from 41 CFR Part 50-204 shall also become effective, and shall be applicable to such employment and place of employment, on the same date.
1910.99 REMOVED
1910.100 REMOVED