1. (a) Introduction.

   1. (1) The English language arts and reading Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) embody the interconnected nature of listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking through the seven integrated strands of developing and sustaining foundational language skills; comprehension; response; multiple genres; author's purpose and craft; composition; and inquiry and research. The strands focus on academic oracy (proficiency in oral expression and comprehension), authentic reading, and reflective writing to ensure a literate Texas. The strands are integrated and progressive with students continuing to develop knowledge and skills with increased complexity and nuance in order to think critically and adapt to the ever-evolving nature of language and literacy.
   2. (2) The seven strands of the essential knowledge and skills for English language arts and reading are intended to be integrated for instructional purposes and are recursive in nature. Strands include the four domains of language (listening, speaking, reading, writing) and their application in order to accelerate the acquisition of language skills so that students develop high levels of social and academic language proficiency. Although some strands may require more instructional time, each strand is of equal value, may be presented in any order, and should be integrated throughout the year. Additionally, students should engage in academic conversations, write, read, and be read to on a daily basis with opportunities for cross-curricular content and student choice.
   3. (3) Text complexity increases with challenging vocabulary, sophisticated sentence structures, nuanced text features, cognitively demanding content, and subtle relationships among ideas (Texas Education Agency, STAAR Performance Level Descriptors, 2013). As skills and knowledge are obtained in each of the seven strands, students will continue to apply earlier standards with greater depth to increasingly complex texts in multiple genres as they become self-directed, critical learners who work collaboratively while continuously using metacognitive skills.
   4. (4) English language learners (ELLs) are expected to meet standards in a second language; however, their proficiency in English influences the ability to meet these standards. To demonstrate this knowledge throughout the stages of English language acquisition, comprehension of text requires additional scaffolds such as adapted text, translations, native language support, cognates, summaries, pictures, realia, glossaries, bilingual dictionaries, thesauri, and other modes of comprehensible input. ELLs can and should be encouraged to use knowledge of their first language to enhance vocabulary development; vocabulary needs to be in the context of connected discourse so that it is meaningful. Strategic use of the student's first language is important to ensure linguistic, affective, cognitive, and academic development in English.
   5. (5) Current research stresses the importance of effectively integrating second language acquisition with quality content area education in order to ensure that ELLs acquire social and academic language proficiency in English, learn the knowledge and skills, and reach their full academic potential. Instruction must be linguistically accommodated in accordance with the English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS) and the student's English language proficiency levels to ensure the mastery of knowledge and skills in the required curriculum is accessible. For a further understanding of second language acquisition needs, refer to the ELPS and proficiency-level descriptors adopted in Chapter 74, Subchapter A, of this title (relating to Required Curriculum).
   6. (6) Oral language proficiency holds a pivotal role in school success; verbal engagement must be maximized across grade levels (Kinsella, 2010). In order for students to become thinkers and proficient speakers in science, social studies, mathematics, fine arts, language arts and reading, and career and technical education, they must have multiple opportunities to practice and apply the academic language of each discipline (Fisher, Frey, & Rothenberg, 2008).
   7. (7) Statements that contain the word "including" reference content that must be mastered, while those containing the phrase "such as" are intended as possible illustrative examples.

2. (b) Knowledge and skills.

   1. (1) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, discussion, and thinking--oral language. The student develops oral language through listening, speaking, and discussion. The student is expected to:

      1. (A) listen actively to interpret a message and ask clarifying questions that build on others' ideas;
      2. (B) follow and give complex oral instructions to perform specific tasks, answer questions, or solve problems;
      3. (C) present a critique of a literary work, film, or dramatic production, employing eye contact, speaking rate, volume, enunciation, a variety of natural gestures, and conventions of language to communicate ideas effectively; and
      4. (D) engage in meaningful discourse and provide and accept constructive feedback from others.

   2. (2) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--vocabulary. The student uses newly acquired vocabulary expressively. The student is expected to:

      1. (A) use print or digital resources to determine the meaning, syllabication, pronunciation, word origin, and part of speech;
      2. (B) use context such as contrast or cause and effect to clarify the meaning of words; and
      3. (C) determine the meaning and usage of grade-level academic English words derived from Greek and Latin roots such as omni, log/logue, gen, vid/vis, phil, luc, and sens/sent.
   3. (3) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--fluency. The student reads grade-level text with fluency and comprehension. The student is expected to adjust fluency when reading grade-level text based on the reading purpose.
   4. (4) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--self-sustained reading. The student reads grade-appropriate texts independently. The student is expected to self-select text and read independently for a sustained period of time.

   5. (5) Comprehension skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student uses metacognitive skills to both develop and deepen comprehension of increasingly complex texts. The student is expected to:

      1. (A) establish purpose for reading assigned and self-selected texts;
      2. (B) generate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding and gain information;
      3. (C) make and correct or confirm predictions using text features, characteristics of genre, and structures;
      4. (D) create mental images to deepen understanding;
      5. (E) make connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society;
      6. (F) make inferences and use evidence to support understanding;
      7. (G) evaluate details read to determine key ideas;
      8. (H) synthesize information to create new understanding; and
      9. (I) monitor comprehension and make adjustments such as re-reading, using background knowledge, asking questions, and annotating when understanding breaks down.

   6. (6) Response skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student responds to an increasingly challenging variety of sources that are read, heard, or viewed. The student is expected to:

      1. (A) describe personal connections to a variety of sources, including self-selected texts;
      2. (B) write responses that demonstrate understanding of texts, including comparing sources within and across genres;
      3. (C) use text evidence to support an appropriate response;
      4. (D) paraphrase and summarize texts in ways that maintain meaning and logical order;
      5. (E) interact with sources in meaningful ways such as notetaking, annotating, freewriting, or illustrating;
      6. (F) respond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate;
      7. (G) discuss and write about the explicit or implicit meanings of text;
      8. (H) respond orally or in writing with appropriate register, vocabulary, tone, and voice; and
      9. (I) reflect on and adjust responses as new evidence is presented.

   7. (7) Multiple genres: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--literary elements. The student recognizes and analyzes literary elements within and across increasingly complex traditional, contemporary, classical, and diverse literary texts. The student is expected to:

      1. (A) infer multiple themes within and across texts using text evidence;
      2. (B) analyze how characters' qualities influence events and resolution of the conflict;
      3. (C) analyze plot elements, including the use of foreshadowing and suspense, to advance the plot; and
      4. (D) analyze how the setting influences character and plot development.

   8. (8) Multiple genres: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--genres. The student recognizes and analyzes genre-specific characteristics, structures, and purposes within and across increasingly complex traditional, contemporary, classical, and diverse texts. The student is expected to:

      1. (A) demonstrate knowledge of literary genres such as realistic fiction, adventure stories, historical fiction, mysteries, humor, myths, fantasy, and science fiction;
      2. (B) analyze the effect of rhyme scheme, meter, and graphical elements such as punctuation and capitalization in poems across a variety of poetic forms;
      3. (C) analyze how playwrights develop characters through dialogue and staging;

      4. (D) analyze characteristics and structural elements of informational text, including:

         1. (i) the controlling idea or thesis with supporting evidence;
         2. (ii) features such as references or acknowledgements; and
         3. (iii) organizational patterns that support multiple topics, categories, and subcategories;

      5. (E) analyze characteristics and structures of argumentative text by:

         1. (i) identifying the claim;
         2. (ii) explaining how the author uses various types of evidence and consideration of alternatives to support the argument; and
         3. (iii) identifying the intended audience or reader; and
      6. (F) analyze characteristics of multimodal and digital texts.

   9. (9) Author's purpose and craft: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student uses critical inquiry to analyze the authors' choices and how they influence and communicate meaning within a variety of texts. The student analyzes and applies author's craft purposefully in order to develop his or her own products and performances. The student is expected to:

      1. (A) explain the author's purpose and message within a text;
      2. (B) analyze how the use of text structure contributes to the author's purpose;
      3. (C) analyze the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes;
      4. (D) describe how the author's use of figurative language such as metaphor and personification achieves specific purposes;
      5. (E) identify the use of literary devices, including subjective and objective point of view;
      6. (F) analyze how the author's use of language contributes to mood, voice, and tone; and
      7. (G) explain the purpose of rhetorical devices such as direct address and rhetorical questions and logical fallacies such as loaded language and sweeping generalizations.

   10. (10) Composition: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--writing process. The student uses the writing process recursively to compose multiple texts that are legible and uses appropriate conventions. The student is expected to:

       1. (A) plan a first draft by selecting a genre appropriate for a particular topic, purpose, and audience using a range of strategies such as discussion, background reading, and personal interests;

       2. (B) develop drafts into a focused, structured, and coherent piece of writing by:

          1. (i) organizing with purposeful structure, including an introduction, transitions, coherence within and across paragraphs, and a conclusion; and
          2. (ii) developing an engaging idea reflecting depth of thought with specific facts, details, and examples;
       3. (C) revise drafts for clarity, development, organization, style, word choice, and sentence variety;

       4. (D) edit drafts using standard English conventions, including:

          1. (i) complete complex sentences with subject-verb agreement and avoidance of splices, run-ons, and fragments ;
          2. (ii) consistent, appropriate use of verb tenses;
          3. (iii) conjunctive adverbs;
          4. (iv) prepositions and prepositional phrases and their influence on subject-verb agreement;
          5. (v) pronoun-antecedent agreement;
          6. (vi) subordinating conjunctions to form complex sentences and correlative conjunctions such as either/or and neither/nor ;
          7. (vii) correct capitalization;
          8. (viii) punctuation, including commas to set off words, phrases, and clauses, and semicolons; and
          9. (ix) correct spelling, including commonly confused terms such as its/it's, affect/effect, there/their/they're, and to/two/too; and
       5. (E) publish written work for appropriate audiences.

   11. (11) Composition: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--genres. The student uses genre characteristics and craft to compose multiple texts that are meaningful. The student is expected to:

       1. (A) compose literary texts such as personal narratives, fiction, and poetry using genre characteristics and craft;
       2. (B) compose informational texts, including multi-paragraph essays that convey information about a topic, using a clear controlling idea or thesis statement and genre characteristics and craft;
       3. (C) compose multi-paragraph argumentative texts using genre characteristics and craft; and
       4. (D) compose correspondence that reflects an opinion, registers a complaint, or requests information in a business or friendly structure.

   12. (12) Inquiry and research: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student engages in both short-term and sustained recursive inquiry processes for a variety of purposes. The student is expected to:

       1. (A) generate student-selected and teacher-guided questions for formal and informal inquiry;
       2. (B) develop and revise a plan;
       3. (C) refine the major research question, if necessary, guided by the answers to a secondary set of questions;
       4. (D) identify and gather relevant information from a variety of sources;
       5. (E) differentiate between primary and secondary sources;
       6. (F) synthesize information from a variety of sources;
       7. (G) differentiate between paraphrasing and plagiarism when using source materials;

       8. (H) examine sources for:

          1. (i) reliability, credibility, and bias; and
          2. (ii) faulty reasoning such as hyperbole, emotional appeals, and stereotype;
       9. (I) display academic citations and use source materials ethically; and
       10. (J) use an appropriate mode of delivery, whether written, oral, or multimodal, to present results.

Source Note:The provisions of this §110.23 adopted to be effective September 25, 2017, 42 TexReg 4999; amended to be effective August 1, 2019, 44 TexReg 3812.