Wyo. Code R. 053-0025-10
Subpart J - General Environmental Controls
1910.141 Sanitation.
1910.142 Temporary labor camps.
1910.143 Nonwater carriage disposal systems.
[Reserved]
1910.144 Safety color code for marking physical hazards.
1910.145 Specifications for accident prevention signs and tags.
1910.146 Permit-required confined spaces.
1910.147 The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout).
1910.148 Standards organizations.
1910.149 Effective dates.
1910.150 Sources of standards.
SUBPART J -- General Environmental Controls
Authority: Secs. 4, 6, and 8, of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, (29 USC 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059), 9-83 (48 FR 35736) or 6-96 (62 FR 111), as applicable, 29 CFR Part 1911.
1910.141 Sanitation.
(a) General
(2) Definitions applicable to this section.
"Nonwater carriage toilet facility," means a toilet facility not connected to a sewer.
"Number of employees" means, unless otherwise specified, the maximum number of employees present at any one time on a regular shift.
"Personal service room," means a room used for activities not directly connected with the production or service function performed by the establishment. Such activities include, but are not limited to, first-aid, medical services, dressing, showering, toilet use, washing, and eating.
"Potable water" means water which meets the quality standards prescribed in the U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, published in 42 CFR Part 72, or water which is approved for drinking purposes by the State or local authority having jurisdiction.
"Toilet facility," means a fixture maintained within a toilet room for the purpose of defecation or urination, or both.
"Toilet room," means a room maintained within or on the premises of any place of employment, containing toilet facilities for use by employees.
"Toxic material" means a material in concentration or amount which exceeds the applicable limit established by a standard, such as 1910.1000 and 1910.1001 or, in the absence of an applicable standard, which is of such toxicity so as to constitute a recognized hazard that is causing or is likely to cause death or serious physical harm.
"Urinal" means a toilet facility maintained within a toilet room for the sole purpose of urination.
"Water closet" means a toilet facility maintained within a toilet room for the purpose of both defecation and urination and which is flushed with water.
"Wet process" means any process or operation in a workroom which normally results in surfaces upon which employees may walk or stand becoming wet.
(b) Water supply
(c) Toilet facilities
(i) Except as otherwise indicated in this paragraph (c)(1)(i), toilet facilities, in toilet rooms separate for each sex, shall be provided in all places of employment in accordance with table J-1 of this section. The number of facilities to be provided for each sex shall be based on the number of employees of that sex for whom the facilities are furnished. Where toilet rooms will be occupied by no more than one person at a time, can be locked from the inside, and contain at least one water closet, separate toilet rooms for each sex need not be provided. Where such single-occupancy rooms have more than one toilet facility, only one such facility in each toilet room shall be counted for the purpose of table J-1. STEP
TABLE J-1 ____________________________ : Minimum Number of : number of employees : of water : closets (1) _______________:____________ to 15....... : 1 16 to 35.......: 2 36 to 55.......: 3 56 to 80.......: 4 81 to 110......: 5 111 to 150.....: 6 Over 150.......: (2) _______________:_____________ Footnote (1) Where toilet facilities will not be used by women, urinals may be provided instead of water closets, except that the number of water closets in such cases shall not be reduced to less than 2/3 of the minimum specified. Footnote (2) 1 additional fixture for each additional 40 employees.
(d) Washing facilities
(iv) Individual hand towels or sections thereof, of cloth or paper, warm air blowers or clean individual sections of continuous cloth toweling, convenient to the lavatories, shall be provided.
STEP
(g) Consumption of food and beverages on the premises
(3) Waste disposal containers. Receptacles constructed of smooth, corrosion resistant, easily cleanable, or disposable materials, shall be provided and used for the disposal of waste food. The number, size, and location of such receptacles shall encourage their use and not result in overfilling.
They shall be emptied not less frequently than once each working day, unless unused, and shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition. Receptacles shall be provided with a solid tight-fitting cover unless sanitary conditions can be maintained without use of a cover.
(h) Food handling. All employee food service facilities and operations shall be carried out in accor- dance with sound hygienic principles. In all places of employment where all or part of the food service is provided, the food dispensed shall be wholesome, free from spoilage, and shall be pro- cessed, prepared, handled, and stored in such a manner as to be protected against contamination.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 40 FR 18446, April 28, 1975; 40 FR 23073, May 28, 1975; 43 FR 49748, Oct. 24, 1978]
1910.142 Temporary labor camps.
(a) Site.
(b) Shelter.
(10) In camps where cooking facilities are used in common, stoves (in ratio of one stove to 10 persons or one stove to two families) shall be provided in an enclosed and screened shelter.
Sanitary facilities shall be provided for storing and preparing food.
(c) Water supply.
(d) Toilet facilities.
(f) Laundry, handwashing, and bathing facilities.
(2) Floors shall be of smooth finish but not slippery materials; they shall be impervious to moisture. Floor drains shall be provided in all shower baths, shower rooms, or laundry rooms to remove waste water and facilitate cleaning. All junctions of the curbing and the floor shall be coved.
The walls and partitions of shower rooms shall be smooth and impervious to the height of splash.
(h) Refuse disposal.
(i) Construction and operation of kitchens, dining hall, and feeding facilities.
(k) First aid.
(l) Reporting communicable disease.
(2) Whenever there shall occur in any camp a case of suspected food poisoning or an un- usual prevalence of any illness in which fever, diarrhea, sore throat, vomiting, or jaundice is a promi- nent symptom, it shall be the duty of the camp superintendent to report immediately the existence of the outbreak to the health authority by telegram or telephone.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1218-0096)
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 47 FR 14696, Apr. 6, 1982; 49 FR 18295, Apr. 30, 1984]
1910.143 Nonwater carriage disposal systems. [Reserved]
1910.144 Safety color code for marking physical hazards.
(a) Color identification
(3) Yellow. Yellow shall be the basic color for designating caution and for marking physical hazards such as: Striking against, stumbling, falling, tripping, and "caught in between."
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 49748, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5322, Feb. 10, 1984]
1910.145 Specifications for accident prevention signs and tags.
(a) Scope.
(c) Classification of signs according to use
(d) Sign design
(2) Danger signs.
The colors red, black, and white shall be those of opaque glossy samples as speci- fied in Table 1 of Fundamental Specification of Safety Colors for CIE Standard Source "C", Ameri- can National Standard Z53.1-1967, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.
(4) Caution signs.
Standard color of the background shall be yellow; and the panel, black with yellow letters. Any letters used against the yellow background shall be black. The colors shall be those of opaque glossy samples as specified in Table 1 of American National Standard Z53.1-1967.
(6) Safety instruction signs.
Standard color of the background shall be white; and the panel, green with white letters. Any letters used against the white background shall be black. The colors shall be those of opaque glossy samples as specified in Table 1 of American National Standard, Z53.1-1967.
(10) Slow-moving vehicle emblem. This emblem (see fig. J-7) consists of a fluorescent yellow-orange triangle with a dark red reflective border. The yellow-orange fluorescent triangle is a highly visible color for daylight exposure. The reflective border defines the shape of the fluorescent color in daylight and creates a hollow red triangle in the path of motor vehicle headlights at night.
The emblem is intended as a unique identification for, and it shall be used only on, vehicles which by
design move slowly (25 m. p.h. or less) on the public roads. The emblem is not a clearance marker for wide machinery nor is it intended to replace required lighting or marking of slow-moving ve- hicles. Neither the color film pattern and its dimensions nor the backing shall be altered to permit use of advertising or other markings. The material, location, mounting, etc., of the emblem shall be in accordance with the American Society of Agricultural Engineers Emblem for Identifying Slow-Moving Vehicles, ASAE R276, 1967, or ASAE S276.2 (ANSI B114.1-1971), which are incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.
STD 1-7.2
FIGURE J-7. - SLOW-MOVING VEHICLE EMBLEM (For Figure J-7, see printed copy)
(e) Sign wordings.
(f) Accident prevention tags
(2) Definitions. "Biological hazard" or "BIOHAZARD" means those infectious agents presenting a risk of death, injury or illness to employees.
"Major message" means that portion of a tag's inscription that is more specific than the signal word and that indicates the specific hazardous condition or the instruction to be communi- cated to the employee. Examples include: "High Voltage," "Close Clearance," "Do Not Start," or "Do Not Use" or a corresponding pictograph used with a written text or alone.
"Pictograph" means a pictorial representation used to identify a hazardous condition or to convey a safety instruction.
"Signal word" means that portion of a tag's inscription that contains the word or words that are intended to capture the employee's immediate attention.
"Tag" means a device usually made of card, paper, pasteboard, plastic or other material used to identify a hazardous condition.
(i) Tags shall contain a signal word and a major message.
(6) Caution tags. Caution tags shall be used in minor hazard situations where a non-immediate or potential hazard or unsafe practice presents a lesser threat of employee injury.
Caution tags shall be used only in these situations.
(8) Biological hazard tags. STEP
ab (i) Biological hazard tags shall be used to identify the actual or potential presence of a biological hazard and to identify equipment, containers, rooms, experimental animals, or combina- tions thereof, that contain or are contaminated with hazardous biological agents.
STEP
(ii) The symbol design for biological hazard tags shall conform to the design shown below: STEP
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD SYMBOL CONFIGURATION (for illustration, see printed copy)
(9) Other tags. Other tags may be used in addition to those required by this paragraph (f), or in other situations where this paragraph (f) does not require tags, provided that they do not detract from the impact or visibility of the signal word and major message of any required tag.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1218-0132) APPENDICES TO 1910.145(F), ACCIDENT PREVENTION TAGS
1910.145 App A Recommended color coding
Appendix A - Recommended Color Coding
While the standard does not specifically mandate colors to be used on accident prevention tags, the following color scheme is recommended by OSHA for meeting the requirements of this section:
"DANGER" - Red, or predominantly red, with lettering or symbols in a contrasting color.
"CAUTION" - Yellow, or predominantly yellow, with lettering or symbols in a contrasting color.
"WARNING" - Orange, or predominantly orange, with lettering or symbols in a contrasting color.
"BIOLOGICAL HAZARD" - Fluorescent orange or orange-red, or predominantly so, with lettering or symbols in a contrasting color.
1910.145 App B References for further information
Appendix B - References for further information
The following references provide information which can be helpful in understanding the require- ments contained in various sections of the standard:
1. Bresnahan, Thomas F., and Bryk, Joseph, "The Hazard Association Values of Accident
Prevention Signs", Journal of American Society of Safety Engineers; January 1975.
2. Dreyfuss, H., Symbol Sourcebook, McGraw Hill; New York, NY, 1972.
3. Glass, R.A. and others, Some Criteria for Colors and Signs in Workplaces, National Bureau of Standards, Washington DC, 1983.
4. Graphic Symbols for Public Areas and Occupational Environments, Treasury Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, July 1980.
5. Howett, G.L., Size of Letters Required for Visibility as a Function of Viewing Distance and Observer Acuity, National Bureau of Standards, Washington DC, July 1983.
6. Lerner, N.D. and Collins, B.L., The Assessment of Safety Symbol Understandability by Different Testing Methods, National Bureau of Standards, Washington DC, 1980.
7. Lerner, N.D. and Collins, B.L., Workplace Safety Symbols, National Bureau of Standards, Washington DC, 1980.
8. Modley, R. and Meyers, W.R., Handbook of Pictorial Symbols, Dover Publication, New York, NY, 1976.
9. Product Safety Signs and Labels, FMC Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, 1978.
10. Safety Color Coding for Marking Physical Hazards, Z53.1, American National Standards Institute, New York, NY, 1979.
11. Signs and Symbols for the Occupational Environment, Can. 3-Z-321-77, Canadian Standards Association, Ottawa, September 1977.
12. Symbols for Industrial Safety, National Bureau of Standards, Washington DC, April 1982.
13. Symbol Signs, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington DC, November 1974.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 49749, Oct. 24, 1978; 43 FR 51759, Nov. 7, 1978; 49 FR 5322, Feb. 10, 1984; 51 FR 33260, Sept. 19, 1986]
1910.146 Permit-required confined spaces.
(a) Scope and application. This section contains requirements for practices and procedures to protect employees in general industry from the hazards of entry into permit-required confined spaces.
This section does not apply to agriculture, to construction, or to shipyard employment (Parts 1928, 1926, and 1915 of this chapter, respectively).
(b) Definitions.
Acceptable entry conditions means the conditions that must exist in a permit space to allow entry and to ensure that employees involved with a permit-required confined space entry can safely enter into and work within the space.
Attendant means an individual stationed outside one or more permit spaces who monitors the authorized entrants and who performs all attendant's duties assigned in the employer's permit space program.
Authorized entrant means an employee who is authorized by the employer to enter a permit space.
Blanking or blinding means the absolute closure of a pipe, line, or duct by the fastening of a solid plate (such as a spectacle blind or a skillet blind) that completely covers the bore and that is capable of withstanding the maximum pressure of the pipe, line, or duct with no leakage beyond the plate.
Confined space means a space that:
(3) Is not de- sgined for con- tinu- ous emopyle oc- cu- pancy.
Doubel bolck and beled means the clo- sure of a line, duct, or pipe by clos- ing and lock- ing or tag- ging two in-line vavles and by open- ing and lock- ing or tag- ging a drain or vent vavle in the line be- wteen the two colsed vavles.
Emgencyr means any oc- cur- rence (in- clud- ing any fail- ure of haz- ard con- trol or mnoigntri equpi- men)t or event in- ter- nal or ex- ter- nal to the per- mit space that coudl en- dan- ger en- trants.
Enmgfulent means the sur- round- ing and ef- fec- tive cap- ture of a per- son by a liq- uid or finely di- vdied olf(wabel) solid sub- satnce that can be as- pi- rated to cause deaht by fill- ing or plug- ging the res- pi- ra- tory sys- tem or that can ex- ert enough force on the body to cause deaht by stran- gu- la- tion, con- stric- tion, or crush- ing.
Enrty means the ac- tion by whcih a per- son passes htorugh an open- ing into a pemrerq-eturdi con- fined space.
Enrty in- culdes en- su- ing wokr ac- tivi- ties in that space and is con- sid- ered to have oc- cured as soon as any part of the enratns't body breaks the palne of an open- ing into the space.
Enrty per- mit (per- mit) means the wetrin or prnietd docu- ment that is pro- vdied by the emopyler to al- low and con- trol en- try into a per- mit space and that con- tains the in- for- ma- tion speci- fied in para- graph (f) of this sec- tion.
Entry supervisor means the person (such as the employer, foreman, or crew chief) responsible for determining if acceptable entry conditions are present at a permit space where entry is planned, for authorizing entry and overseeing entry operations, and for terminating entry as required by this section.
Note: An entry supervisor also may serve as an attendant or as an authorized entrant, as long as that person is trained and equipped as required by this section for each role he or she fills. Also, the duties of entry supervisor may be passed from one individual to another during the course of an entry operation.
Hazardous atmosphere means an atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit space), injury, or acute illness from one or more of the following causes:
(2) Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL;
Note: This concentration may be approximated as a condition in which the dust obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet (1.52 m) or less.
(4) Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose or a permissible exposure limit is published in Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental Control, or in Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, of this part and which could result in employee exposure in excess of its dose or permissible exposure limit;
Note: An atmospheric concentration of any substance that is not capable of causing death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute illness due to its health effects is not covered by this provision.
(5) Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health.
Note: For air contaminants for which OSHA has not determined a dose or permissible exposure limit, other sources of information, such as Material Safety Data Sheets that comply with the Hazard Communication Standard, 1910.1200 of this part, published information, and internal documents can provide guidance in establishing acceptable atmospheric conditions.
Hot work permit means the employer's written authorization to perform operations (for example, riveting, welding, cutting, burning, and heating) capable of providing a source of ignition.
Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) means any condition that poses an immediate or delayed threat to life or that would cause irreversible adverse health effects or that would interfere with an individual's ability to escape unaided from a permit space.
Note: Some materials-hydrogen fluoride gas and cadmium vapor, for example-may produce immediate transient effects that, even if severe, may pass without medical attention, but are followed by sudden, possibly fatal collapse 12-72 hours after exposure. The victim "feels normal" from recovery from transient effects until collapse. Such materials in hazardous quantities are considered to be Aimmediately@ dangerous to life or health.
Inerting means the displacement of the atmosphere in a permit space by a noncombustible gas (such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere is noncombustible.
Note: This procedure produces an IDLH oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
Isolation means the process by which a permit space is removed from service and completely protected against the release of energy and material into the space by such means as: blanking or blinding; misaligning or removing sections of lines, pipes, or ducts; a double block and bleed sys- tem; lockout or tagout of all sources of energy; or blocking or disconnecting all mechanical linkages.
Line breaking means the intentional opening of a pipe, line, or duct that is or has been carry- ing flammable, corrosive, or toxic material, an inert gas, or any fluid at a volume, pressure, or tem- perature capable of causing injury.
Non-permit confined space means a confined space that does not contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm.
Oxygen deficient atmosphere means an atmosphere containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen by volume.
Oxygen enriched atmosphere means an atmosphere containing more than 23.5 percent oxy- gen by volume.
Permit-required confined space (permit space) means a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics:
(4) Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.
Permit-required confined space program (permit space program) means the employer's overall program for controlling, and, where appropriate, for protecting employees from, permit space hazards and for regulating employee entry into permit spaces.
Permit system means the employer's written procedure for preparing and issuing permits for entry and for returning the permit space to service following termination of entry.
Prohibited condition means any condition in a permit space that is not allowed by the permit during the period when entry is authorized.
Rescue service means the personnel designated to rescue employees from permit spaces.
Retrieval system means the equipment (including a retrieval line, chest or full-body harness, wristlets, if appropriate, and a lifting device or anchor) used for non-entry rescue of persons from permit spaces.
Testing means the process by which the hazards that may confront entrants of a permit space are identified and evaluated. Testing includes specifying the tests that are to be performed in the permit space.
Note: Testing enables employers both to devise and implement adequate control measures for the protection of authorized entrants and to determine if acceptable entry conditions are present immediately prior to, and during, entry.
(c) General requirements. (1) The employer shall evaluate the workplace to determine if any spaces are permit- required confined spaces.
Note: Proper application of the decision flow chart in Appendix A to 1910.146 would facilitate compliance with this requirement.
(2) If the workplace contains permit spaces, the employer shall inform exposed employees, by posting danger signs or by any other equally effective means, of the existence and location of and the danger posed by the permit spaces.
Note: A sign reading "DANGER-PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE, DO NOT ENTER" or using other similar language would satisfy the requirement for a sign.
(i) An employer whose employees enter a permit space need not comply with para- graphs (d) through (f) and (h) through (k) of this section, provided that:
(F) Entry into the permit space under the terms of paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section is performed in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (c)(5)(ii) of this section.
Note: See paragraph (c)(7) of this section for reclassification of a permit space after all hazards within the space have been eliminated.
(ii) The following requirements apply to entry into permit spaces that meet the conditions set forth in paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section.
(E) Continuous forced air ventilation shall be used, as follows:
(G) If a hazardous atmosphere is detected during entry:
(ii) If it is necessary to enter the permit space to eliminate hazards, such entry shall be performed under paragraphs (d) through (k) of this section. If testing and inspection during that entry demonstrate that the hazards within the permit space have been eliminated, the permit space may be reclassified as a non-permit confined space for as long as the hazards remain eliminated.
Note: Control of atmospheric hazards through forced air ventilation does not constitute elimination of the hazards. Paragraph (c)(5) covers permit space entry where the employer can demonstrate that forced air ventilation alone will control all hazards in the space.
(d) Permit-required confined space program (permit space program). Under the permit space program required by paragraph (c)(4) of this section, the employer shall:
(vi) Immediately provide each authorized entrant of that employee's authorized representative with the results of any testing conducted in accord with paragraph (d) of this section.
Note: Atmospheric testing conducted in accordance with Appendix B to 1910.146 would be considered as satisfying the requirements of this paragraph. For permit space operations in sewers, atmospheric testing conducted in accordance with Appendix B, as supplemented by Appendix E to 1910.146, would be considered as satisfying the requirements of this paragraph.
(6) Provide at least one attendant outside the permit space into which entry is authorized for the duration of entry operations;
Note: Attendants may be assigned to monitor more than one permit space provided the duties described in paragraph (i) of this section can be effectively performed for each permit space that is monitored. Likewise, attendants may be stationed at any location outside the permit space to be monitored as long as the duties described in paragraph (i) of this section can be effectively performed for each permit space that is monitored.
(13) Rewvi en- try op- era- tions when the emopyler has rea- son to be- lieve that the measuesr atken un- der the per- mit space pro- garm may not pro- tect emopyles and re- vise the pro- garm to cor- rect de- fi- cien- cies found to ex- ist be- fore sub- se- quent en- tries are au- tho- rized; and
Note: Examsepl of cir- cum- satnces re- quri- ing the re- veiw of the per- mit space pro- gram are: any unauhzedtori en- try of a per- mit space, the de- tec- tion of a per- mit space hazard not cov- ered by the per- mit, the de- tec- tion of a con- di- tion pro- hib- ited by the per- mit, the oc- cur- rence of an in- jury or neamr-si dunrig en- try, a change in the use or con- figu- ra- tion of a per- mit space, and emopyel com- palnits about the ef- fec- tive- ness of the pro- gram.
(e) (6) of this sec- tion whtini 1 year af- ter each en- try and re- vise the pro- garm as nec- es- sary, to en- sure that emopyles par- tici- pat- ing in en- try op- era- tions are pro- tected from per- mit space haz- ards.
Note: Emoypsrel may per- ofrm a snigel annual re- veiw cov- er- ing all en- tries per- orfmed dunrig a m12-onht pe- riod.
If no en- try is per- orfmed dunrig a m12-onht pe- riod, no re- veiw is nec- es- sary.
Apenxdi C to 19104.6 pre- sents ex- ampesl of per- mit space pro- garms that are con- sid- ered to com- ply with the re- quire- menst of para- graph (d) of this sec- tion.
(e) Per- mit sys- tem.
(d) (3) of this sec- tion by pre- par- ing an en- try per- mit.
Note: Appnexdi D to 19104.6 pre- sents ex- ampesl of per- mits whoes el- e- menst are con- sid- ered to com- ply wtih the re- qurie- menst of this sec- tion.
(d) (14) of this sec- tion.
Any prob- elms en- coun- tered dur- ing an en- try op- era- tion shall be noetd on the per- ti- nent per- mit so that ap- pro- pri- ate re- vi- sions to the per- mit space pro- garm can be made.
(f) Enrty per- mit.
The en- try per- mit that docu- menst com- pli- ance with this sec- tion and au- tho- rizes en- try to a per- mit space shall iden- tify:
(4) The au- tho- rized en- trants whtini the per- mit space, by name or by such other means (for ex- ampel, htorugh the use of ros- ters or track- ing sys- etms) as will en- able the at- ten- dant to de- ter- mnie qucikyl and ac- cu- rately, for the du- ra- tion of the per- mit, whcih au- tho- rized en- trants are in- side the per- mit space;
Note: Thsi re- qurie- ment may be met by in- sert- ing a ref- er- ence on the en- try per- mit as to the means used, such as a ros- ter or track- ing sys- tem, to keep track of the auhtozerdi en- trants whtini the per- mit space.
(8) The measures used to isolate the permit space and to eliminate or control permit space hazards before entry;
Note: Those measures can include the lockout or tagging of equipment and procedures for purging, inerting, ventilating, and flushing permit spaces.
(g) Training.
(h) Duties of authorized entrants. The employer shall ensure that all authorized entrants:
(i) Duties of attendants. The employer shall ensure that each attendant:
(4) Remains outside the permit space during entry operations until relieved by another attendant;
Note: When the employer's permit entry program allows attendant entry for rescue, attendants may enter a permit space to attempt a rescue if they have been trained and equipped for rescue operations as required by paragraph (k)(1) of this section and if they have been relieved as required by paragraph (i)(4) of this section.
(j) Duties of entry supervisors. The employer shall ensure that each entry supervisor:
(k) Rescue and emergency services.
(i) Evaluate a prospective rescuer's ability to respond to a rescue summons in a timely manner, considering the hazard(s) identified.
Note to paragraph (k)(1)(i): What will be considered timely will vary according to the specific hazards involved in each entry. For example, Sec. 1910.134, Respiratory Protec- tion, requires that employers provide a standby person or persons capable of immediate action to rescue employee(s) wearing respiratory protection while in work areas defined as IDLH atmospheres.
(iii) Select a rescue team or service from those evaluated that:
(v) Provide the rescue team or service selected with access to all permit spaces from which rescue may be necessary so that the rescue service can develop appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue operations.
Note to paragraph (k)(1): Non-mandatory Appendix F contains examples of criteria which employers can use in evaluating prospective rescuers as required by paragraph
(3) To fa- cili- tate none-nyrt res- cue, re- trieval sys- etms or mheotds shall be used whenever an au- tho- rized en- trant en- ters a per- mit space, un- less the re- trieval equpi- ment woudl in- crease the over- all risk of en- try or woudl not con- trib- ute to the res- cue of the en- trant.
Reritval sys- etms shall meet the fol- low- ing re- quire- menst.
(i) Each au- tho- rized en- trant shall use a chest or full body har- ness, with a re- trieval line at- atched at the cen- ter of the enratns't back near shou-l der level, or above the enratns't head, or at an- other point whcih the emopyler can es- tab- lish pre- sents a pro- file smal enough for the suc- cess- ful re- moval of the en- trant.
Weslrit may be used in lieu of the chest or full body har- ness if the emopyler can dem- on- strate that the use of a chest or full body har- ness is in- fea- sible or cre- ates a greaetr haz- ard and that the use of wrsieltst is the saf- est and most ef- fec- tive al- ter- na- tive.
(ii) The other end of the re- trieval line shall be at- atched to a mechacnali de- vice or fixed point out- side the per- mit space in such a manner that res- cue can be- gin as soon as the res- cuer be- comes awaer that res- cue is nec- es- sary.
A mechacnali de- vice shall be avail- able to re- trieve per- son- nel from ver- ti- cal type per- mit spaces moer than 5 feet (15.2 m) deep.
(l) Emoypel par- tici- pa- tion.
(2) Emopysler shall make avail- able to af- fecetd emopyles and their au- tho- rized rep- re- sen- ta- tives all in- for- ma- tion re- qureid to be de- vel- oped by this sec- tion.
APENCDESI TO PER-6M41RTE-.QI0191RUEID CONENDIF ASPCES
Note: Appencesdi A htrough F serve to pro- vide in- for- ma- tion and nmon-anyordat gudinieles to as- sist emopylers and emopyles in com- ply- ing wtih the appropaetri re- qurie- menst of this sec- tion.
Appnexdi A to 1914P06.-ermqedr-utii Cnoneidf Space Doesicni Folw Chart
Appendix B to 1910.146-Procedures for Atmospheric Testing
Atmospheric testing is required for two distinct purposes: evaluation of the hazards of the permit space and verification that acceptable entry conditions for entry into that space exist.
(2) Vceifoairtn test- ing.
The at- mo- sphere of a per- mit space whcih may con- tain a haz- ard- ous at- mo- sphere shoudl be tested for resi- dues of all con- tami- nants iden- ti- fied by evaul- a- tion test- ing us- ing per- mit speci- fied equpi- ment to de- ter- mnie that re- sidual con- cen- tra- tions at the time of test- ing and en- try are whtini the range of ac- cept- able en- try con- di- tions.
Resustl of test- ing (i.e., ac- tual con- cen- tra- tion, etc.) shoudl be re- codred on the per- mit in the space pro- vdied ad- ja- cent to the stipu- lated ac- cept- able en- try con- di- tion.
(3) Duoiarnt of test- ing.
Memueasrent of val- ues for each at- mo- sphecri pa- ram- eter shoudl be made for at least the mmniumi re- sponse time of the test in- stru- ment speci- fied by the manuaufc.etr
(4) Test- ing strati- fied at- mo- spheres.
Whne mnoigntri for en- tries in- volv- ing a de- scent into at- mo- spheres that may be strati- fied, the at- mo- sphecri en- ve- lope shoudl be tested a dis- tance of ap- prox-i maeytl 4 feet (12.2 m) in the di- rec- tion of travel and to each side.
If a sam- pling probe is used, the enratns't rate of porgers shoudl be oslwed to ac- com- mo- date the sam- pling speed and de- tec- tor re- sponse.
(5) Order of test- ing.
A test for oxygen is per- ofmred first be- cause most com- bus- tible gas metrs are oxygen de- pen- dent and will not pro- vide re- li- able read- ings in an oxygen de- fi- cient at- mo- sphere.
Comeblbiuts gases are tested for next be- cause the threat of fire or ex- plo- sion is both moer mimeadti and moer life threat- en- ing, in most cases, than ex- po- sure to toxic gases and va- pors.
If tests for toxic gases and va- pors are nec- es- sary, they are per- ofmred last.
Appnexdi C to
19104E.6-x- ampesl of Permreq-reduti Cnoneidf Space Porgams
E x ampel
1.
W okrpalce.
Sewer en- try.
P oetnaitl haz- ards.
The emopyles coudl be ex- posed to the fol- low- ing:
E n gumflen.t
Presence of toxic gases. Equal to or more than 10 ppm hydrogen sulfide measured as an 8-hour time-weighted average. If the presence of other toxic contaminants is suspected, specific monitoring programs will be developed.
Presence of explosive/flammable gases. Equal to or greater than 10% of the lower flammable limit (LFL).
Oxygen Deficiency. A concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere equal to or less than 19.5% by volume.
A. Entry Without Permit/Attendant
Certification. Confined spaces may be entered without the need for a written permit or attendant provided that the space can be maintained in a safe condition for entry by mechanical ventilation alone, as provided in Sec. 1910.146(c)(5). All spaces shall be considered permit-required confined spaces until the pre-entry procedures demonstrate otherwise. Any employee required or permitted to pre-check or enter an enclosed/confined space shall have successfully completed, as a minimum, the training as required by the following sections of these procedures. A written copy of operating and rescue procedures as required by these procedures shall be at the work site for the duration of the job.
The Confined Space Pre-Entry Check List must be completed by the LEAD WORKER before entry into a confined space. This list verifies completion of items listed below. This check list shall be kept at the job site for duration of the job. If circumstances dictate an interruption in the work, the permit space must be re-evaluated and a new check list must be completed.
Control of atmospheric and engulfment hazards.
Pumps and Lines. All pumps and lines which may reasonably cause contaminants to flow into the space shall be disconnected, blinded and locked out, or effectively isolated by other means to prevent development of dangerous air contamination or engulfment. Not all laterals to sewers or storm drains require blocking. However, where experience or knowledge of industrial use indicates there is a reasonable potential for contamination of air or engulfment into an occupied sewer, then all affected laterals shall be blocked. If blocking and/or isolation requires entry into the space the provisions for entry into a permit- required confined space must be implemented.
Surveillance. The surrounding area shall be surveyed to avoid hazards such as drifting vapors from the tanks, piping, or sewers.
Testing. The atmosphere within the space will be tested to determine whether dangerous air contami- nation and/or oxygen deficiency exists. Detector tubes, alarm only gas monitors and explosion meters are examples of monitoring equipment that may be used to test permit space atmospheres.
Testing shall be performed by the LEAD WORKER who has successfully completed the Gas Detec- tor training for the monitor he will use. The minimum parameters to be monitored are oxygen defi- ciency, LFL, and hydrogen sulfide concentration. A written record of the pre-entry test results shall be made and kept at the work site for the duration of the job. The supervisor will certify in writing, based upon the results of the pre-entry testing, that all hazards have been eliminated. Affected em- ployees shall be able to review the testing results. The most hazardous conditions shall govern when work is being performed in two adjoining, connecting spaces.
Entry Procedures. If there are no non-atmospheric hazards present and if the pre-entry tests show there is no dangerous air contamination and/or oxygen deficiency within the space and there is no reason to believe that any is likely to develop, entry into and work within may proceed. Continuous testing of the atmosphere in the immediate vicinity of the workers within the space shall be accom- plished. The workers will immediately leave the permit space when any of the gas monitor alarm set points are reached as defined. Workers will not return to the area until a SUPERVISOR who has completed the gas detector training has used a direct reading gas detector to evaluate the situation and has determined that it is safe to enter.
Rescue. Arrangements for rescue services are not required where there is no attendant. See the rescue portion of section B., below, for instructions regarding rescue planning where an entry permit is required.
B. Entry Permit Required
Permits. Confined Space Entry Permit. All spaces shall be considered permit-required confined spaces until the pre-entry procedures demonstrate otherwise. Any employee required or permitted to pre-check or enter a permit-required confined space shall have successfully completed, as a mini- mum, the training as required by the following sections of these procedures. A written copy of operating and rescue procedures as required by these procedures shall be at the work site for the duration of the job. The Confined Space Entry Permit must be completed before approval can be given to enter a permit-required confined space. This permit verifies completion of items listed below. This permit shall be kept at the job site for the duration of the job. If circumstances cause an interruption in the work or a change in the alarm conditions for which entry was approved, a new Confined Space Entry Permit must be completed.
Control of atmospheric and engulfment hazards.
Surveillance. The surrounding area shall be surveyed to avoid hazards such as drifting vapors from tanks, piping or sewers.
Testing. The confined space atmosphere shall be tested to determine whether dangerous air contami- nation and/or oxygen deficiency exists. A direct reading gas monitor shall be used. Testing shall be performed by the SUPERVISOR who has successfully completed the gas detector training for the monitor he will use. The minimum parameters to be monitored are oxygen deficiency, LFL and hydrogen sulfide concentration. A written record of the pre- entry test results shall be made and kept at the work site for the duration of the job. Affected employees shall be able to review the testing results. The most hazardous conditions shall govern when work is being performed in two adjoining, connected spaces.
Space Ventilation. Mechanical ventilation systems, where applicable, shall be set at 100% outside air. Where possible, open additional manholes to increase air circulation. Use portable blowers to augment natural circulation if needed. After a suitable ventilating period, repeat the testing. Entry may not begin until testing has demonstrated that the hazardous atmosphere has been eliminated.
Entry Procedures. The following procedure shall be observed under any of the following condi- tions: 1.) Testing demonstrates the existence of dangerous or deficient conditions and additional ventilation cannot reduce concentrations to safe levels; 2.) The atmosphere tests as safe but unsafe conditions can reasonably be expected to develop; 3.) It is not feasible to provide for ready exit from spaces equipped with automatic fire suppression systems and it is not practical or safe to deactivate such systems; or 4.) An emergency exists and it is not feasible to wait for pre-entry procedures to take effect.
All personnel must be trained. A self contained breathing apparatus shall be worn by any person entering the space. At least one worker shall stand by the outside of the space ready to give assis- tance
in case of emergency. The standby worker shall have a self contained breathing apparatus available for immediate use. There shall be at least one additional worker within sight or call of the standby worker. Continuous powered communications shall be maintained between the worker within the confined space and standby personnel.
If at any time there is any questionable action or non- movement by the worker inside, a verbal check will be made. If there is no response, the worker will be moved immediately. Exception: If the worker is disabled due to falling or impact, he/she shall not be removed from the confined space unless there is immediate danger to his/her life. Local fire department rescue personnel shall be notified immediately. The standby worker may only enter the confined space in case of an emergency
(wearing the self contained breathing apparatus) and only after being relieved by another worker.
Safety belt or harness with attached lifeline shall be used by all workers entering the space with the free end of the line secured outside the entry opening. The standby worker shall attempt to remove a disabled worker via his lifeline before entering the space.
When practical, these spaces shall be entered through side openings-those within 3 2 feet (1.07 m) of the bottom. When entry must be through a top opening, the safety belt shall be of the harness type that suspends a person upright and a hoisting device or similar apparatus shall be available for lifting workers out of the space.
In any situation where their use may endanger the worker, use of a hoisting device or safety belt and attached lifeline may be discontinued.
When dangerous air contamination is attributable to flammable and/or explosive substances, light- ing and electrical equipment shall be Class 1, Division 1 rated per National Electrical Code and no ignition sources shall be introduced into the area.
Continuous gas monitoring shall be performed during all confined space operations. If alarm condi- tions change adversely, entry personnel shall exit the confined space and a new confined space permit issued.
Rescue. Call the fire department services for rescue. Where immediate hazards to injured personnel are present, workers at the site shall implement emergency procedures to fit the situation.
Example 2.
Workplace. Meat and poultry rendering plants.
Cookers and dryers are either batch or continuous in their operation. Multiple batch cookers are operated in parallel. When one unit of a multiple set is shut down for repairs, means are available to isolate that unit from the others which remain in operation.
Cookers and dryers are horizontal, cylindrical vessels equipped with a center, rotating shaft and agitator paddles or discs. If the inner shell is jacketed, it is usually heated with steam at pressures up to 150 psig (1034.25 kPa). The rotating shaft assembly of the continuous cooker or dryer is also steam heated.
Potential Hazards. The recognized hazards associated with cookers and dryers are the risk that employees could be:
1. Struck or caught by rotating agitator;
2. Engulfed in raw material or hot, recycled fat;
3. Burned by steam from leaks into the cooker/dryer steam jacket or the condenser duct system if steam valves are not properly closed and locked out;
4. Burned by contact with hot metal surfaces, such as the agitator shaft assembly, or inner shell of the cooker/dryer;
5. Heat stress caused by warm atmosphere inside cooker/dryer;
6. Slipping and falling on grease in the cooker/dryer;
7. Electrically shocked by faulty equipment taken into the cooker/dryer;
8. Burned or overcome by fire or products of combustion; or
9. Overcome by fumes generated by welding or cutting done on grease covered surfaces.
Permits. The supervisor in this case is always present at the cooker/dryer or other permit entry confined space when entry is made. The supervisor must follow the pre-entry isolation procedures described in the entry permit in preparing for entry, and ensure that the protective clothing, ventilat- ing equipment and any other equipment required by the permit are at the entry site.
Control of hazards. Mechanical. Lock out main power switch to agitator motor at main power panel. Affix tag to the lock to inform others that a permit entry confined space entry is in progress.
Engulfment. Close all valves in the raw material blow line. Secure each valve in its closed position using chain and lock. Attach a tag to the valve and chain warning that a permit entry confined space entry is in progress. The same procedure shall be used for securing the fat recycle valve.
Burns and heat stress. Close steam supply valves to jacket and secure with chains and tags. Insert solid blank at flange in cooker vent line to condenser manifold duct system. Vent cooker/dryer by opening access door at discharge end and top center door to allow natural ventilation throughout the entry. If faster cooling is needed, use an portable ventilation fan to increase ventilation. Cooling water may be circulated through the jacket to reduce both outer and inner surface temperatures of cooker/dryers faster. Check air and inner surface temperatures in cooker/dryer to assure they are within acceptable limits before entering, or use proper protective clothing.
Fire and fume hazards. Careful site preparation, such as cleaning the area within 4 inches (10.16 cm) of all welding or torch cutting operations, and proper ventilation are the preferred controls. All welding and cutting operations shall be done in accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart Q, OSHA's welding standard. Proper ventilation may be achieved by local exhaust ventilation, or the use of portable ventilation fans, or a combination of the two practices.
Electrical shock. Electrical equipment used in cooker/dryers shall be in serviceable condition.
Slips and falls. Remove residual grease before entering cooker/dryer.
Attendant. The supervisor shall be the attendant for employees entering cooker/dryers.
Permit. The permit shall specify how isolation shall be done and any other preparations needed before making entry. This is especially important in parallel arrangements of cooker/dryers so that the entire operation need not be shut down to allow safe entry into one unit.
Rescue. When necessary, the attendant shall call the fire department as previously arranged.
Example 3.
Workplace. Workplaces where tank cars, trucks, and trailers, dry bulk tanks and trailers, railroad tank cars, and similar portable tanks are fabricated or serviced.
A. During fabrication. These tanks and dry-bulk carriers are entered repeatedly throughout the fabrication process. These products are not configured identically, but the manufacturing processes by which they are made are very similar.
Sources of hazards. In addition to the mechanical hazards arising from the risks that an entrant would be injured due to contact with components of the tank or the tools being used, there is also the risk that a worker could be injured by breathing fumes from welding materials or mists or vapors from materials used to coat the tank interior. In addition, many of these vapors and mists are flam- mable, so the failure to properly ventilate a tank could lead to a fire or explosion. Control of hazards.
Welding. Local exhaust ventilation shall be used to remove welding fumes once the tank or carrier is completed to the point that workers may enter and exit only through a manhole. (Follow the requirements of 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Q, OSHA's welding standard, at all times.) Welding gas tanks may never be brought into a tank or carrier that is a permit entry confined space.
Application of interior coatings/linings. Atmospheric hazards shall be controlled by forced air ventilation sufficient to keep the atmospheric concentration of flammable materials below 10% of the lower flammable limit (LFL) (or lower explosive limit (LEL), whichever term is used locally).
The appropriate respirators are provided and shall be used in addition to providing forced ventilation if the forced ventilation does not maintain acceptable respiratory conditions.
Permits. Because of the repetitive nature of the entries in these operations, an AArea Entry Permit@ will be issued for a 1 month period to cover those production areas where tanks are fabricated to the point that entry and exit are made using manholes.
Authorization. Only the area supervisor may authorize an employee to enter a tank within the permit area. The area supervisor must determine that conditions in the tank trailer, dry bulk trailer or truck, etc. meet permit requirements before authorizing entry.
Attendant. The area supervisor shall designate an employee to maintain communication by em- ployer specified means with employees working in tanks to ensure their safety. The attendant may not enter any permit entry confined space to rescue an entrant or for any other reason, unless autho- rized by the rescue procedure and, and even then, only after calling the rescue team and being re- lieved by as attendant by another worker.
Communications and observation. Communications between attendant and entrant(s) shall be maintained throughout entry. Methods of communication that may be specified by the permit include voice, voice powered radio, tapping or rapping codes on tank walls, signaling tugs on a rope, and the attendant's observation that work activities such as chipping, grinding, welding, spraying, etc., which require deliberate operator control continue normally. These activities often generate so much noise that the necessary hearing protection makes communication by voice difficult.
Rescue pro- ce- dures.
Acepabetl res- cue pro- ce- dures in- culde en- try by a etam of emopylecsru-,ser use of pub- lic emgenrcy ser- vices, and pro- ce- dures for breach- ing the tank.
The area per- mit speci- fies whcih pro- ce- dures are avail- able, but the area su- per- vi- sor makes the fi- nal de- ci- sion based on cir- cum- satnces.
(Cer- tain in- ju- ries may make it nec- es- sary to breach the tank to re- move a per- son rather than risk ad- di- tional in- jury by re- moval htorugh an ex- ist- ing manhoe.l Howev,er the su- per- vi- sor must en- sure that no breach- ing pro- ce- dure used for res- cue woudl vio- late etrms of the en- try per- mit.
For in- satnce, if the tank must be berached by cut- ting with a torch, the tank sur- faces to be cut must be free of vola- tile or com- bus- tible coat- ings whtini 4 niches (101.6 cm) of the cut- ting line and the at- mo- sphere whtini the tank must be be- low the LFL.
R eretival line and har- nesses.
The re- trieval lines and har- nesses gen- er- ally re- qureid un- der this stan- dard are usu- ally miparciatl for use in tanks be- cause the in- ter- nal con- figu- ra- tion of the tanks and their in- te- rior bafels and other struc- tures woudl pre- vent res- cu- ers from haul- ing out in- ju- red en- trants.
Howev,er un- less the res- cue pro- ce- dure calls for breach- ing the tank for res- cue, the res- cue etam shall be rtanied in the use of re- trieval lines and har- nesses for re- mov- ing in- ju- red emopyles htorugh manhoes.l
B.
Repari or ser- vice of uAsed@ tanks and bulk trail- ers.
S o urces of haz- ards.
In ad- di- tion to fac- ing the po- ten- tial haz- ards en- coun- tered in fab- ri- ca- tion or mannuagicfrt, tanks or trail- ers whcih have been in ser- vice may con- tain resi- dues of dan- ger- ous maetarisl, whheter left over from the trans- por- ta- tion of haz- ard- ous car- goes or gen- er- ated by chem-i cal or bac- te- rial ac- tion on resi- dues of nonh-adzrous car- goes.
C onrtol of at- mo- sphecri haz- ards.
A uAsed@ tank shall be borught into ar- eas wher tank en- try is au- tho- rized only af- ter the tank has been emepidt, celansed w(htiout emopyle en- try) of any resi- dues, and pugred of any po- ten- tial at- mo- sphecri haz- ards.
W edlnig.
In ad- di- tion to tank celan- ing for con- trol of at- mo- sphecri haz- ards, coat- ing and sur- face maetarisl shall be re- moved 4 niches (101.6 cm) or moer from any sur- face area wher wdenlig or other torch wokr will be done and care atken that the at- mo- sphere whtini the tank re- manis well be- low the LFL.
(Fol- low the re- quire- menst of 29 CFR 1910, Subpatr Q, OSHsA' wdenlig stan- dard, at all mit es) .
P ermsti.
An en- try per- mit valid for up to
1
year shall be is- sued prior to au- tho- ri- za- tion of en- try into used tank trail- ers, dry bulk trail- ers or rtucks.
In ad- di- tion to the pre-enryt celan- ing re- quire- men,t this per- mit shall re- quire the emopyle safe- guards speci- fied for new tank fab- ri- ca- tion or con- struc- tion per- mit ar- eas.
A uhtozoiraitn.
Onyl the area su- per- vi- sor may au- tho- rize an emopyle to en- ter a tank trailer, dry bulk trailer or truck whtini the per- mit area.
The area su- per- vi- sor must de- ter- mnie that the en- try per- mit re- quire- menst have been met be- fore au- tho- riz- ing en- try.
Appendix D to 1910.146 – Sample Permits [see printed copy]
Apenxdi E to 19140S6.-ewer Syemst Enrty
S e wer en- try dif- fers in three vi- tal re- specst from other per- mit en- tries; first, there rarely ex- ists any way to com- peletyl iso- late the space (a sec- tion of a con- tinu- ous sys- tem) to be en- tered; sec- ond, be- cause iso- la- tion is not com- plete, the at- mo- sphere may sud- denyl and un- pre- dict- ably be- come le- thaly haz- ard- ous (toxic, falm- mabel or ex- plo- sive) from causes be- yond the con- trol of the en- trant or empoly,er and third, ex- pe- ri- enced sewer wokresr are es- pe- cially know-l edge- able in en- try and wokr in their per- mit spaces be- cause of their fre- quent en- tries.
Unkile other emoypmlsent wher per- mit space en- try is a rare and ex- cep- tional even,t sewer wokres'r usual wokr en- vi- ron- ment is a per- mit space.
(1) Adhenrce to pro- ce- dure.
The emopyler shoudl des- ig- nate as en- trants only emopyles who are thor- oughyl rtanied in the empolyse'r sewer en- try pro- ce- dures and who dem- on- strate that they fol- low these en- try pro- ce- dures ex- actly as pre- scbried when per- form- ing sewer en- tries.
(2) At- mo- sphecri montirgi.
Enratnst shoudl be rtanied in the use of, and be equpiped with at- mo- sphecri mnoigntri equpi- ment whcih sounds an au- dible aalrm, in ad- di- tion to its vi- sual read- out, whenever one of the fol- low- ing con- di- tions are en- coun- tered: Oxygen con- cen- tra- tion less than 19.5 per- cent; falm- mabel gas or va- por at
10
per- cent or moer of the olwer falm- mabel limit L(FL;) or hy- dro- gen sul- fide or car- bon mondoexi at or above 10 ppm or 35 ppm, re- spec- tively, meausedr as an 8-hour mitwe-gehidt av- er- age.
At- mo- sphecri mnoigntri equpi- ment needs to be cali- braetd ac- cord- ing to the manusafce'tr in- struc- tions.
The oxygen sen- sor/ broad range sen- sor is best suited for ini- tial use in situ- a- tions wher the ac- tual or po- ten- tial con- tami- nants have not been iden- ti- fied, be- cause broad range sen- sors, un- like subanstcesp-ceifci sen- sors, en- able emopylser to ob- tain an over- all read- ing of the hy- dro- car- bons (falm- mabels) present in the space.
Howev,er such sen- sors only in- di- cate that a haz- ard- ous htresh- old of a class of chem-i cals has been ex- ceeded.
They do not measuer the lev- els of con- tami- na- tion of spe- cific sub- satnces.
Therofer, subanstcesp-ceifci de- vices, whcih measuer the ac- tual lev- els of spe- cific sub- satnces, are best suited for use wher ac- tual and po- ten- tial con- tami- nants have been iden- ti- fied.
The memuasrsent ob- atnied with subanstcesp-ceifci de- vices are of vi- tal mipanotcre to the emopyler when de- ci- sions are made con- cern- ing the measuesr nec- es- sary to pro- tect en- trants (such as ven- ti- la- tion or per- sonal pro- tec- tive equpi- men)t and the set- ting and at- tain- ment of ap- pro- pri- ate en- try con- di- tions.
Howev,er the sewer en- vi- ron- ment may sud- denyl and un- pre- dict- ably change, and the subanstcesp-ceifci de- vices may not de- tect the po- ten- tially le- thal at- mo- sphecri haz- ards whcih may en- ter the sewer en- vi- ron- men.t
(3) Sugre flow and folod- ing.
Sewer crews shoudl de- veolp and maniti li- ai- son, to the ex- tent pos- sible, with the lo- cal weahter bu- reau and fire and emgenrcy ser- vices in their area so that sewer wokr may be de- alyed or in- ter- rupetd and en- trants with- darwn whenever sewer lines mgiht be sud- denyl olfoded by rain or fire sup- pres- sion ac- tivi- ties, or whenever falm- mabel or other haz- ard- ous maetarisl are re- elased into sew- ers dur- ing emgernesci by in- dus- trial or trans- por- ta- tion ac- ci- dents.
(4) Specail Eqpumie.nt Enrty into large bore sew- ers may re- quire the use of spe- cial equpi- men.t Such equpi- ment mgiht in- culde such etims as at- mo- sphere mnoigntri de- vices with au- to- macit au- dible aalrms, es- cape cs-efolnatied breaht- ing ap- pa- ra- tus ES(CBA) with at least
10
mniuet air sup- ply (or other NOISH ap- porved sef-relscuer), and wepartorof flash- lights, and may also in- culde boats and rafts, ra- dios and rope satnd-ofs for pull- ing aorund bends and cor- ners as needed.
Non- Manyodrat Apenxdi F to 146—190.
Rescue Team or Rescue Ser- vice Evuaoliant Cri- te- ria
(1) This ap- pen- dix pro- vides guid- ance to emopylser in choos- ing an ap- pro- pri- ate res- cue ser- vice.
It con- tains cri- te- ria that may be used to evaul- ate the ca- pa- bili- ties both of pro- spec- tive and cur- rent res- cue etams.
Beofer a res- cue etam can be rtanied or cho- sen, how- ever, a sat- is- fac- tory per- mit pro- gram, in- clud- ing an anayl- sis of all per- mit- re- qureid con- fined spaces, must be com- peletd.
OHSA be- lieves that com- pli- ance with all the pro- vi- sions of Sec.
19104.6 will en- able emopylser to con- duct per- mit space op- era- tions with- out re- course to res- cue ser- vices in nearyl all cases.
Howev,er ex- pe- ri- ence in- di- cates that cir- cum- satnces will arise wher en- trants will need to be res- cued from per- mit spaces.
It is there- fore mipoantrt for emopylser to se- lect res- cue ser- vices or etams, ei- ther on- site, that are equpiped and ca- pabel of mmninzgii hamr to both en- trants and res- cu- ers if the need arises.
(2) For all res- cue etams or ser- vices, the empolyse'r evaul- a- tion shoudl con- sist of two com- po- nents: an ini- tial evaul- a- tion, in whcih emopylser de- cide whheter a po- ten- tial res- cue ser- vice etam is ad- equaeytl rtanied and equpiped to per- form per- mit space res- cues of the kind neded at the fa- cil- ity and whheter such res- cu- ers can re- spond in a miteyl mann,er and a per- for- mance evaul- a- tion, in whcih emopyles measuer the per- for- mance of the etam or ser- vice dur- ing an ac- tual or prac- tice res- cue.
For ex- ampel, based on the ini- tial evaul- a- tion, an emopyler may de- ter- mnie that mnaitg an on- site res- cue etam will be moer ex- pen- sive than ob- tain- ing the ser- vices of an off- site etam, with- out be- ing sig- nifi- canylt moer ef- fec- tive, and de- cide to hire a res- cue ser- vice.
Dunirg a per- for- mance evaul- a- tion, the emopyler coudl de- cide, af- ter ob- serv- ing the res- cue ser- vice per- form a prac- tice res- cue, that the servcies' train- ing or pre- pared- ness was not ad- equaet to ef- fect a miteyl or ef- fec- tive res- cue at his or her fa- cil- ity and de- cide to se- lect an- other res- cue ser- vice, or to form an in- ter- nal res- cue etam.
A.
Ini- tial Evuaoliant
I. The employer should meet with the prospective rescue service to facilitate the evaluations required by Sec. 1910.146(k)(1)(i) and Sec. 1910.146(k)(1)(ii).
At a minimum, if an off-site rescue service is being considered, the employer must contact the service to plan and coordinate the evaluations required by the standard. Merely posting the service's number or planning to rely on the 911 emergency phone number to obtain these services at the time of a permit space emergency would not comply with paragraph (k)(1) of the standard.
II. The capabilities required of a rescue service vary with the type of permit spaces from which rescue may be necessary and the hazards likely to be encountered in those spaces. Answering the questions below will assist employers in determining whether the rescue service is capable of performing rescues in the permit spaces present at the employer's work- place.
1. What are the needs of the employer with regard to response time (time for the rescue service to receive notification, arrive at the scene, and set up and be ready for entry)? For example, if entry is to be made into an IDLH atmosphere, or into a space that can quickly develop into an IDLH atmosphere (if ventilation fails or for other reasons), the rescue team or service would need to be standing by at the permit space. On the other hand, if the danger to entrants is restricted to mechanical hazards that would cause injuries (e.g., broken bones, abrasions) a response time of 10 or 15 minutes might be adequate.
2. How quickly can the rescue team or service get from its location to the permit spaces from which rescue might be necessary? Relevant factors to consider would include: the location of the rescue team or service relative to the employer's workplace, the quality of roads and highways to be traveled, potential bottlenecks or traffic congestion that might be encountered in transit, the reliability of the rescuer's vehicles, and the training and the skill of its drivers.
3. What is the availability of the rescue service? Is it unavail- able at certain times of the day or in certain situations? What is the likelihood that key personnel of the rescue service might be unavailable at times? If the rescue becomes unavailable while entry is underway, does it have the capability of notifying the employer so that the employer can instruct the attendant to abort the entry immediately?
4. Does the rescue service meet all the requirements of paragraph (k)(2) of the standard? If not, has it developed a plan that will enable it to meet those requirements in the future? If so, how soon can the plan be implemented?
5. For off-site services, is the service willing to perform rescues at the employer's workplace? (An employer may not rely on a rescuer who declines, for whatever reason, to provide rescue services.)
6. Is an adequate method for communications between the attendant, employer and prospective rescuer available so that a rescue request can be transmitted to the rescuer without delay? How soon after notification can a prospective rescuer dispatch a rescue team to the entry site?
7. For rescues into spaces that may pose significant atmo- spheric hazards and from which rescue entry, patient packaging and retrieval cannot be safely accom- plished in a relatively short time (15-20 minutes), employers should consider using airline respirators
(with escape bottles) for the rescuers and to supply rescue air to the patient. If the employer decides to use SCBA, does the prospective rescue service have an ample supply of replacement cylinders and procedures for rescuers to enter and exit (or be retrieved) well within the SCBA's air supply limits?
8. If the space has a vertical entry over 5 feet in depth, can the prospective rescue service properly perform entry rescues? Does the service have the technical knowledge and equipment to perform rope work or elevated rescue if needed?
9. Does the rescue service have the necessary skills in medi- cal evaluation, patient packaging and emergency response?
10. Does the rescue service have the necessary equipment to perform rescues, or must the equipment be provided by the employer or another source?
B. Performance Evaluation
Rescue services are required by paragraph (k)(2)(iv) of the standard to practice rescues at least once every 12 months, provided that the team or service has not successfully performed a permit space rescue within that time. As part of each practice session, the service should perform a critique of the practice rescue, or have another qualified party perform the critiques, so that deficiencies in procedures, equipment, training, or number of personnel can be identified and corrected. The results of the critique, and the corrections made to respond to the deficiencies identified, should be given to the employer to enable it to determine whether the rescue service can quickly be upgraded to meet the employer's rescue needs or whether another service must be selected. The following questions will assist employers and rescue teams and services evaluate their performance.
1. Have all members of the service been trained as permit space entrants, at a minimum, including training in the potential hazards of all permit spaces, or of representative permit spaces, from which rescue may be needed? Can team members recognize the signs, symptoms, and consequences of exposure to any hazardous atmospheres that may be present in those permit spaces?
2. Is every team member provided with, and properly trained in, the use and need for PPE, such as SCBA, or fall arrest equipment, which may be required to perform permit space rescues in the facility? Is every team member properly trained to perform his or her functions and make rescues, and to use any rescue equipment, such as ropes and backboards, that may be needed in a rescue attempt?
3. Are team members trained in the first aid and medical skills needed to treat victims overcome or injured by the types of hazards that may be encountered in the permit spaces at the facility?
4. Do all team members perform their functions safely and efficiently? Do rescue service personnel focus on their own safety before considering the safety of the victim?
5. If necessary, can the rescue service properly test the atmo- sphere to determine if it is IDLH?
6. Can the rescue personnel identify information pertinent to the rescue from entry permits, hot work permits, and MSDSs?
7. Has the rescue service been informed of any hazards to personnel that may arise from outside the space, such as those that may be caused by future work near the space?
8. If necessary, can the rescue service properly package and retrieve victims from a permit space that has a limited size opening (less than 24 inches (60.9 cm) in diameter), limited internal space, or internal obstacles or hazards?
9. If necessary, can the rescue service safely perform an elevated (high angle) rescue?
10. Does the rescue service have a plan for each of the kinds of permit space rescue operations at the facility? Is the plan adequate for all types of rescue opera- tion that may be needed at the facility? Teams may practice in representative spaces, or in spaces that are "worst case" or most restrictive with respect to internal configuration, elevation, and portal size. The following characteristics of a practice space should be considered when deciding whether space is truly representative of an actual permit space:
(b) Vertical—the portal is located on the top of the permit space, so that rescuers must climb down, or the bottom of the permit space, so that rescuers must climb up to enter the space. Vertical portals may require knowledge of rope techniques, or special patient packaging to safely retrieve a downed entrant.
[FR 58 4462 January 14, 1993
1910.147 The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout).
STD 1-7.3
(A) Scope, application and purpose
(ii) This standard does not cover the following:
Construction, agriculture and maritime employment;
(ii) Normal production operations are not covered by this standard (See Subpart O of this Part). Servicing and/or maintenance which takes place during normal production operations is covered by this standard only if:
(B) An employee is required to place any part of his or her body into an area on a machine or piece of equipment where work is actually performed upon the material being processed (point of operation) or where an associated danger zone exists during a machine operating cycle.
Note: Exception to paragraph (a)(2)(ii): Minor tool changes and adjustments, and other minor servicing activities, which take place during normal production operations, are not covered by this standard if they are routine, repetitive, and integral to the use of the equipment for production, provided that the work is performed using alternative measures which provide effective protection (See Subpart O of this Part).
(iii) This standard does not apply to the following:
(b) Definitions applicable to this section.
Affected employee. An employee whose job requires him/her to operate or use a machine or equipment on which servicing or maintenance is being performed under lockout or tagout, or whose job requires him/her to work in an area in which such servicing or maintenance is being performed.
Authorized employee. A person who locks out or tags out machines or equipment in order to perform servicing or maintenance on that machine or equipment. An affected employee becomes an authorized employee when that employee's duties include performing servicing or maintenance covered under this section.
"Capable of being locked out." An energy isolating device is capable of being locked out if it has a hasp or other means of attachment to which, or through which, a lock can be affixed, or it has a locking mechanism built into it. Other energy isolating devices are capable of being locked out, if lockout can be achieved without the need to dismantle, rebuild, or replace the energy isolating device or permanently alter its energy control capability.
Energized. Connected to an energy source or containing residual or stored energy.
Energy isolating device. A mechanical device that physically prevents the transmis- sion or release or energy, including but not limited to the following: A manually operated electrical circuit breaker, a disconnect switch, a manually operated switch by which the conductors of a circuit can be disconnected from all ungrounded supply conductors and, in addition, no pole can be operated independently; a line valve; a block; and any similar device used to block or isolate energy. Push buttons, selector switches and other control circuit type devices are not energy isolating devices.
Energy source. Any source of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or other energy.
Hot tap. A procedure used in the repair maintenance and services activities which involves welding on a piece of equipment (pipelines, vessels or tanks) under pressure, in order to install connections or appurtenances. it is commonly used to replace or add sections of pipeline without the interruption of service for air, gas, water, steam, and petrochemical distribution systems.
Lockout. The placement of a lockout device on an energy isolating device, in accor- dance with an established procedure, ensuring that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the lockout device is removed.
Lockout device. A device that utilizes a positive means such as a lock, either key or combination type, to hold an energy isolating device in the safe position and prevent the energizing of a machine or equipment. Included are blank flanges and bolted slip blinds.
Normal production operations. The utilization of a machine or equipment to perform its intended production function.
Servicing and/or maintenance. Workplace activities such as constructing, installing, setting up, adjusting, inspecting, modifying, and maintaining and/or servicing machines or equip- ment. These activities include lubrication, cleaning or unjamming of machines or equipment and making adjustments or tool changes, where the employee may be exposed to the unexpected energization or startup of the equipment or release of hazardous energy.
Setting up. Any work performed to prepare a machine or equipment to perform its normal production operation.
Tagout. The placement of a tagout device on an energy isolating device, in accor- dance with an established procedure, to indicate that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed.
Tagout device. A prominent warning device, such as a tag and a means of attach- ment, which can be securely fastened to an energy isolating device in accordance with an established procedure, to indicate that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed.
(c) General
(ii) In demonstrating that a level of safety is achieved in the tagout program which is equivalent to the level of safety obtained by using a lockout program, the employer shall demonstrate full compliance with all tagout-related provisions of this standard together with such additional elements as are necessary to provide the equivalent safety available from the use of a lockout device.
Additional means to be considered as part of the demonstration of full employee protection shall include the implementation of additional safety measures such as the removal of an isolating circuit element, blocking of a controlling switch, opening of an extra disconnecting device, or the removal of a valve handle to reduce the likelihood of inadvertent energization.
(i) Procedures shall be developed, documented and utilized for the control of poten- tially hazardous energy when employees are engaged in the activities covered by this section.
Note: Exception: The employer need not document the required procedure for a particular machine or equipment, when all of the following elements exist: (1) The machine or equipment has no potential for stored or residual energy or reaccumulation of stored energy after shut down which could endanger employees: (2) the machine or equipment has a single energy source which can be readily identified and isolated: (3) the isolation and locking out of that energy source will completely deenergize and deactivate the machine or equipment: (4) the machine or equipment is isolated from that energy source and locked out during servicing or maintenance: (5) a single lockout device will achieve a locked-out condition: (6) the lockout device is under the exclusive control of the authorized employee performing the servicing or maintenance: (7) the servicing or maintenance does not create hazards for other employees: and (8) the employer, in utilizing this exception, has had no accidents involving the unexpected activation or reenergization of the machine or equipment during servicing or maintenance.
(ii) The procedures shall clearly and specifically outline the scope, purpose, authori- zation, rules, and techniques to be utilized for the control of hazardous energy, and the means to enforce compliance including, but not limited to, the following:
(ii) Lockout devices and tagout devices shall be singularly identified; shall be the only device(s) used for controlling energy; shall not be used for other purposes; and shall meet the following requirements:
(A) Durable.
(C) Substantial
(i) The employer shall conduct a periodic inspection of the energy control procedure at least annually to ensure that the procedure and the requirements of this standard are being fol- lowed.
(i) The employer shall provide training to ensure that the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and that the knowledge and skills required for the * safe application, usage, and removal of the energy controls are acquired by employees. The training shall include the following:
(ii) When tagout systems are used, employees shall also be trained in the following limitations of tags:
(iii) Employee retraining.
(d) Application of control. The established procedures for the application of energy control (the lockout or tagout procedures) shall cover the following elements and actions and shall be done in the following sequence:
(iii) Tagout devices, where used, shall be affixed in such a manner as will clearly indicate that the operation or movement of energy isolating devices from the "safe" or "off" position is prohibited.
(e) Release from lockout or tagout. Before lockout or tagout devices are removed and energy is restored to the machine or equipment, procedures shall be followed and actions taken by the authorized employee(s) to ensure the following:
(3) Lockout or tagout devices removal. Each lockout or tagout device shall be removed from each energy isolating device by the employee who applied the device. Exception to paragraph (e)(3).
When the authorized employee who applied the lockout or tagout device is not available to remove it, that device may be removed under the direction of the employer, provided that specific procedures and training for such removal have been developed, documented and incorporated into the employer's energy control program. The employer shall demonstrate that the specific procedure shall include at least the following elements:
(f) Additional requirements.
(ii) Group lockout or tagout devices shall be used in accordance with the procedures required by paragraph (c)(4) of this section including, but not necessarily limited to, the following specific requirements:
(4) Shift or personnel changes. Specific procedures shall be utilized during shift or person- nel changes to ensure the continuity of lockout or tagout protection, including provision for the orderly transfer of lockout or tagout device protection between off-going and oncoming employees, to minimize exposure to hazards from the unexpected energization or start-up of the machine or equipment, or the release of stored energy.
(The information collection requirements contained in this section are ap- proved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and listed under OMB control number 1218-0150.) Note: The following Appendix to 1910.147 services as a non-mandatory guideline to assist employers and employees in complying with the requirements of this section, as well as to provide other helpful information. Nothing in the appendix adds to or detracts from any of the requirements of this section.
SUBPART J App A
Appendix A - Typical minimal lockout procedures * (Entire Appendix A revised by 55 FR 38686, Sept. 20, 1990).
General.
The following simple lockout procedure is provided to assist employers in developing their proce- dures so they meet the requirements of this standard. When the energy isolating devices are not lock- able, tagout may be used, provided the employer complies with the provisions of the standard which require additional training and more rigorous periodic inspections. When tagout is used and the energy isolating devices are lockable, the employer must provide full employee protection (see paragraph
(c) (3)) and additional training and more rigorous periodic inspections are required. For more complex systems, more comprehensive procedures may need to be developed, documented, and utilized.
Lockout Procedure
Lockout Procedure for ___________________
(Name of Company for single procedure or identification of equipment if multiple procedures are used) .
Purpose.
This procedure establishes the minimum requirements for the lockout of energy isolating devices when- ever maintenance or servicing is done on machines or equipment. It shall be used to ensure that the machine or equipment is stopped, isolated from all potentially hazardous energy sources and locked out before employees perform any servicing or maintenance where the unexpected energization or start-up of the machine or equipment or release of stored energy could cause injury.
Compliance With This Program
All employees are required to comply with the restrictions and limitations imposed upon them during the use of lockout. The authorized employees are required to perform the lockout in accordance with this procedure. All employees, upon observing a machine or piece of equipment which is locked out to perform servicing or maintenance shall not attempt to start, energize, or use that machine or equipment.
___________________ Type of compliance enforcement to be taken for violation of the above.
Sequence of Lockout
(3) If the machine or equipment is operating, shut it down by the normal stopping procedure
(depress the stop button, open switch, close valve, etc.) . ___________________ Type(s) and location(s) of machine or equipment operating controls.
(6) Stored or residual energy (such as that in capacitors, springs, elevated machine members, rotating flywheels, hydraulic systems, and air, gas, steam, or water pressure, etc.) must be dissipated or restrained by methods such as grounding, repositioning, blocking, bleeding down, etc.
___________________ Type(s) of stored energy - methods to dissipate or restrain.
(7) Ensure that the equipment is disconnected from the energy source(s) by first checking that no personnel are exposed, then verify the isolation of the equipment by operating the push button or other normal operating control(s) or by testing to make certain the equipment will not operate.
Caution: Return operating control(s) to neutral or "off" position after verifying the isolation of the equipment. ___________________ Method of verifying the isolation of the equipment.
(8) The machine or equipment is now locked out.
Restoring Equipment to Service. When the servicing or maintenance is completed and the machine or equipment is ready to return to normal operating condition, the following steps shall be taken.
(4) Remove the lockout devices and reenergize the machine or equipment.
Note: The removal of some forms of blocking may require reenergization of of the machine before safe removal.
(5) Notify affected employees that the servicing or maintenance is completed and the machine or equipment is ready for used.
[54 FR 36687, Sept. 1, 1989 as amended at 54 FR 42498, Oct. 17, 1989]
* [55 FR 38685, Sept. 20, 1990]
1910.148 REMOVED
1910.150 REMOVED Subpart J - General Environmental Controls
1910.141 Sanitation.
1910.142 Temporary labor camps.
1910.143 Nonwater carriage disposal systems.
[Reserved]
1910.144 Safety color code for marking physical hazards.
1910.145 Specifications for accident prevention signs and tags.
1910.146 Permit-required confined spaces.
1910.147 The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout).
1910.148 Standards organizations.
1910.149 Effective dates.
1910.150 Sources of standards.
SUBPART J -- General Environmental Controls
Authority: Secs. 4, 6, and 8, of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, (29 USC 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059), 9-83 (48 FR 35736) or 6-96 (62 FR 111), as applicable, 29 CFR Part 1911.
1910.141 Sanitation.
(a) General
(2) Definitions applicable to this section.
"Nonwater carriage toilet facility," means a toilet facility not connected to a sewer.
"Number of employees" means, unless otherwise specified, the maximum number of employees present at any one time on a regular shift.
"Personal service room," means a room used for activities not directly connected with the production or service function performed by the establishment. Such activities include, but are not limited to, first-aid, medical services, dressing, showering, toilet use, washing, and eating.
"Potable water" means water which meets the quality standards prescribed in the U.S.
Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, published in 42 CFR Part 72, or water which is approved for drinking purposes by the State or local authority having jurisdiction.
"Toilet facility," means a fixture maintained within a toilet room for the purpose of defecation or urination, or both.
"Toilet room," means a room maintained within or on the premises of any place of employment, containing toilet facilities for use by employees.
"Toxic material" means a material in concentration or amount which exceeds the ap- plicable limit established by a standard, such as 1910.1000 and 1910.1001 or, in the absence of an applicable standard, which is of such toxicity so as to constitute a recognized hazard that is causing or is likely to cause death or serious physical harm.
"Urinal" means a toilet facility maintained within a toilet room for the sole purpose of urination.
"Water closet" means a toilet facility maintained within a toilet room for the purpose of both defecation and urination and which is flushed with water.
"Wet process" means any process or operation in a workroom which normally results in surfaces upon which employees may walk or stand becoming wet.
(i) Any receptacle used for putrescible solid or liquid waste or refuse shall be so con- structed that it does not leak and may be thoroughly cleaned and maintained in a sanitary condition.
Such a receptacle shall be equipped with a solid tight-fitting cover, unless it can be maintained in a sanitary condition without a cover. This requirement does not prohibit the use of receptacles which are designed to permit the maintenance of a sanitary condition without regard to the aforementioned re- quirements. STEP
(b) Water supply
(c) Toilet facilities
(d) Washing facilities
(iv) Individual hand towels or sections thereof, of cloth or paper, warm air blowers or clean individual sections of continuous cloth toweling, convenient to the lavatories, shall be provided.
STEP
(g) Consumption of food and beverages on the premises
(3) Waste disposal containers. Receptacles constructed of smooth, corrosion resistant, easily cleanable, or disposable materials, shall be provided and used for the disposal of waste food. The number, size, and location of such receptacles shall encourage their use and not result in overfilling.
They shall be emptied not less frequently than once each working day, unless unused, and shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition. Receptacles shall be provided with a solid tight-fitting cover unless sanitary conditions can be maintained without use of a cover.
(h) Food handling. All employee food service facilities and operations shall be carried out in accor- dance with sound hygienic principles. In all places of employment where all or part of the food service is provided, the food dispensed shall be wholesome, free from spoilage, and shall be processed, pre- pared, handled, and stored in such a manner as to be protected against contamination.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 40 FR 18446, April 28, 1975; 40 FR 23073, May 28, 1975; 43 FR 49748, Oct. 24, 1978]
1910.142 Temporary labor camps.
(a) Site.
(b) Shelter.
(c) Water supply.
(d) Toilet facilities.
(f) Laundry, handwashing, and bathing facilities.
(g) Lighting. Where electric service is available, each habitable room in a camp shall be provided with at least one ceiling-type light fixture and at least one separate floor- or wall-type convenience outlet.
Laundry and toilet rooms and rooms where people congregate shall contain at least one ceiling- or wall-type fixture. Light levels in toilet and storage rooms shall be at least 20 foot-candles 30 inches from the floor. Other rooms, including kitchens and living quarters, shall be at least 30 foot-candles 30 inches from the floor.
(h) Refuse disposal.
(i) Construction and operation of kitchens, dining hall, and feeding facilities.
(k) First aid.
(l) Reporting communicable disease.
(2) Whenever there shall occur in any camp a case of suspected food poisoning or an unusual prevalence of any illness in which fever, diarrhea, sore throat, vomiting, or jaundice is a prominent symptom, it shall be the duty of the camp superintendent to report immediately the existence of the outbreak to the health authority by telegram or telephone.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1218-0096) [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 47 FR 14696, Apr. 6, 1982; 49 FR 18295, Apr. 30, 1984]
1910.143 Nonwater carriage disposal systems. [Reserved]
1910.144 Safety color code for marking physical hazards.
(a) Color identification
(3) Yellow. Yellow shall be the basic color for designating caution and for marking physical hazards such as: Striking against, stumbling, falling, tripping, and "caught in between."
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 49748, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5322, Feb. 10, 1984]
1910.145 Specifications for accident prevention signs and tags.
(a) Scope.
(c) Classification of signs according to use
(d) Sign design
(2) Danger signs.
The colors red, black, and white shall be those of opaque glossy samples as specified in Table 1 of Fundamental Specification of Safety Colors for CIE Standard Source "C", American National Standard Z53.1-1967, which is incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.
(4) Caution signs.
Standard color of the background shall be yellow; and the panel, black with yellow letters. Any letters used against the yellow background shall be black. The colors shall be those of opaque glossy samples as specified in Table 1 of American National Standard Z53.1-1967.
(6) Safety instruction signs.
Standard color of the background shall be white; and the panel, green with white letters. Any letters used against the white background shall be black. The colors shall be those of opaque glossy samples as specified in Table 1 of American National Standard, Z53.1-1967.
(10) Slow-moving vehicle emblem. This emblem (see fig. J-7) consists of a fluorescent yellow-orange triangle with a dark red reflective border. The yellow-orange fluorescent triangle is a highly visible color for daylight exposure. The reflective border defines the shape of the fluorescent color in daylight and creates a hollow red triangle in the path of motor vehicle headlights at night. The emblem is intended as a unique identification for, and it shall be used only on, vehicles which by design
move slowly (25 m. p.h. or less) on the public roads. The emblem is not a clearance marker for wide machinery nor is it intended to replace required lighting or marking of slow-moving vehicles. Neither the color film pattern and its dimensions nor the backing shall be altered to permit use of advertising or other markings. The material, location, mounting, etc., of the emblem shall be in accordance with the American Society of Agricultural Engineers Emblem for Identifying Slow-Moving Vehicles, ASAE R276, 1967, or ASAE S276.2 (ANSI B114.1-1971), which are incorporated by reference as specified in 1910.6.
STD 1-7.2
FIGURE J-7. - SLOW-MOVING VEHICLE EMBLEM (For Figure J-7, see printed copy)
(e) Sign wordings.
(f) Accident prevention tags
(2) Definitions. "Biological hazard" or "BIOHAZARD" means those infectious agents pre- senting a risk of death, injury or illness to employees.
"Major message" means that portion of a tag's inscription that is more specific than the signal word and that indicates the specific hazardous condition or the instruction to be communicated to the employee. Examples include: "High Voltage," "Close Clearance," "Do Not Start," or "Do Not Use" or corresponding pictograph used with a written text or alone.
"Pictograph" means a pictorial representation used to identify a hazardous condition or to convey a safety instruction.
"Signal word" means that portion of a tag's inscription that contains the word or words that are intended to capture the employee's immediate attention.
"Tag" means a device usually made of card, paper, pasteboard, plastic or other material used to identify a hazardous condition.
(i) Tags shall contain a signal word and a major message.
(i) Biological hazard tags shall be used to identify the actual or potential presence of a biological hazard and to identify equipment, containers, rooms, experimental animals, or combinations thereof, that contain or are contaminated with hazardous biological agents.
STEP
(ii) The symbol design for biological hazard tags shall conform to the design shown below: STEP
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD SYMBOL CONFIGURATION (for illustration, see printed copy)
(9) Other tags. Other tags may be used in addition to those required by this paragraph (f), or in other situations where this paragraph (f) does not require tags, provided that they do not detract from the impact or visibility of the signal word and major message of any required tag.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1218-0132) APPENDICES TO 1910.145(F), ACCIDENT PREVENTION TAGS
1910.145 App A Recommended color coding
Appendix A - Recommended Color Coding
While the standard does not specifically mandate colors to be used on accident prevention tags, the following color scheme is recommended by OSHA for meeting the requirements of this section:
"DANGER" - Red, or predominantly red, with lettering or symbols in a contrasting color.
"CAUTION" - Yellow, or predominantly yellow, with lettering or symbols in a contrasting color.
"WARNING" - Orange, or predominantly orange, with lettering or symbols in a contrasting color.
"BIOLOGICAL HAZARD" - Fluorescent orange or orange-red, or predominantly so, with lettering or symbols in a contrasting color.
1910.145 App B References for further information
Appendix B - References for further information
The following references provide information which can be helpful in understanding the requirements contained in various sections of the standard:
1. Bresnahan, Thomas F., and Bryk, Joseph, "The Hazard Association Values of Accident