1. (a) In general Subject to subsection (c), any consumer reporting agency may furnish a consumer report under the following circumstances and no other:

   1. (1) In response to the order of a court having jurisdiction to issue such an order, a subpoena issued in connection with proceedings before a Federal grand jury, or a subpoena issued in accordance with section 5318 of title 31 or section 3486 of title 18.
   2. (2) In accordance with the written instructions of the consumer to whom it relates.

   3. (3) To a person which it has reason to believe—

      1. (A) intends to use the information in connection with a credit transaction involving the consumer on whom the information is to be furnished and involving the extension of credit to, or review or collection of an account of, the consumer; or
      2. (B) intends to use the information for employment purposes; or
      3. (C) intends to use the information in connection with the underwriting of insurance involving the consumer; or
      4. (D) intends to use the information in connection with a determination of the consumer’s eligibility for a license or other benefit granted by a governmental instrumentality required by law to consider an applicant’s financial responsibility or status; or
      5. (E) intends to use the information, as a potential investor or servicer, or current insurer, in connection with a valuation of, or an assessment of the credit or prepayment risks associated with, an existing credit obligation; or

      6. (F) otherwise has a legitimate business need for the information—

         1. (i) in connection with a business transaction that is initiated by the consumer; or
         2. (ii) to review an account to determine whether the consumer continues to meet the terms of the account.
      7. (G) executive departments and agencies in connection with the issuance of government-sponsored individually-billed travel charge cards.

   4. (4) In response to a request by the head of a State or local child support enforcement agency (or a State or local government official authorized by the head of such an agency), if the person making the request certifies to the consumer reporting agency that—

      1. (A) the consumer report is needed for the purpose of establishing an individual’s capacity to make child support payments, determining the appropriate level of such payments, or enforcing a child support order, award, agreement, or judgment;
      2. (B) the parentage of the consumer for the child to which the obligation relates has been established or acknowledged by the consumer in accordance with State laws under which the obligation arises (if required by those laws); and
      3. (C) the consumer report will be kept confidential, will be used solely for a purpose described in subparagraph (A), and will not be used in connection with any other civil, administrative, or criminal proceeding, or for any other purpose.
   5. (5) To an agency administering a State plan under section 654 of title 42 for use to set an initial or modified child support award.
   6. (6) To the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or the National Credit Union Administration as part of its preparation for its appointment or as part of its exercise of powers, as conservator, receiver, or liquidating agent for an insured depository institution or insured credit union under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1811 et seq.] or the Federal Credit Union Act [12 U.S.C. 1751 et seq.], or other applicable Federal or State law, or in connection with the resolution or liquidation of a failed or failing insured depository institution or insured credit union, as applicable.

2. (b) Conditions for furnishing and using consumer reports for employment purposes

   1. (1) Certification from user A consumer reporting agency may furnish a consumer report for employment purposes only if—

      1. (A) the person who obtains such report from the agency certifies to the agency that—

         1. (i) the person has complied with paragraph (2) with respect to the consumer report, and the person will comply with paragraph (3) with respect to the consumer report if paragraph (3) becomes applicable; and
         2. (ii) information from the consumer report will not be used in violation of any applicable Federal or State equal employment opportunity law or regulation; and
      2. (B) the consumer reporting agency provides with the report, or has previously provided, a summary of the consumer’s rights under this subchapter, as prescribed by the Bureau under section 1681g(c)(3) ¹ of this title.

   2. (2) Disclosure to consumer

      1. (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), a person may not procure a consumer report, or cause a consumer report to be procured, for employment purposes with respect to any consumer, unless—

         1. (i) a clear and conspicuous disclosure has been made in writing to the consumer at any time before the report is procured or caused to be procured, in a document that consists solely of the disclosure, that a consumer report may be obtained for employment purposes; and
         2. (ii) the consumer has authorized in writing (which authorization may be made on the document referred to in clause (i)) the procurement of the report by that person.

      2. (B) Application by mail, telephone, computer, or other similar means If a consumer described in subparagraph (C) applies for employment by mail, telephone, computer, or other similar means, at any time before a consumer report is procured or caused to be procured in connection with that application—

         1. (i) the person who procures the consumer report on the consumer for employment purposes shall provide to the consumer, by oral, written, or electronic means, notice that a consumer report may be obtained for employment purposes, and a summary of the consumer’s rights under section 1681m(a)(3) ¹ of this title; and
         2. (ii) the consumer shall have consented, orally, in writing, or electronically to the procurement of the report by that person.

      3. (C) Scope Subparagraph (B) shall apply to a person procuring a consumer report on a consumer in connection with the consumer’s application for employment only if—

         1. (i) the consumer is applying for a position over which the Secretary of Transportation has the power to establish qualifications and maximum hours of service pursuant to the provisions of section 31502 of title 49, or a position subject to safety regulation by a State transportation agency; and
         2. (ii) as of the time at which the person procures the report or causes the report to be procured the only interaction between the consumer and the person in connection with that employment application has been by mail, telephone, computer, or other similar means.

   3. (3) Conditions on use for adverse actions

      1. (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), in using a consumer report for employment purposes, before taking any adverse action based in whole or in part on the report, the person intending to take such adverse action shall provide to the consumer to whom the report relates—

         1. (i) a copy of the report; and
         2. (ii) a description in writing of the rights of the consumer under this subchapter, as prescribed by the Bureau under section 1681g(c)(3) ¹ of this title.

      2. (B) Application by mail, telephone, computer, or other similar means

         1. (i) If a consumer described in subparagraph (C) applies for employment by mail, telephone, computer, or other similar means, and if a person who has procured a consumer report on the consumer for employment purposes takes adverse action on the employment application based in whole or in part on the report, then the person must provide to the consumer to whom the report relates, in lieu of the notices required under subparagraph (A) of this section and under section 1681m(a) of this title, within 3 business days of taking such action, an oral, written or electronic notification—

            1. (I) that adverse action has been taken based in whole or in part on a consumer report received from a consumer reporting agency;
            2. (II) of the name, address and telephone number of the consumer reporting agency that furnished the consumer report (including a toll-free telephone number established by the agency if the agency compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nationwide basis);
            3. (III) that the consumer reporting agency did not make the decision to take the adverse action and is unable to provide to the consumer the specific reasons why the adverse action was taken; and
            4. (IV) that the consumer may, upon providing proper identification, request a free copy of a report and may dispute with the consumer reporting agency the accuracy or completeness of any information in a report.
         2. (ii) If, under clause (B)(i)(IV), the consumer requests a copy of a consumer report from the person who procured the report, then, within 3 business days of receiving the consumer’s request, together with proper identification, the person must send or provide to the consumer a copy of a report and a copy of the consumer’s rights as prescribed by the Bureau under section 1681g(c)(3) ¹ of this title.

      3. (C) Scope Subparagraph (B) shall apply to a person procuring a consumer report on a consumer in connection with the consumer’s application for employment only if—

         1. (i) the consumer is applying for a position over which the Secretary of Transportation has the power to establish qualifications and maximum hours of service pursuant to the provisions of section 31502 of title 49, or a position subject to safety regulation by a State transportation agency; and
         2. (ii) as of the time at which the person procures the report or causes the report to be procured the only interaction between the consumer and the person in connection with that employment application has been by mail, telephone, computer, or other similar means.

   4. (4) Exception for national security investigations

      1. (A) In general In the case of an agency or department of the United States Government which seeks to obtain and use a consumer report for employment purposes, paragraph (3) shall not apply to any adverse action by such agency or department which is based in part on such consumer report, if the head of such agency or department makes a written finding that—

         1. (i) the consumer report is relevant to a national security investigation of such agency or department;
         2. (ii) the investigation is within the jurisdiction of such agency or department;

         3. (iii) there is reason to believe that compliance with paragraph (3) will—

            1. (I) endanger the life or physical safety of any person;
            2. (II) result in flight from prosecution;
            3. (III) result in the destruction of, or tampering with, evidence relevant to the investigation;
            4. (IV) result in the intimidation of a potential witness relevant to the investigation;
            5. (V) result in the compromise of classified information; or
            6. (VI) otherwise seriously jeopardize or unduly delay the investigation or another official proceeding.

      2. (B) Notification of consumer upon conclusion of investigation Upon the conclusion of a national security investigation described in subparagraph (A), or upon the determination that the exception under subparagraph (A) is no longer required for the reasons set forth in such subparagraph, the official exercising the authority in such subparagraph shall provide to the consumer who is the subject of the consumer report with regard to which such finding was made—

         1. (i) a copy of such consumer report with any classified information redacted as necessary;
         2. (ii) notice of any adverse action which is based, in part, on the consumer report; and
         3. (iii) the identification with reasonable specificity of the nature of the investigation for which the consumer report was sought.
      3. (C) Delegation by head of agency or department For purposes of subparagraphs (A) and (B), the head of any agency or department of the United States Government may delegate his or her authorities under this paragraph to an official of such agency or department who has personnel security responsibilities and is a member of the Senior Executive Service or equivalent civilian or military rank.

      4. (D) Definitions For purposes of this paragraph, the following definitions shall apply:

         1. (i) Classified information The term “classified information” means information that is protected from unauthorized disclosure under Executive Order No. 12958 or successor orders.
         2. (ii) National security investigation The term “national security investigation” means any official inquiry by an agency or department of the United States Government to determine the eligibility of a consumer to receive access or continued access to classified information or to determine whether classified information has been lost or compromised.

3. (c) Furnishing reports in connection with credit or insurance transactions that are not initiated by consumer

   1. (1) In general A consumer reporting agency may furnish a consumer report relating to any consumer pursuant to subparagraph (A) or (C) of subsection (a)(3) in connection with any credit or insurance transaction that is not initiated by the consumer only if—

      1. (A) the consumer authorizes the agency to provide such report to such person; or

      2. (B)

         1. (i) the transaction consists of a firm offer of credit or insurance;
         2. (ii) the consumer reporting agency has complied with subsection (e);
         3. (iii) there is not in effect an election by the consumer, made in accordance with subsection (e), to have the consumer’s name and address excluded from lists of names provided by the agency pursuant to this paragraph; and
         4. (iv) the consumer report does not contain a date of birth that shows that the consumer has not attained the age of 21, or, if the date of birth on the consumer report shows that the consumer has not attained the age of 21, such consumer consents to the consumer reporting agency to such furnishing.

   2. (2) Limits on information received under paragraph (1)(B) A person may receive pursuant to paragraph (1)(B) only—

      1. (A) the name and address of a consumer;
      2. (B) an identifier that is not unique to the consumer and that is used by the person solely for the purpose of verifying the identity of the consumer; and
      3. (C) other information pertaining to a consumer that does not identify the relationship or experience of the consumer with respect to a particular creditor or other entity.
   3. (3) Information regarding inquiries Except as provided in section 1681g(a)(5) of this title, a consumer reporting agency shall not furnish to any person a record of inquiries in connection with a credit or insurance transaction that is not initiated by a consumer.
4. (d) Reserved

5. (e) Election of consumer to be excluded from lists

   1. (1) In general A consumer may elect to have the consumer’s name and address excluded from any list provided by a consumer reporting agency under subsection (c)(1)(B) in connection with a credit or insurance transaction that is not initiated by the consumer, by notifying the agency in accordance with paragraph (2) that the consumer does not consent to any use of a consumer report relating to the consumer in connection with any credit or insurance transaction that is not initiated by the consumer.

   2. (2) Manner of notification A consumer shall notify a consumer reporting agency under paragraph (1)—

      1. (A) through the notification system maintained by the agency under paragraph (5); or
      2. (B) by submitting to the agency a signed notice of election form issued by the agency for purposes of this subparagraph.

   3. (3) Response of agency after notification through system Upon receipt of notification of the election of a consumer under paragraph (1) through the notification system maintained by the agency under paragraph (5), a consumer reporting agency shall—

      1. (A) inform the consumer that the election is effective only for the 5-year period following the election if the consumer does not submit to the agency a signed notice of election form issued by the agency for purposes of paragraph (2)(B); and
      2. (B) provide to the consumer a notice of election form, if requested by the consumer, not later than 5 business days after receipt of the notification of the election through the system established under paragraph (5), in the case of a request made at the time the consumer provides notification through the system.

   4. (4) Effectiveness of election An election of a consumer under paragraph (1)—

      1. (A) shall be effective with respect to a consumer reporting agency beginning 5 business days after the date on which the consumer notifies the agency in accordance with paragraph (2);

      2. (B) shall be effective with respect to a consumer reporting agency—

         1. (i) subject to subparagraph (C), during the 5-year period beginning 5 business days after the date on which the consumer notifies the agency of the election, in the case of an election for which a consumer notifies the agency only in accordance with paragraph (2)(A); or
         2. (ii) until the consumer notifies the agency under subparagraph (C), in the case of an election for which a consumer notifies the agency in accordance with paragraph (2)(B);
      3. (C) shall not be effective after the date on which the consumer notifies the agency, through the notification system established by the agency under paragraph (5), that the election is no longer effective; and
      4. (D) shall be effective with respect to each affiliate of the agency.

   5. (5) Notification system

      1. (A) In general Each consumer reporting agency that, under subsection (c)(1)(B), furnishes a consumer report in connection with a credit or insurance transaction that is not initiated by a consumer, shall—

         1. (i) establish and maintain a notification system, including a toll-free telephone number, which permits any consumer whose consumer report is maintained by the agency to notify the agency, with appropriate identification, of the consumer’s election to have the consumer’s name and address excluded from any such list of names and addresses provided by the agency for such a transaction; and

         2. (ii) publish by not later than 365 days after September 30, 1996, and not less than annually thereafter, in a publication of general circulation in the area served by the agency—

            1. (I) a notification that information in consumer files maintained by the agency may be used in connection with such transactions; and
            2. (II) the address and toll-free telephone number for consumers to use to notify the agency of the consumer’s election under clause (i).
      2. (B) Establishment and maintenance as compliance Establishment and maintenance of a notification system (including a toll-free telephone number) and publication by a consumer reporting agency on the agency’s own behalf and on behalf of any of its affiliates in accordance with this paragraph is deemed to be compliance with this paragraph by each of those affiliates.
   6. (6) Notification system by agencies that operate nationwide Each consumer reporting agency that compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nationwide basis shall establish and maintain a notification system for purposes of paragraph (5) jointly with other such consumer reporting agencies.

6. (f) Certain use or obtaining of information prohibited A person shall not use or obtain a consumer report for any purpose unless—

   1. (1) the consumer report is obtained for a purpose for which the consumer report is authorized to be furnished under this section; and
   2. (2) the purpose is certified in accordance with section 1681e of this title by a prospective user of the report through a general or specific certification.

7. (g) Protection of medical information

   1. (1) Limitation on consumer reporting agencies A consumer reporting agency shall not furnish for employment purposes, or in connection with a credit or insurance transaction, a consumer report that contains medical information (other than medical contact information treated in the manner required under section 1681c(a)(6) of this title) about a consumer, unless—

      1. (A) if furnished in connection with an insurance transaction, the consumer affirmatively consents to the furnishing of the report;

      2. (B) if furnished for employment purposes or in connection with a credit transaction—

         1. (i) the information to be furnished is relevant to process or effect the employment or credit transaction; and
         2. (ii) the consumer provides specific written consent for the furnishing of the report that describes in clear and conspicuous language the use for which the information will be furnished; or
      3. (C) the information to be furnished pertains solely to transactions, accounts, or balances relating to debts arising from the receipt of medical services, products, or devises, where such information, other than account status or amounts, is restricted or reported using codes that do not identify, or do not provide information sufficient to infer, the specific provider or the nature of such services, products, or devices, as provided in section 1681c(a)(6) of this title.
   2. (2) Limitation on creditors Except as permitted pursuant to paragraph (3)(C) or regulations prescribed under paragraph (5)(A), a creditor shall not obtain or use medical information (other than medical information treated in the manner required under section 1681c(a)(6) of this title) pertaining to a consumer in connection with any determination of the consumer’s eligibility, or continued eligibility, for credit.

   3. (3) Actions authorized by Federal law, insurance activities and regulatory determinations Section 1681a(d)(3) of this title shall not be construed so as to treat information or any communication of information as a consumer report if the information or communication is disclosed—

      1. (A) in connection with the business of insurance or annuities, including the activities described in section 18B of the model Privacy of Consumer Financial and Health Information Regulation issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (as in effect on January 1, 2003);
      2. (B) for any purpose permitted without authorization under the Standards for Individually Identifiable Health Information promulgated by the Department of Health and Human Services pursuant to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or referred to under section 1179 of such Act,¹ or described in section 6802(e) of this title; or
      3. (C) as otherwise determined to be necessary and appropriate, by regulation or order, by the Bureau or the applicable State insurance authority (with respect to any person engaged in providing insurance or annuities).
   4. (4) Limitation on redisclosure of medical information Any person that receives medical information pursuant to paragraph (1) or (3) shall not disclose such information to any other person, except as necessary to carry out the purpose for which the information was initially disclosed, or as otherwise permitted by statute, regulation, or order.

   5. (5) Regulations and effective date for paragraph (2)

      1. (A) ² Regulations required The Bureau may, after notice and opportunity for comment, prescribe regulations that permit transactions under paragraph (2) that are determined to be necessary and appropriate to protect legitimate operational, transactional, risk, consumer, and other needs (and which shall include permitting actions necessary for administrative verification purposes), consistent with the intent of paragraph (2) to restrict the use of medical information for inappropriate purposes.
   6. (6) Coordination with other laws No provision of this subsection shall be construed as altering, affecting, or superseding the applicability of any other provision of Federal law relating to medical confidentiality.

(Pub. L. 90–321, title VI, § 604, as added Pub. L. 91–508, title VI, § 601, Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1129; amended Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, § 964(c), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 506; Pub. L. 104–193, title III, § 352, Aug. 22, 1996, 110 Stat. 2240; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §§ 2403, 2404(a), (b), 2405, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–430, 3009–431, 3009–433, 3009–434; Pub. L. 105–107, title III, § 311(a), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2255; Pub. L. 105–347, §§ 2, 3, 6(4), Nov. 2, 1998, 112 Stat. 3208, 3210, 3211; Pub. L. 107–306, title VIII, § 811(b)(8)(A), Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2426; Pub. L. 108–159, title II, § 213(c), title IV, §§ 411(a), 412(f), title VIII, § 811(b), Dec. 4, 2003, 117 Stat. 1979, 1999, 2003, 2011; Pub. L. 108–177, title III, § 361(j), Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2625; Pub. L. 109–351, title VII, § 719, Oct. 13, 2006, 120 Stat. 1998; Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title VII, § 743, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2033; Pub. L. 111–24, title III, § 302, May 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1748; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, § 1088(a)(2)(A), (4), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2087; Pub. L. 114–94, div. G, title LXXX, § 80001, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1792; Pub. L. 116–283, div. F, title LXIII, § 6308(b), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 4594; Pub. L. 119–36, § 2(a), Sept. 5, 2025, 139 Stat. 493.)

Amendment of Subsection (c)

Pub. L. 119–36, §§ 2(a), 3, Sept. 5, 2025, 139 Stat. 493, 494, provided that, effective on the date that is 180 days after Sept. 5, 2025, subsection (c) of this section is amended by adding at the end the following:

(4) Treatment of prescreening report requests

(A) Definitions

In this paragraph:

(i) Credit union

The term “credit union” means a Federal credit union or a State credit union, as those terms are defined, respectively, in section 101 of the Federal Credit Union Act (12 U.S.C. 1752).

(ii) Insured depository institution

The term “insured depository institution” has the meaning given the term in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(c)).

(iii) Residential mortgage loan

The term “residential mortgage loan” has the meaning given the term in section 5102 of title 12.

(iv) Servicer

The term “servicer” has the meaning given the term in section 2605(i) of title 12.

(B) Limitation

If a person requests a consumer report from a consumer reporting agency in connection with a credit transaction involving a residential mortgage loan, that agency may not, based in whole or in part on that request, furnish a consumer report to another person under this subsection unless—

(i) the transaction consists of a firm offer of credit or insurance; and

(ii) that other person—

(I) has submitted documentation to that agency certifying that such other person has, pursuant to paragraph (1)(A), the authorization of the consumer to whom the consumer report relates; or

(II)(aa) has originated a current residential mortgage loan of the consumer to whom the consumer report relates;

(bb) is the servicer of a current residential mortgage loan of the consumer to whom the consumer report relates; or

(cc)(AA) is an insured depository institution or credit union; and

(BB) holds a current account for the consumer to whom the consumer report relates.

See 2025 Amendment note below.

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(6), is act Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 967, § 2, 64 Stat. 873, which is classified generally to chapter 16 (§ 1811 et seq.) of Title 12, Banks and Banking. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1811 of Title 12 and Tables.

The Federal Credit Union Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(6), is act June 26, 1934, ch. 750, 48 Stat. 1216, which is classified principally to chapter 14 (§ 1751 et seq.) of Title 12, Banks and Banking. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1751 of Title 12 and Tables.

Section 1681g(c) of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(B), (3)(A)(ii), (B)(ii), was amended generally by Pub. L. 108–159, title II, § 211(c), Dec. 4, 2003, 117 Stat. 1970, and, as so amended, no longer contains a par. (3).

Section 1681m(a)(3) of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(B)(i), was redesignated section 1681m(a)(4) of this title by Pub. L. 111–203, title X, § 1100F(1)(A), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2112.

Executive Order No. 12958, referred to in subsec. (b)(4)(D)(i), which was formerly set out under section 435 (now section 3161) of Title 50, War and National Defense, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13526, § 6.2(g), Dec. 29, 2009, 75 F.R. 731.

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (g)(3)(B), is Pub. L. 104–191, Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1936. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1996 Amendments note set out under section 201 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and Tables.

Section 1179 of such Act, referred to in subsec. (g)(3)(B), probably means section 1179 of the Social Security Act, as added by section 262(a) of Pub. L. 104–191, title II, Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2030, which is classified to section 1320d–8 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Amendments

2025—Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 119–36 added par. (4).

2021—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 116–283 substituted “such an order, a” for “such an order, or a” and inserted “, or a subpoena issued in accordance with section 5318 of title 31 or section 3486 of title 18” after “grand jury”.

2015—Subsec. (a)(4)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, § 80001(1), substituted “, determining the appropriate level of such payments, or enforcing a child support order, award, agreement, or judgment” for “or determining the appropriate level of such payments”.

Subsec. (a)(4)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, § 80001(2)(A), substituted “parentage” for “paternity” and inserted “and” at end.

Subsec. (a)(4)(C), (D). Pub. L. 114–94, § 80001(3), (4), redesignated subpar. (D) as (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: “the person has provided at least 10 days’ prior notice to the consumer whose report is requested, by certified or registered mail to the last known address of the consumer, that the report will be requested; and”.

2010—Subsec. (b)(1)(B), (3)(A)(ii), (B)(ii). Pub. L. 111–203, § 1088(a)(2)(A), substituted “Bureau” for “Federal Trade Commission”.

Subsec. (g)(3)(C). Pub. L. 111–203, § 1088(a)(4)(A), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: “as otherwise determined to be necessary and appropriate, by regulation or order and subject to paragraph (6), by the Commission, any Federal banking agency or the National Credit Union Administration (with respect to any financial institution subject to the jurisdiction of such agency or Administration under paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of section 1681s(b) of this title, or the applicable State insurance authority (with respect to any person engaged in providing insurance or annuities).”

Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 111–203, § 1088(a)(4)(B), added par. (5) and struck out former par. (5) which related to prescription of par. (2) regulations by each Federal banking agency and the National Credit Union Administration and required issuance of final regulations before the end of the 6-month period beginning on Dec. 4, 2003.

2009—Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 111–24 added cl. (iv).

2007—Subsec. (a)(3)(G). Pub. L. 110–161 added subpar. (G).

2006—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 109–351 added par. (6).

2003—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–159, § 811(b), realigned margins.

Subsec. (b)(4)(D) to (F). Pub. L. 108–177 struck out subpars. (D) and (E) and redesignated subpar. (F) as (D). Prior to amendment, subpars. (D) and (E) read as follows:

“(D) Report to the congress.—Except as provided in subparagraph (E), not later than January 31 of each year, the head of each agency and department of the United States Government that exercised authority under this paragraph during the preceding year shall submit a report to the Congress on the number of times the department or agency exercised such authority during the year.

“(E) Reports to congressional intelligence committees.—In the case of a report to be submitted under subparagraph (D) to the congressional intelligence committees (as defined in section 401a of title 50), the submittal date for such report shall be as provided in section 415b of title 50.”

Subsec. (e)(3)(A), (4)(B)(i). Pub. L. 108–159, § 213(c), substituted “5-year period” for “2-year period”.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 108–159, § 411(a), amended heading and text of subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “A consumer reporting agency shall not furnish for employment purposes, or in connection with a credit or insurance transaction, a consumer report that contains medical information about a consumer, unless the consumer consents to the furnishing of the report.”

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 108–159, § 412(f)(1), inserted “(other than medical contact information treated in the manner required under section 1681c(a)(6) of this title)” after “a consumer report that contains medical information” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 108–159, § 412(f)(2), inserted “(other than medical information treated in the manner required under section 1681c(a)(6) of this title)” after “a creditor shall not obtain or use medical information”.

2002—Subsec. (b)(4)(D). Pub. L. 107–306, § 811(b)(8)(A)(i), substituted “Except as provided in subparagraph (E), not later than” for “Not later than”.

Subsec. (b)(4)(E), (F). Pub. L. 107–306, § 811(b)(8)(A)(ii), (iii), added subpar. (E) and redesignated former subpar. (E) as (F).

1998—Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 105–347, § 3, inserted “, or has previously provided,” before “a summary”.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 105–347, § 2(a), amended heading and text of par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “A person may not procure a consumer report, or cause a consumer report to be procured, for employment purposes with respect to any consumer, unless—

“(A) a clear and conspicuous disclosure has been made in writing to the consumer at any time before the report is procured or caused to be procured, in a document that consists solely of the disclosure, that a consumer report may be obtained for employment purposes; and

“(B) the consumer has authorized in writing the procurement of the report by that person.”

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 105–347, § 2(b), amended heading and text of par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “In using a consumer report for employment purposes, before taking any adverse action based in whole or in part on the report, the person intending to take such adverse action shall provide to the consumer to whom the report relates—

“(A) a copy of the report; and

“(B) a description in writing of the rights of the consumer under this subchapter, as prescribed by the Federal Trade Commission under section 1681g(c)(3) of this title.”

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–347, § 6(4), struck out “or a direct marketing transaction” after “or insurance transaction”.

1997—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 105–107 added par. (4).

1996—Pub. L. 104–208, §§ 2403(a), 2404(a)(1), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and inserted heading, substituted “Subject to subsection (c), any consumer reporting agency” for “A consumer reporting agency” in introductory provisions, added subpars. (E) and (F) of par. (3), and struck out former subpar. (E) of par. (3) which read as follows: “otherwise has a legitimate business need for the information in connection with a business transaction involving the consumer.”

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2403(b), added subsec. (b).

Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2404(a)(2), added subsecs. (c) to (e).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2404(b), added subsec. (f).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2405, added subsec. (g).

Pars. (4), (5). Pub. L. 104–193 added pars. (4) and (5).

1989—Par. (1). Pub. L. 101–73 inserted “, or a subpoena issued in connection with proceedings before a Federal grand jury” before period at end.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2025 Amendment

Pub. L. 119–36, § 3, Sept. 5, 2025, 139 Stat. 494, provided that:

“This Act [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note under

section 1601 of this title], and the amendments made by this Act, shall take effect on the date that is 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [

Sept. 5, 2025].”

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date of 2009 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–24 effective 9 months after May 22, 2009, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 111–24, set out as a note under section 1602 of this title.

Effective Date of 2003 Amendments

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–177 effective Dec. 31, 2003, see section 361(n) of Pub. L. 108–177, set out as a note under section 1611 of Title 10, Armed Forces.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–159 subject to joint regulations establishing effective dates as prescribed by Federal Reserve Board and Federal Trade Commission, except as otherwise provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–159, set out as a note under section 1681 of this title.

Amendment by section 411 of Pub. L. 108–159 effective at end of 180-day period beginning on Dec. 4, 2003, with certain exceptions, see section 411(d) of Pub. L. 108–159, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 1681a of this title.

Pub. L. 108–159, title IV, § 412(g), Dec. 4, 2003, 117 Stat. 2003, provided that:

“The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 1681c, 1681s, and 1681s–2 of this title] shall take effect at the end of the 15-month period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act [

Dec. 4, 2003].”

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–347 deemed to have same effective date as amendments made by section 2403 of Pub. L. 104–208, see section 7 of Pub. L. 105–347, set out as a note under section 1681a of this title.

Effective Date of 1997 Amendment

Pub. L. 105–107, title III, § 311(c), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2256, provided that:

“The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [amending this section and

section 1681e of this title] shall take effect as if such amendments had been included in chapter 1 of subtitle D of the Economic Growth and Regulatory Paperwork Reduction Act of 1996 [chapter 1 (§§ 2401–2422) of subtitle D of title II of div. A of

Pub. L. 104–208], as of the date of the enactment of such Act [

Sept. 30, 1996].”

Effective Date of 1996 Amendments

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–208 effective 365 days after Sept. 30, 1996, with special rule for early compliance, see section 2420 of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1681a of this title.

For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 104–193, see section 395(a)–(c) of Pub. L. 104–193, set out as a note under section 654 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Effective Date

Section effective upon the expiration of one hundred and eighty days following Oct. 26, 1970, see section 504(d) of Pub. L. 90–321, as added by Pub. L. 91–508, set out as a note under section 1681 of this title.

Public Awareness Campaign

Pub. L. 108–159, title II, § 213(d), Dec. 4, 2003, 117 Stat. 1979, provided that:

“The Commission shall actively publicize and conspicuously post on its website any address and the toll-free telephone number established as part of a notification system for opting out of prescreening under section 604(e) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (

15 U.S.C. 1681b(e)), and otherwise take measures to increase public awareness regarding the availability of the right to opt out of prescreening.”

[For definitions of terms used in section 213(d) of Pub. L. 108–159, set out above, see section 2 of Pub. L. 108–159, set out as a Definitions note under section 1681 of this title.]

Coordination With Federal Laws Relating to Medical Confidentiality

Pub. L. 108–159, title IV, § 412(d), Dec. 4, 2003, 117 Stat. 2002, provided that:

“No provision of any amendment made by this section [amending this section and sections 1681c, 1681s, and 1681s–2 of this title] shall be construed as altering, affecting, or superseding the applicability of any other provision of Federal law relating to medical confidentiality.”

FTC Guidelines Regarding Prescreening for Insurance Transactions

Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, § 2404(c), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–434, provided that:

“The Federal Trade Commission may issue such guidelines as it deems necessary with respect to the use of consumer reports in connection with insurance transactions that are not initiated by the consumer pursuant to section 604(c) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act [

15 U.S.C. 1681b(c)], as added by subsection (a) of this section.”

¹ See References in Text note below.

² So in original. No subpar. (B) has been enacted.