Section, added Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VIII, § 823(a)(1), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2018; amended Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title VIII, § 841(c)(1), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1514; Pub. L. 102–25, title VII, § 701(g)(1), Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 115, authorized studies in fields of research and development essential to development of critical technologies.