Wyo. Code R. 053-0008-5
OSHA - Construction 1926
Chapter 5: Prsnl Prot & Life Saving Equip (Subpart E)
Effective Date: 06/16/1997 to 07/16/1998
Rule Type: Superceded Rules & Regulations
Reference Number: 053.0008.5.06161997
| 1926.95 | Criteria for personal protective equipment. |
|---|---|
| 1926.96 | Occupational foot protection. |
| 1926.97 | Protective clothing for fire brigades. |
| 1926.98 | Respiratory protection for fire brigades. |
| 1926.100 | Head protection. |
| 1926.101 | Hearing protection. |
| 1926.102 | Eye and face protection. |
| 1926.103 | Respiratory protection. |
| 1926.106 | Working over or near water. |
| 1926.107 | Definitions applicable to this subpart. |
Authority: Sec. 107, Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (Construction Safety Act) (40 U.S.C. 333); Secs. 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059), 9-83 (48 FR 35736), or 1-90 (55 FR 9033), as applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911.
(a) Application. Protective equipment, including personal protective equipment for eyes, face, head, and extremities, protective clothing, respiratory devices, and protective shields and barriers, shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact. STD 1-1.13 STD 1-6.1 STEP
(b) Employee-owned equipment. Where employees provide their own protective equipment, the employer shall be responsible to assure its adequacy, including proper maintenance, and sanitation of such equipment.
(c) Design. All personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and construction for the work to be performed.
Safety-toe footwear for employees shall meet the requirements and specifications in American National Standard for Men's Safety-Toe Footwear, Z41.1-1967.
Protective clothing. The following requirements apply to those employees who perform interior structural fire fighting. The requirements do not apply to employees who use fire extinguishers or standpipe systems to control or extinguish fires only in the incipient stage.
(1) The employer shall provide at no cost to the employee and assure the use of protective clothing which complies with the requirements of this paragraph. The employer shall assure that protective clothing ordered or purchased after July 1, 1981, meets the requirements contained in this paragraph. As the new equipment is provided, the employer shall assure that all fire brigade members wear the equipment when performing interior structural fire fighting. After July 1, 1985, the employer shall assure that all fire brigade members wear protective clothing meeting the requirements of this paragraph when performing interior structural fire fighting. STEP
(2) The employer shall assure that protective clothing protects the head, body, and extremities, and consists of at least the following components: foot and leg protection; hand protection; body protection; eye, face and head protection.
(1) Foot and leg protection shall meet the requirements of paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section, and may be achieved by either of the following methods:
(i) Fully extended boots which provide protection for the legs; or
(ii) Protective shoes or boots worn in combination with protective trousers that meet the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section.
(2) Protective footwear shall meet the requirements of 1910.136 for Class 75 footwear. In addition, protective footwear shall be water-resistant for at least 5 inches (12.7 cm) above the bottom of the heel and shall be equipped with slip-resistant outer soles.
(3) Protective footwear shall be tested in accordance with paragraph (f) of this section, and shall provide protection against penetration of the midsole by a size 8D common nail when at least 300 pounds (1330 N) of static force is applied to the nail.
(1) Body protection shall be coordinated with foot and leg protection to ensure full body protection for the wearer. This shall be achieved by one of the following methods:
(i) Wearing of a fire-resistive coat meeting the requirements of paragraph (c)(2) of this section in combination with fully extended boots meeting the requirements of paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section; or
(ii) Wearing of a fire-resistive coat in combination with protective trousers both of which meet the requirements of paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(2) The performance, construction, and testing of fire-resistive coats and protective trousers shall be at least equivalent to the requirements of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standard NFPA No. 1971-1975, "Protective Clothing for Structural Fire Fighting," with the following permissible variations from those requirements: STD 1-9.3
(i) Tearing strength of the outer shell shall be a minimum of 8 pounds (35.6 N) in any direction when tested in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section; and
(ii) The outer shell may discolor but shall not separate or melt when placed in a forced air laboratory oven at a temperature of 500 deg. F (260 deg. C) for a period of five minutes. After cooling to ambient temperature and using the test method specified in paragraph (h) of this section, char length shall not exceed 4.0 inches (10.2 cm) and after-flame shall not exceed 2.0 seconds.
(d) Hand protection.
(1) Hand protection shall consist of protective gloves or glove system which will provide protection against cut, puncture, and heat penetration. Gloves or glove system shall be tested in accordance with the test methods contained in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1976 publication, "The Development of Criteria for Fire Fighter's Gloves; Vol. II, Part II: Test Methods," and shall meet the following criteria for cut, puncture, and heat penetration:
(i) Materials used for gloves shall resist surface cut by a blade with an edge having a 60 deg. included angle and a .001 inch (.0025 cm.) radius, under an applied force of 16 lbf (72N), and at a slicing velocity of greater or equal to 60 in/min (2.5 cm./sec);
(ii) Materials used for the palm and palm side of the fingers shall resist puncture by a penetrometer (simulating a 4d lath nail), under an applied force of 13.2 lbf (60N), and at a velocity greater or equal to 20 in/min (.85 cm./sec); and
(iii) The temperature inside the palm and gripping surface of the fingers of gloves shall not exceed 135 F.(57.C) when gloves or glove system are exposed to 932 deg. F (500 C.) for five seconds at 4 psi (28 kPa) pressure.
(2) Exterior materials of gloves shall be flame resistant and shall be tested in accordance with paragraph (h) of this section. Maximum allowable afterflame shall be 2.0 seconds, and the maximum char length shall be 4.0 inches (10.2 cm).
(3) When design of the fire-resistive coat does not otherwise provide protection for the wrists, protective gloves shall have wristlets of at least 4.0 inches (10.2 cm) in length to protect the wrist area when the arms are extended upward and outward from the body.
(e) Head, eye and face protection.
(1) Head protection shall consist of a protective head device with ear flaps and chin strap which meet the performance, construction, and testing requirements of the National Fire Safety and Research Office of the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (now known as the U.S. Fire Administration), which are contained in "Model Performance Criteria for Structural Firefighters' Helmets" (August 1977) (See Appendix D to Subpart L).
(2) Protective eye and face devices which comply with 1910.133 shall be used by fire brigade members when performing operations where the hazards of flying or falling materials which may cause eye and face injuries are present. Protective eye and face devices provided as accessories to protective head devices (face shields) are permitted when such devices meet the requirements of 1910.133.
(3) Full facepieces, helmets, or hoods of breathing apparatus which meet the requirements of 1910.134 and paragraph (f) of this section, shall be acceptable as meeting the eye and face protection requirements of paragraph (e)(5)(ii) of this section.
(f) Puncture resistance test method for foot protection.
(1) Apparatus. The puncture resistance test shall be performed on a testing machine having a movable platform adjusted to travel at 1/4-inch/min (0.1 cm/sec). Two blocks of hardwood, metal, or plastic shall be prepared as follows: the blocks shall be of such size and thickness as to insure a suitable rigid test ensemble and allow for at least one-inch of the pointed end of an 8D nail to be exposed for the penetration. One block shall have a hole drilled to hold an 8D common nail firmly at an angle of 98 deg.. The second block shall have a maximum 1/2-inch (1.3 cm) diameter hole drilled through it so that the hole will allow free passage of the nail after it penetrates the insole during the test.
(2) Procedure. The test ensemble consisting of the sample unit, the two prepared blocks, a piece of leather outsole 10 to 11 irons thick, and a new 8D nail, shall be placed as follows: the 8D nail in the hole, the sample of outsole stock superimposed above the nail, the area of the sole plate to be tested placed on the outsole, and the second block with hole so placed as to allow for free passage of the nail after it passes through the outsole stock and sole plate in that order. The machine shall be started and the pressure, in pounds required for the nail to completely penetrate the outsole and sole plate, recorded to the nearest five pounds. Two determinations shall be made on each sole plate and the results averaged. A new nail shall be used for each determination.
(3) Source. These test requirements are contained in "Military Specification For Fireman's Boots," MIL-B-2885D (1973 and amendment dated 1975) and are reproduced for your convenience.
(g) Test method for determining the strength of cloth by tearing: Trapezoid Method.
(1) Test specimen. The specimen shall be a rectangle of cloth 3-inches by 6-inches (7.6 cm by 15.2 cm). The long dimension shall be parallel to the warp for warp tests and parallel to the filling for filling tests. No two specimens for warp tests shall contain the same warp yarns, nor shall any two specimens for filling tests contain the same filling yarns. The specimen shall be taken no nearer the selvage than 1/10 the width of the cloth. An isosceles trapezoid having an altitude of 3-inches (7.6 cm) and bases of 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 4 inches (10.2 cm) in length, respectively, shall be marked on each specimen, preferably with the aid of a template. A cut approximately 3/8-inch (1 cm) in length shall then be made in the center of a perpendicular to the 1-inch (2.5 cm) edge.
(2) Apparatus.
(i) Six-ounce (.17 kg) weight tension clamps shall be used so designed that the six ounces (.17 kg) of weight are distributed evenly across the complete width of the sample.
(ii) The machine shall consist of three main parts: Straining mechanism, clamps for holding specimen, and load and elongation recording mechanisms.
(iii) A machine wherein the specimen is held between two clamps and strained by a uniform movement of the pulling clamp shall be used.
(iv) The machine shall be adjusted so that the pulling clamp shall have a uniform speed of 12 + or - 10.5 inches per minute (0.5 + or - .02 cm/sec).
(v) The machine shall have two clamps with two jaws on each clamp. The design of the two clamps shall be such that one gripping surface or jaw may be an integral part of the rigid frame of the clamp or be fastened to allow a slight vertical movement, while the other gripping surface or jaw shall be completely moveable. The dimension of the immovable jaw of each clamp parallel to the application of the load shall measure one-inch, and the dimension of the jaw perpendicular to this direction shall measure three inches or more. The face of the movable jaw of each clamp shall measure one-inch by 3 inches(7.62cm).
Each jaw face shall have a flat smooth, gripping surface. All edges which might cause a cutting action shall be rounded to a radius of not over 1/64-inch (.04 cm). In cases where a cloth tends to slip when being tested, the jaws may be faced with rubber or other material to prevent slippage. The distance between the jaws (gage length) shall be one-inch at the start of the test.
(vi) Calibrated dial; scale or chart shall be used to indicate applied load and elongation. The machine shall be adjusted or set, so that the maximum load required to break the specimen will remain indicated on the calibrated dial or scale after the test specimen has ruptured.
(vii) The machine shall be of such capacity that the maximum load required to break the specimen shall be not greater than 85 percent or less than 15 percent of the rated capacity.
(viii) The error of the machine shall not exceed 2 percent up to and including a 50-pound load (22.6 kg) and 1 percent over a 50-pound load (22.6 kg) at any reading within its loading range.
(ix) All machine attachments for determining maximum loads shall be disengaged during this test.
(i) The specimen shall be clamped in the machine along the nonparallel sides of the trapezoid so that these sides lie along the lower edge of the upper clamp and the upper edge of the lower clamp with the cut halfway between the clamps. The short trapezoid base shall be held taut and the long trapezoid base shall lie in the folds.
(ii) The machine shall be started and the force necessary to tear the cloth shall be observed by means of an autographic recording device. The speed of the pulling clamp shall be 12 inches + or - 0.5 inch per minute (0.5 + or - .02 cm/sec).
(iii) If a specimen slips between the jaws, breaks in or at the edges of the jaws, or if for any reason attributable to faulty technique, an individual measurement falls markedly below the average test results for the sample unit, such result shall be discarded and another specimen shall be tested.
(iv) The tearing strength of the specimen shall be the average of the five highest peak loads of resistance registered for 3 inches (7.6 cm) of separation of the tear.
(i) Five specimens in each of the warp and filling directions shall be tested from each sample unit.
(ii) The tearing strength of the sample unit shall be the average of the results obtained from the specimens tested in each of the warp and filling directions and shall be reported separately to the nearest 0.1-pound (.05 kg).
(5) Source. These test requirements are contained in "Federal Test Method Standard 191, Method 5136" and are reproduced for your convenience.
(h) Test method for determining flame resistance of cloth; vertical.
(1) Test specimen. The specimen shall be a rectangle of cloth 2 3/4 inches (7.0 cm) by 12 inches (30.5 cm) with the long dimension parallel to either the warp or filling direction of the cloth. No two warp specimens shall contain the same warp yarns, and no two filling specimens shall contain the same filling yarn.
(2) Number of determinations. Five specimens from each of the warp and filling directions shall be tested from each sample unit.
(3) Apparatus.
(i) Cabinet. A cabinet and accessories shall be fabricated in accordance with the requirements specified in Figures E-97.1, E-97.2, and E97.3. Galvanized sheet metal or other suitable metal shall be used. The entire inside back wall of the cabinet shall be painted black to facilitate the viewing of the test specimen and pilot flame.
(ii) Burner. The burner shall be equipped with a variable orifice to adjust the flame height, a barrel having a 3/8-inch (1 cm) inside diameter and a pilot light.
(A) The burner may be constructed by combining a 3/8-inch (1 cm) inside diameter barrel 3 1/4 inches (7.6 + or - .6 cm) long from a fixed orifice burner with a base from a variable orifice burner.
(B) The pilot light tube shall have a diameter of approximately 1/16-inch (.2 cm) and shall be spaced 1/8-inch (.3 cm) away from the burner edge with a pilot flame 1/8-inch (.3 cm) long.
(C) The necessary gas connections and the applicable plumbing shall be as specified in Figure E-97 except that a solenoid valve may be used in lieu of the stopcock valve to which the burner is attached. The stopcock valve or solenoid valve, whichever is used, shall be capable of being fully opened or fully closed in 0.1-second.
(D) On the side of the barrel of the burner, opposite the pilot light there shall be a metal rod of approximately 1/8-inch (.3 cm) diameter spaced 1/2-inch (1.3 cm) from the barrel and extending above the burner. The rod shall have two 5/16-inch (.8 cm) prongs marking the distances of 3/4-inch (1.9 cm) and 1 1/2 inches (3.8 cm) above the top of the burner.
(E) The burner shall be fixed in a position so that the center of the barrel of the burner is directly below the center of the specimen.
(iii) There shall be a control valve system with a delivery rate designed to furnish gas to the burner under a pressure of 2 1/2 1/4 (psi) (17.5 + or - 1.8 kPa) per square inch at the burner inlet (see (g)(3)(vi)(A)). The manufacturer's recommended delivery rate for the valve system shall be included in the required pressure.
(iv) A synthetic gas mixture shall be of the following composition within the following limits (analyzed at standard conditions): 55 + or - 3 percent hydrogen, 24 + or - 1 percent methane, 3 + or- 1 percent ethane, and 18 + or - 1 percent carbon monoxide which will give a specific gravity of 0.365 + or - 0.018 (air = 1) and a B.T.U. content of 540 + or - 20 per cubic foot (20.1 + or - 3.7 kJ/L)(dry basis) at 69.8 deg. F (21 deg. C).
(v) There shall be metal hooks and weights to produce a series of total loads to determine length of char. The metal hooks shall consist of No. 19 gage steel wire or equivalent and shall be made from 3-inch (7.6 cm) lengths of wire and bent 1/2-inch (1.3 cm) from one end to a 45 degree hook. One end of the hook shall be fastened around the neck of the weight to be used.
(vi) There shall be a stop watch or other device to measure the burning time to 0.2-second.
(vii) There shall be a scale, graduated in 0.1 inch (.3 cm) to measure the length of char.
(i) The material undergoing test shall be evaluated for the characteristics of after-flame time and char length on each specimen.
(ii) All specimens to be tested shall be at moisture equilibrium under standard atmospheric conditions in accordance with paragraph (h)3 of this section. Each specimen to be tested shall be exposed to the test flame within 20 seconds after removal from the standard atmosphere. In case of dispute, all testing will be conducted under Standard Atmospheric Conditions in accordance with paragraph (h)3 of this section.
(iii) The specimen in its holder shall be suspended vertically in the cabinet in such a manner that the entire length of the specimen is exposed and the lower end is 3/4-inch (1.9 cm) above the top of the gas burner. The apparatus shall be set up in a draft free area.
(iv) Prior to inserting the specimen, the pilot flame shall be adjusted to approximately 1/8-inch (.3 cm) in height measured from its lowest point to the tip.
The burner flame shall be adjusted by means of the needle valve in the base of the burner to give a flame height of 1 1/2 inches (3.8 cm) with the stopcock fully open and the air supply to the burner shut off and taped. The 1 1/2-inch (3.8 cm) flame height is obtained by adjusting the valve so that the uppermost portion (tip) of the flame is level with the tip of the metal prong (see Figure E-97.2) specified for adjustment of flame height. It is an important aspect of the evaluation that the flame height be adjusted with the tip of the flame level with the tip of the metal prong. After inserting the specimen, the stopcock shall be fully opened, and the burner flame applied vertically at the middle of the lower edge of the specimen for 12 seconds and the burner turned off. The cabinet door shall remain shut during testing.
(v) The after-flame shall be the time the specimen continues to flame after the burner flame is shut off.
(vi) After each specimen is removed, the test cabinet shall be cleared of fumes and smoke prior to testing the next specimen.
(vii) After both flaming and glowing have ceased, the char length shall be measured. The char length shall be the distance from the end of the specimen, which was exposed to the flame, to the end of a tear (made lengthwise) of the specimen through the center of the charred area as follows: The specimen shall be folded lengthwise and creased by hand along a line through the highest peak of the charred area. The hook shall be inserted in the specimen (or a hole, 1/4-inch (.6 cm) diameter or less, punched out for the hook) at one side of the charred area 1/4-inch (.6 cm) from the adjacent outside edge and 1/4-inch (.6 cm) in from the lower end. A weight of sufficient size such that the weight and hook together shall equal the total tearing load required in Table E-97.1 of this section shall be attached to the hook.
(viii) A tearing force shall be applied gently to the specimen by grasping the corner of the cloth at the opposite edge of the char from the load and raising the specimen and weight clear of the supporting surface. The end of the tear shall be marked off on the edge and the char length measurement made along the undamaged edge.
Loads for determining char length applicable to the weight of the test cloth shall be as shown in Table E-97.1.
TABLE L-2 (1)
| Specified weight per square yard of cloth : Total tearing weight before any fire retardant treatment or : for determining the coating-ounces tearing weight for : charred length determining the charred length-pound : per pound | |
|---|---|
| 2.0 to 6.0...: | 0.25 |
| Over 6.0 to 15.0...: | 0.50 |
| Over 15.0 to 23.0...: | 0.75 |
| Over 23.0...: | 1.0 |
FOOTNOTE(1) To change into S.I. (System International) units, 1 ounce=28.35 grams, 1 pound=453 grams, 1 yard=.91 metre.
(ix) The after-flame time of the specimen shall be recorded to the nearest 0.2-second and the char length to the nearest 0.1-inch (.3 cm).
(5) Report.
(i) The after-flame time and char length of the sample unit shall be the average of the results obtained from the individual specimens tested. All values obtained from the individual specimens shall be recorded.
(ii) The after-flame time shall be reported to the nearest 0.2-second and the char length to the nearest 0.1-inch (.3 cm).
(6) Source. These test requirements are contained in "Federal Test Method Standard 191, Method 5903 (1971)" and are reproduced for your convenience.
FIGURE E-97.1- Vertical flame resistance textile apparatus. All given
System International (S. I.) Unit: 1-inch = 2/54 cm.
dimensions are in inches.
(For Illustration, see printed copy)
FIGURE E-97.2 - Vertical flame resistance textile apparatus, door and top
view w/baffle. All given dimensions are in inches. Systems
International (S. I.) Unit: 1-inch = 2.54 cm.
(For Illustration, see printed copy)
FIGURE E-97.3 - Vertical flame resistance textile apparatus, view and
details. All given dimensions are in inches. System
International (S. I.) Unit: 1-inch = 2.54 cm.
(For Illustration, see printed copy)
FIGURE E-97.4 - Vertical flame resistance textile apparatus. All given
dimensions are in inches. System International (S. I.)
Unit: 1 inch = 2.54 cm.
(For Illustration, see printed copy)
[45 FR 60715, Sept. 12, 1980; 46 FR 24557, May 1, 1981]
1926.98 Respiratory protection for fire brigades.
(a) General requirements.
(1) The employer shall provide at no cost to the employee and assure the use of respirators which comply with the requirements of this paragraph. The employer shall assure that respiratory protective devices worn by fire brigade members meet the requirements contained in 1926.103 and the requirements contained in this paragraph, and are certified under 30 CFR Part 11.
(2) Approved self-contained breathing apparatus with full-facepiece, or with approved helmet or hood configuration, shall be provided to and worn by fire brigade members while working inside buildings or confined spaces where toxic products of combustion or an oxygen deficiency may be present.
Such apparatus shall also be worn during emergency situations involving toxic substances.
(3) Approved self-contained breathing apparatus may be equipped with either a 'buddy-breathing' device or a quick disconnect valve, even if these devices are not certified by NIOSH. If these accessories are used, they shall not cause damage to the apparatus, or restrict the air flow of the apparatus, or obstruct the normal operation of the apparatus.
(4) Approved self-contained compressed air breathing apparatus may be used with approved cylinders from other approved self-contained compressed air breathing apparatus provided that such cylinders are of the same capacity and pressure rating. All compressed air cylinders used with self-contained breathing apparatus shall meet DOT and NIOSH criteria.
(5) Self-contained breathing apparatus shall have a minimum service life rating of 30 minutes in accordance with the methods and requirements of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and NIOSH, except for escape self-contained breathing apparatus (ESCBA) used only for emergency escape purposes.
(6) Self-contained breathing apparatus shall be provided with an indicator which automatically sounds an audible alarm when the remaining service life of the apparatus is reduced to within a range of 20 to 25 percent of its rated service time.
(b) Positive-pressure breathing apparatus.
(1) The employer shall assure that self-contained breathing apparatus ordered or purchased after July 1, 1981, for use by fire brigade members performing interior structural fire fighting operations, are of the pressure-demand or other positive-pressure type. Effective July 1, 1983, only pressure-demand or other positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus shall be worn by fire brigade members performing interior structural fire fighting.
(2) This paragraph does not prohibit the use of a self-contained breathing apparatus where the apparatus can be switched from a demand to a positive-pressure mode. However, such apparatus shall be in the positive-pressure mode when fire brigade members are performing interior structural fire fighting operations.
(3) Negative-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus with a rated service life of more than 2 hours and which have a minimum protection factor of 5,000, as determined by an acceptable quantitative fit test performed on each individual, is acceptable for use only during those interior structural fire fighting situations for which the employer demonstrates that long duration breathing apparatus is necessary. Quantitative fit test procedures shall be available for inspection by the Assistant Secretary or authorized representative. Such negative-pressure breathing apparatus will continue to be acceptable for 18 months after a positive-pressure breathing apparatus with the same or longer rated service life is certified by NIOSH. After this 18-month period, all self-contained breathing apparatus used for these long duration situations shall be of the positive-pressure type.
(a) Employees working in areas where there is a possible danger of head injury from impact, or from falling or flying objects, or from electrical shock and burns, shall be protected by protective helmets. STEP
(b) Helmets for the protection of employees against impact and penetration of falling and flying objects shall meet the specifications contained in American National Standards Institute, Z89.1-1969, Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection. STEP
(c) Helmets for the head protection of employees exposed to high voltage electrical shock and burns shall meet the specifications contained in American National Standards Institute, Z89.2-1971. STEP
(a) Wherever it is not feasible to reduce the noise levels or duration of exposures to those specified in Table D-2, Permissible Noise Exposures, in 1926.52, ear protective devices shall be provided and used. STEP
(b) Ear protective devices inserted in the ear shall be fitted or determined individually by competent persons. STEP
(c) Plain cotton is not an acceptable protective device.
(a) General.
(1) Employees shall be provided with eye and face protection equipment when machines or operations present potential eye or face injury from physical, chemical, or radiation agents. STEP
(2) Eye and face protection equipment required by this Part shall meet the requirements specified in American National Standards Institute, Z87.1-1968, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection.
(3) Employees whose vision requires the use of corrective lenses in spectacles, when required by this regulation to wear eye protection, shall be protected by goggles or spectacles of one of the following types:
(i) Spectacles whose protective lenses provide optical correction;
(ii) Goggles that can be worn over corrective spectacles without disturbing the adjustment of the spectacles;
(iii) Goggles that incorporate corrective lenses mounted behind the protective lenses.
(4) Face and eye protection equipment shall be kept clean and in good repair. The use of this type equipment with structural or optical defects shall be prohibited.
(5) Table E-1 shall be used as a guide in the selection of face and eye protection for the hazards and operations noted.
TABLE E-1 - Eye and Face Protector Selection Guide
(For Table E-1, see printed copy)
*Non-side shield spectacles are available for limited hazard use requiring only frontal protection. See Table E-2, in paragraph (b) of this section, Filter Lens Shade Numbers for Protection Against Radiant Energy.
Applications
| : | Hazards | : Recommended protectors: | Operation |
|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : Bold type numbers signify | |
| : | : | : preferred protection | |
| : | : | : | |
| Acetylene-Burning, :Sparks, harmful rays, :7, 8, 9. | |||
| Acetylene-Cutting,: molten metal, flying : | |||
| Acetylene-Welding : particles... : | |||
| : | : | : | Chemical |
| Handling :Splash, acid burns, :2, 10 (For sever expo- |
: fumes... :sure add 10 over 2). : ... : ... Chipping...: Flying particles...:1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7A, 8A. : ... : ... Electric (arc) :Sparks, intense rays, :9, 11,(11 in combination welding...:molten metal...:with 4, 5, 6, in tinted : ... :lenses advisable) : ... : ... Furnace operations.:Glare, heat, molten :7, 8, 9 (For severe :metal :exposure add 10). : ... : ... Grinding-Light... .:Flying particles...:1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10. : ... : ... Grinding-Heavy. ...:Flying particles...:1, 3, 7A, 8A (For severe : ... :exposure add 10) : ... : ... Laboratory... :Chemical splash, :2 (10 when in combination :glass breakage...:with 4, 5, 6). : ... : ... Machining... :Flying particles...:1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10. : ... : ... Molten metals...:Heat, glare, sparks, :7, 8, (10 in combination :splash...:with 4, 5, 6, in tinted : ... :lenses) : ... : ... Spot welding...:Flying particles, : 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 :sparks...: : ... : ...
(6) Protectors shall meet the following minimum requirements:
(i) They shall provide adequate protection against the particular hazards for which they are designed.
(ii) They shall be reasonably comfortable when worn under the designated conditions.
(iii) They shall fit snugly and shall not unduly interfere with the movements of the wearer.
(iv) They shall be durable.
(v) They shall be capable of being disinfected.
(vi) They shall be easily cleanable.
(7) Every protector shall be distinctly marked to facilitate identification only of the manufacturer.
(8) When limitations or precautions are indicated by the manufacturer, they shall be transmitted to the user and care taken to see that such limitations and precautions are strictly observed.
(b) Protection against radiant energy-(1) Selection of shade numbers for welding filter. Table E-2 shall be used as a guide for the selection of the proper shade numbers of filter lenses or plates used in welding. Shades more dense than those listed may be used to suit the individual's needs.
TABLE E-2 - FILTER LENS SHADE NUMBERS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RADIANT ENERGY
| Welding operation | : Shade : number |
|---|---|
| Shielded metal-arc welding 1/16-, 3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes | : 10 |
| Gas-shielded arc welding (nonferrous) 1/16-, 3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes | : 11 |
| Gas-shielded arc welding (ferrous) 1/16-, 3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes | : 12 |
| Shielded metal-arc welding 3/16-, 7/32-, 1/4-inch diameter electrodes | : 12 |
| 5/16-, 3/8-inch diameter electrodes | : 14 |
| Atomic hydrogen welding | : 10-14 |
| Carbon-arc welding | : 14 |
| Soldering | : 2 |
| Torch brazing | : 3 or 4 |
| Light cutting, up to 1 inch | : 3 or 4 |
| Medium cutting, 1 inch to 6 inches | : 4 or 5 |
| Heavy cutting, over 6 inches | : 5 or 6 |
| Gas welding (light), up to 1/8-inch | : 4 or 5 |
| Gas welding (medium), 1/8-inch to 1/2-inch | : 5 or 6 |
| Gas welding (heavy), over 1/2-inch | : 6 or 8 |
(2) Laser protection.
(i) Employees whose occupation or assignment requires exposure to laser beams shall be furnished suitable laser safety goggles which will protect for the specific wavelength of the laser and be of optical density (O.D.) adequate for the energy involved. Table E-3 lists the maximum power or energy density for which adequate protection is afforded by glasses of optical densities from 5 through 8.
TABLE E-3 - SELECTING LASER SAFETY GLASS
| Intensity, CW | : | Attenuation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| maximum power | : | ||
| density (watts/ | : | Optical density : | |
| cm2) | : | (O.D.) | :Attenuation factor |
| : | : | ||
| 10-2) | : | 5 : | 10(5) |
| 10-1) | : | 6 : | 10(6) |
| 1.0 | : | 7 : | 10(7) |
| 10.0 | : | 8 : | 10(8) |
| : | : |
Output levels falling between lines in this table shall require the higher optical density.
(ii) All protective goggles shall bear a label identifying the following data:
1926.103 Respiratory protection.
(a) General.
(1) In emergencies, or when controls required by Subpart D of this part either fail or are inadequate to prevent harmful exposure to employees, appropriate respiratory protective devices shall be provided by the employer and shall be used. STEP
(2) Respiratory protective devices shall be approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health or acceptable to the U.S. Department of Labor for the specific contaminant to which the employee is exposed.
(b) Respirator selection.
(1) The chemical and physical properties of the contaminant, as well as the toxicity and concentration of the hazardous material, shall be considered in selecting the proper respirators.
(2) The nature and extent of the hazard, work requirements, and conditions, as well as the limitations and characteristics of the available respirators, shall also be factors considered in making the proper selection.
(3) The following table lists the types of respirators required for protection in dangerous atmospheres:
TABLE E-4 - SELECTION OF RESPIRATORS
| Hazard | Respirator (See Note) |
|---|---|
| Oxygen deficiency... | : Self-contained breathing apparatus. : Hose mask with blower. Combination : air-line respirator with auxiliary : self-contained air supply or an air- : storage receiver with alarm. |
| Gas and vapor contaminants immediately dangerous to life and health... | : Self-contained breathing apparatus. : Hose mask with blower. Air-purifying : full facepiece respirator (for escape : only). Combination air-line respirator : with auxiliary self-contained air : supply or an air-storage receiver with : alarm. |
| Not immediately dangerous to life and health... | : Air-line respirator. : Hose mask without blower. : Air-purifying, half-mask or mouthpiece : respirator with chemical cartridge. |
| Particulate contaminants immediately dangerous to life and health... | : Self contained breathing apparatus. : Hose mask with blower. : Air purifying, full facepiece respirator : with appropriate filter. : Self-rescue mouthpiece respirator (for : escape only). : Combination air-line respirator with : auxiliary self-contained air supply or : an air-storage receiver with alarm. |
| Not immediately dangerous to life and health... | : Air-purifying, half-mask or mouthpiece : respirator with filter pad or cartridge. : Air-line respirator. : Air-line abrasive-blasting respirator. |
: Hose-mask without blower. Combination gas, vapor, and: Self-contained breathing apparatus. particulate contaminants : immediately dangerous to : Hose mask with blower. life and health... : Air-purifying, full facepiece respirator : with chemical canister and appropriate : filter (gas mask with filter). : Self-rescue mouthpiece respirator (for : escape only). : Combination air-line respirator with : auxiliary self-contained air-supply or : an air-storage receiver with alarm. Not immediately dangerous : to life and health... : Air-line respirator. : Hose mask without blower. : Air-purifying, half-mask or mouthpiece : respirator with chemical cartridge and : appropriate filter.
NOTE:
For the purpose of this part, "immediately dangerous to life and health" is defined as a condition that either poses an immediate threat of severe exposure to contaminants such as radioactive materials, which are likely to have adverse delayed effects on health.
(c) Selection, issuance, use and care of respirators.
(1) Employees required to use respiratory protective equipment approved for use in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life shall be thoroughly trained in its use. Employees required to use other types of respiratory protective equipment shall be instructed in the use and limitations of such equipment.
(2) Respiratory protective equipment shall be inspected regularly and maintained in good condition. Gas mask canisters and chemical cartridges shall be replaced as necessary so as to provide complete protection. Mechanical filters shall be cleaned or replaced as necessary so as to avoid undue resistance to breathing.
(3) Respiratory protective equipment which has been previously used shall be cleaned and disinfected before it is issued by the employer to another employee. Emergency rescue equipment shall be cleaned and disinfected immediately after each use.
(d) Permissible practice.
(1) In the control of those occupational diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors, the primary objective shall be to prevent atmospheric contamination. This shall be accomplished as far as feasible by accepted engineering control measures (for example, enclosure or confinement of the operation, general and local ventilation, and substitution of less toxic materials). When effective engineering controls are not feasible, or while they are being instituted, appropriate respirators shall be used pursuant to the following requirements. STEP
(2) Respirators shall be provided by the employer when such equipment is necessary to protect the health of the employee. The employer shall provide the respirators which are applicable and suitable for the purpose intended. The employer shall be responsible for the establishment and maintenance of a respiratory protective program which shall include the requirements outlined in paragraph (e) of this section. STEP
(3) The employee shall use the provided respiratory protection in accordance with instructions and training received. STEP
(e) Requirements for a minimal acceptable program.
(1) Written standard operating procedures governing the selection and use of respirators shall be established. STEP
(2) Respirators shall be selected on the basis of hazards to which the worker is exposed. STEP
(3) The user shall be instructed and trained in the proper use of respirators and their limitations. STEP
(4) [Reserved]
(5) Respirators shall be regularly cleaned and disinfected. Those used by more than one worker shall be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after each use. STEP
(6) Respirators shall be stored in a convenient, clean, and sanitary location. STEP
(7) Respirators used routinely shall be inspected during cleaning. Worn or deteriorated parts shall be replaced. Respirators for emergency use such as self-contained devices shall be thoroughly inspected at least once a month and after each use. STEP
(8) Appropriate surveillance of work area conditions and degree of employee exposure or stress shall be maintained. STEP
(9) There shall be regular inspection and evaluation to determine the continued effectiveness of the program. STEP
(10) Persons should not be assigned to tasks requiring use of respirators unless it has been determined that they are physically able to perform the work and use the equipment. The local physician shall determine what health and physical conditions are pertinent. The respirator user's medical status should be reviewed periodically (for instance, annually). STEP
(11) Respirators shall be selected from among those jointly approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health under the provisions of 30 CFR part 11.
(f) Air quality.
(1) Compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration shall be of high purity. Oxygen shall meet the requirements of the United States Pharmacopoeia for medical or breathing oxygen. Breathing air shall meet at least the requirements of the specification for Grade D breathing air as described in Compressed Gas Association Commodity Specification G-7.1-1966. Compressed oxygen shall not be used in supplied-air respirators or in open circuit self-contained breathing apparatus that have previously used compressed air. Oxygen must never be used with air line respirators.
(2) Breathing air may be supplied to respirators from cylinders or air compressors.
(i) Cylinders shall be tested and maintained as prescribed in the Shipping Container Specification Regulations of the Department of Transportation (49 CFR Part 178).
(ii) The compressor for supplying air shall be equipped with necessary safety and standby devices. A breathing air-type compressor shall be used. Compressors shall be constructed and situated so as to avoid entry of contaminated air into the system and suitable in-line air purifying sorbent beds and filters installed to further assure breathing air quality. A receiver of sufficient capacity to enable the respirator wearer to escape from a contaminated atmosphere in event of compressor failure, and alarms to indicate compressor failure and overheating shall be installed in the system. If an oil-lubricated compressor is used, it shall have a high-temperature or carbon monoxide alarm, or both. If only a high-temperature alarm is used, the air from the compressor shall be frequently tested for carbon monoxide to insure that it meets the specifications in paragraph (f)(1) of this section. STEP
(3) Air line couplings shall be incompatible with outlets for other gas systems to prevent inadvertent servicing of air line respirators with nonrespirable gases or oxygen.
(4) Breathing gas containers shall be marked in accordance with American National Standard Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Containers to Identify the Material Contained, Z48.1-1954; Federal Specification BB-A-1034a, June 21, 1968, Air, Compressed for Breathing Purposes; or Interim Federal Specification GG-B-00675b, April 27, 1965, Breathing Apparatus, Self-Contained.
(g) Use of respirators.
(1) Standard procedures shall be developed for respirator use. These should include all information and guidance necessary for their proper selection, use, and care. Possible emergency and routine uses of respirators should be anticipated and planned for. STEP
(2) The correct respirator shall be specified for each job. The respirator type is usually specified in the work procedures by a qualified individual supervising the respiratory protective program. The individual issuing them shall be adequately instructed to insure that the correct respirator is issued.
(3) Written procedures shall be prepared covering safe use of respirators in dangerous atmospheres that might be encountered in normal operations or in emergencies. Personnel shall be familiar with these procedures and the available respirators. STEP
(i) In areas where the wearer, with failure of the respirator, could be overcome by a toxic or oxygen-deficient atmosphere, at least one additional man shall be present. Communications (visual, voice, or signal line) shall be maintained between both or all individuals present. Planning shall be such that one individual will be unaffected by any likely incident and have the proper rescue equipment to be able to assist the other(s) in case of emergency.
STEP
(ii) When self-contained breathing apparatus or hose masks with blowers are used in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health, standby men must be present with suitable rescue equipment.
STEP
(iii) Persons using air line respirators in atmospheres immediately hazardous to life or health shall be equipped with safety harnesses and safety lines for lifting or removing persons from hazardous atmospheres or other and equivalent provisions for the rescue of persons from hazardous atmospheres shall be used. A standby man or men with suitable self-contained breathing apparatus shall be at the nearest fresh air base for emergency rescue.
(4) Respiratory protection is no better than the respirator in use, even though it is worn conscientiously. Frequent random inspections shall be conducted by a qualified individual to assure that respirators are properly selected, used, cleaned, and maintained. STEP
(5) For safe use of any respirator, it is essential that the user be properly instructed in its selection, use, and maintenance. Both supervisors and workers shall be so instructed by competent persons. Training shall provide the men an opportunity to handle the respirator, have it fitted properly, test its face-piece-to-face seal, wear it in normal air for a long familiarity period, and, finally, to wear it in a test atmosphere. CPL 2-2.29 STEP
(i) Every respirator wearer shall receive fitting instructions including demonstrations and practice in how the respirator should be worn, how to adjust it, and how to determine if it fits properly. Respirators shall not be worn when conditions prevent a good face seal. Such conditions may be a growth of beard, sideburns, a skull cap that projects under the facepiece, or temple pieces on glasses. Also, the absence of one or both dentures can seriously affect the fit of a facepiece. The worker's diligence in observing these factors shall be evaluated by periodic check. To assure proper protection, the facepiece fit shall be checked by the wearer each time he puts on the respirator. This may be done by following the manufacturer's facepiece fitting instructions. STEP
(ii) Providing respiratory protection for individuals wearing corrective glasses is a serious problem. A proper seal cannot be established if the temple bars of eye glasses extend through the sealing edge of the full facepiece. As a temporary measure, glasses with short temple bars or without temple bars may be taped to the wearer's head. Wearing of contact lenses in contaminated atmospheres with a respirator shall not be allowed. Systems have been developed for mounting corrective lenses inside full facepieces. When a workman must wear corrective lenses as part of the facepiece, the facepiece and lenses shall be fitted by qualified individuals to provide good vision, comfort, and a gas-tight seal.
(iii) If corrective spectacles or goggles are required, they shall be worn so as not to affect the fit of the facepiece. Proper selection of equipment will minimize or avoid this problem.
(h) Maintenance and care of respirators.
(1) A program for maintenance and care of respirators shall be adjusted to the type of plant, working conditions, and hazards involved, and shall include the following basic services: STEP
Equipment shall be properly maintained to retain its original effectiveness.
(i) All respirators shall be inspected routinely before and after each use. A respirator that is not routinely used but is kept ready for emergency use shall be inspected after each use and at least monthly to assure that it is in satisfactory working condition.
STEP (ii) Self-contained breathing apparatus shall be inspected monthly. Air and oxygen cylinders shall be fully charged according to the manufacturer's instructions. It shall be determined that the regulator and warning devices function properly. STEP
(iii) Respirator inspection shall include a check of the tightness of connections and the condition of the facepiece, headbands, valves, connecting tube, and canisters. Rubber or elastomer parts shall be inspected for pliability and signs of deterioration. Stretching and manipulating rubber or elastomer parts with a massaging action will keep them pliable and flexible and prevent them from taking a set during storage.
(iv) A record shall be kept of inspection dates and findings for respirators maintained for emergency use. STEP
(3) Routinely used respirators shall be collected, cleaned, and disinfected as frequently as necessary to insure that proper protection is provided for the wearer. Respirators maintained for emergency use shall be cleaned and disinfected after each use.
(4) Replacement or repairs shall be done only by experienced persons with parts designed for the respirator. No attempt shall be made to replace components or to make adjustment or repairs beyond the manufacturer's recommendations. Reducing or admission valves or regulators shall be returned to the manufacturer or to a trained technician for adjustment or repair. STEP
(i) After inspection, cleaning, and necessary repair, respirators shall be stored to protect against dust, sunlight, heat, extreme cold, excessive moisture, or damaging chemicals. Respirators placed at stations and work areas for emergency use should be quickly accessible at all times and should be stored in compartments built for the purpose. The compartments should be clearly marked. Routinely used respirators, such as dust respirators, may be placed in plastic bags. Respirators should not be stored in such places as lockers or tool boxes unless they are in carrying cases or cartons.
STEP
(ii) Respirators should be packed or stored so that the facepiece and exhalation valve will rest in a normal position and function will not be impaired by the elastomer setting in an abnormal position.
(iii) Instructions for proper storage of emergency respirators, such as gas masks and self-contained breathing apparatus, are found in 'use and care' instructions usually mounted inside the carrying case lid.
(i) Identification of gas mask canisters.
(1) The primary means of identifying a gas mask canister shall be by means of properly worded labels. The secondary means of identifying a gas mask canister shall be by a color code.
(2) All who issue or use gas masks falling within the scope of this section shall see that all gas mask canisters purchased or used by them are properly labeled and colored in accordance with these requirements before they are placed in service and that the labels and colors are properly maintained at all times thereafter until the canisters have completely served their purpose.
(3) On each canister shall appear in bold letters the following:
(i) -
Canister for _____
Name for atmospheric contaminant
or
Type N Gas Mask Canister
(ii) In addition, essentially the following wording shall appear beneath the appropriate phrase on the canister label: "For respiratory protection in atmospheres containing not more than _ percent by volume of ___."
Name of atmospheric contaminant
(4) Canisters having a special high-efficiency filter for protection against radionuclides and other highly toxic particulates shall be labeled with a statement of the type and degree of protection afforded by the filter. The label shall be affixed to the neck end of, or to the gray stripe which is around and near the top of, the canister. The degree of protection shall be marked as the percent of penetration of the canister by a 0.3-micron-diameter dioctyl phthalate (DOP) smoke at a flow rate of 85 liters per minute.
(5) Each canister shall have a label warning that gas masks should be used only in atmospheres containing sufficient oxygen to support life (at least 16 percent by volume), since gas mask canisters are only designed to neutralize or remove contaminants from the air.
(6) Each gas mask canister shall be painted a distinctive color or combination of colors indicated in Table E-5. All colors used shall be such that they are clearly identifiable by the user and clearly distinguishable from one another. The color coating used shall offer a high degree of resistance to chipping, scaling, peeling, blistering, fading, and the effects of the ordinary atmospheres to which they may be exposed under normal conditions of storage and use. Appropriately colored pressure sensitive tape may be used for the stripes.
Table E-5
| Atmospheric contaminants to be protected against | Colors assigned (1) |
|---|---|
| Acid gases | White. |
| Hydrocyanic acid gas | White with 1/2 -inch green stripe completely around the canister near the bottom. |
| Chlorine gas | White with 1/2 -inch yellow stripe completely around the canister near the bottom. |
| Organic vapors | Black. |
| Ammonia gas | Green. |
| Acid gases and ammonia gas | Green with 1/2 -inch white stripe completely around the canister near the bottom. |
| Carbon monoxide | Blue. |
| Acid gases and organic vapors | Yellow. |
| Hydrocyanic acid gas and chloropicrin vapor | Yellow with 1/2 -inch blue stripe completely around the canister near the bottom. |
| Acid gases, organic vapors, and ammonia gases | Brown. |
| Radioactive materials, excepting tritium and noble gases | Purple (Magenta). |
| Particulates (dusts, fumes, mists, fogs, or smokes) in combination with any of the above gases or vapors | Canister color for contaminant, as designated above, with 1/2 -inch gray stripe completely around the canister near the top. |
| All of the above atmospheric contaminants | Red with 1/2 -inch gray stripe completely around the canister near the top. |
(1) Gray shall not be assigned as the main color for a canister designed to remove acids or vapors.
Note: Orange shall be used as a complete body, or stripe color to represent gases not included in this table. The user will need to refer to the canister label to determine the degree of protection the canister will afford.
(a) Employees working over or near water, where the danger of drowning exists, shall be provided with U.S. Coast Guard-approved life jacket or buoyant work vests. STEP
(b) Prior to and after each use, the buoyant work vests or life preservers shall be inspected for defects which would alter their strength or buoyancy. Defective units shall not be used.
(c) Ring buoys with at least 90 feet of line shall be provided and readily available for emergency rescue operations. Distance between ring buoys shall not exceed 200 feet. STEP
(d) At least one lifesaving skiff shall be immediately available at locations where employees are working over or adjacent to water. STEP
(a) 'Contaminant' means any material which by reason of its action upon, within, or to a person is likely to cause physical harm.
(d) 'O.D.' means optical density and refers to the light refractive characteristics of a lens.
(e) 'Radiant energy' means energy that travels outward in all directions from its sources.