Voting by members of a general or special court-martial on the findings and on the sentence must be by secret written ballot. The junior member of the court shall count the votes. The count must be checked by the president, who shall forthwith announce the result of the ballot to the members of the court and then the military judge.

1. (1) that the accused must be presumed to be innocent until his guilt is established by legal and competent evidence beyond reasonable doubt;
2. (2) that in the case being considered, if there is a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused, the doubt must be resolved in favor of the accused and he must be acquitted;
3. (3) that if there is a reasonable doubt as to the degree of guilt, the finding must be in a lower degree as to which there is no reasonable doubt;

4. (4) that the burden of proof of establishing the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt is upon the State.

   This section does not apply to a court-martial composed of a military judge only. The military judge of such a court-martial shall determine all questions of law and fact arising during the proceedings, and, if the accused is convicted, adjudge an appropriate sentence. The military judge of such a court-martial shall make a general finding and shall in addition on request find the facts specially. If an opinion or memorandum of decision is filed, it is sufficient if the findings of fact appear in it.

The military judge shall rule upon all questions of law and all interlocutory questions, arising during the proceedings. Any ruling made by the military judge upon any question of law or any interlocutory question other than the factual issue of mental responsibility of the accused upon any question of law other than a motion for a finding of not guilty is final and constitutes the ruling of the court. However, the military judge may change his ruling at any time during the trial.

Before a vote is taken on the findings, the military judge shall, in the presence of the accused and counsel, instruct the members of the court as to the elements of the offense and charge them:

HISTORY: 1984 Act No. 378, Section 28; 2024 Act No. 145 (H.4642), Section 11, eff May 13, 2024.

Effect of Amendment

2024 Act No. 145, Section 11, in the first undesignated paragraph, in the first sentence, deleted ", and by members of a court-martial without a military judge upon questions of challenge" following "sentence", and in the third sentence, added "and then the military judge" at the end; in the second undesignated paragraph, in the first sentence, deleted "and, except for questions of challenge, the president of a court-martial without a military judge," following "The military judge", in the second sentence, deleted ", or by the president of a court-martial without a military judge" following "of the accused", and in the third sentence, deleted "or the president of a court-martial without a military judge" following "military judge"; and in the third undesignated paragraph, deleted "or the president of a court-martial without a military judge" following "military judge".