(1) As used in this section:

1. (a) "Administrative stay" means a stay or other temporary remedy issued by an agency under Section 63G-4-405.

2. (b)

   1. (i) "Environmental action" means a cause of action that:

      1. (A) is filed on or after May 10, 2011; and
      2. (B) seeks judicial review of a final agency action to issue a permit by the Department of Natural Resources, the Department of Transportation, or the School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration.
   2. (ii) "Environmental action" does not include a cause of action that seeks judicial review of a final agency action to issue a permit by the Division of Oil, Gas, and Mining under Title 40, Chapter 10, Coal Mining and Reclamation.
3. (c) "Ultimately prevail on the merits" means, in the final judgment, the court rules in the plaintiff's favor on at least one cause of action.

(2) A plaintiff who obtains a preliminary injunction or administrative stay in an environmental action, but does not ultimately prevail on the merits of the environmental action, is liable for damages sustained by a defendant who:

1. (a) opposed the preliminary injunction or administrative stay; and
2. (b) was harmed by the preliminary injunction.

(3) A court may not issue a preliminary injunction and an agency may not grant an administrative stay in an environmental action until the plaintiff posts with the court or the agency a surety bond or cash equivalent:

1. (a) in an amount the court or agency considers sufficient to compensate each defendant opposing the preliminary injunction or administrative stay for damages that each defendant may sustain as a result of the preliminary injunction or administrative stay;
2. (b) written by a surety licensed to do business in the state; and
3. (c) payable to each defendant opposing the preliminary injunction or administrative stay in the event the plaintiff does not prevail on the merits of the environmental action.

(5)

1. (a) If the plaintiff does not ultimately prevail on the merits of the environmental action, the court shall execute the bond and award damages to each defendant who:

   1. (i) opposed the preliminary injunction or administrative stay; and
   2. (ii) was harmed as a result of its issuance.

2. (b) If the amount of money secured by the surety bond or cash equivalent:

   1. (i) exceeds the damages awarded, the court or agency shall return the excess to the plaintiff; and
   2. (ii) is less than the damages awarded, the court or agency shall order the plaintiff to pay the remaining damages.