7 C.F.R. § 278.1 – Approval of retail food stores and wholesale food concerns.

(a) Application. Any firm desiring to participate or continue to be authorized in the program shall file an application as prescribed by FNS. Such an application shall contain information which will permit a determination to be made as to whether such an applicant qualifies, or continues to qualify, for authorization under the provisions of the program. FNS may require that a retail food store or wholesale food concern be visited to confirm eligibility for program participation prior to such store or concern being authorized or reauthorized in the program. Required visits shall be conducted by an authorized employee of the Department, a designee of the Secretary, or an official of the State or local government designated by the Secretary. FNS shall approve or deny the application within 45 days of receipt of a completed application. A completed application means that all information (other than an on-site visit) that FNS deems necessary in order to make a determination on the firm's application has been received. This information includes, but is not limited to, a completed application form, all information and documentation from the applicant, as well as any needed third-party verification and documentation.
(b) Determination of authorization. An applicant shall provide sufficient data and information on the nature and scope of the firm's business for FNS to determine whether the applicant's participation will further the purposes of the program. Upon request, an applicant shall provide documentation to FNS to verify information on the application. Such information may include, but is not limited to, State and local business licenses, Social Security cards, drivers' licenses, photographic identification cards, bills of sale, deeds, leases, sales contracts, State certificates of incorporation, sales records, invoice records and business-related tax records. Retail food stores and wholesale food concerns and other entities eligible for authorization also shall be required to sign a release form which will authorize FNS to verify all relevant business related tax filings with appropriate agencies. In addition, they must obtain corroborating documentation from other sources as deemed necessary to ensure the legitimacy of applicant firms, as well as the accuracy of information provided by the stores and concerns. Failure to comply with any request for information or failure to sign a written release form shall result in denial of the application for authorization or withdrawal of a firm or concern from the program. In determining whether a firm qualifies for authorization, FNS shall consider all of the following:
1. (1) The nature and extent of the food business conducted by the applicant—(i) Retail food store.
  1. (A) An establishment or house-to-house trade route shall normally be considered to have food business of a nature and extent that will effectuate the purposes of the program if it sells food for home preparation and consumption and meets either paragraph (b)(1)(ii) or (iii) of this section.
  2. (B) A retail food store must meet eligibility determination factors which may be based on, but not limited to, visual inspection, sales records, purchase records, counting of stockkeeping units, or other inventory or accounting recordkeeping methods that are customary or reasonable in the retail food industry. In determining eligibility, such information may be requested for verification purposes, and failure to provide such documentation may result in denial or withdrawal from the program.
  3. (ii) Application of Criterion A.
    1. (A) Stocking standards. To qualify under Criterion A, retail food stores shall offer for sale no fewer than:
      (1) Seven (7) distinct varieties of staple food items in each of the four staple food categories, as defined under § 271.2 of this chapter, for a minimum of 28 distinct staple food varieties;
      (2) Three (3) stocking units of each qualifying staple food variety, for a minimum of 84 stocking units; and
      (3) One (1) variety of perishable foods in three different staple food categories so that a minimum of three (3) of the 28 varieties and nine (9) of the 84 stocking units are perishable.
    2. (B) Offer on a continuous basis. Retail food stores must offer the qualifying staple food items for sale on a continuous basis, as evidenced by displaying the items for sale in a public area on any given day of operation.
      (1) If a retail food store does not meet the stocking requirements at the time of an FNS store visit, the store may provide documentation that it ordered and/or received the required stock no more than 21 calendar days prior to the date of the store visit. Documentation may include, but is not limited to, invoices and receipts.
      (2) Failure to provide documentation related to stock or to cooperate with FNS store visits may result in denial or withdrawal of authorization.
    3. (C) Distinguishing staple food varieties. Foods that differ by kind of plant (e.g., apple vs. orange), the kind of animal (e.g., cow vs. chicken), or by main ingredient within the same staple food category count as distinct staple food varieties.
      (1) A multi-ingredient food's staple food category and variety is based on the food's main ingredient. The main ingredient of a multi-ingredient food is the first ingredient other than water, broth, or stock listed on the ingredient list. Cream is a separate main ingredient from milk.
      (2) Unless specified under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(D) of this section:
      (i) Different brands, flavorings, packaging, or preparations do not count as distinct staple food varieties, such as, but not limited to different cuts of meat, whole fruit and cut fruit, vanilla yogurt and plain yogurt, and a gallon of milk and a half gallon of milk.
      (ii) Different types of the same food do not count as distinct staple food varieties, such as, but not limited to, brown and white rice, pinto and kidney beans, and Granny Smith and Gala apples.
      (3) No food product can count as a variety in more than one staple food category.
    4. (D) Specially designated varieties. Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) of this section, specific food items or groups of foods count as a distinct variety as specified below.
      (1) Single-ingredient varieties. The following foods, with no other ingredients added other than fortifying vitamins, count as distinct staple food varieties from multi-ingredient foods with the same main ingredient. For example, wheat flour is a distinct variety from frozen burritos, frozen lasagna, and canned chicken noodle soup with wheat flour as the main ingredient. Also, seasoned perishable chicken is a distinct variety from plain perishable chicken and flavored perishable milk is a distinct variety from plain perishable milk.
      (i) Shell eggs;
      (ii) Perishable meat, poultry, or fish (for each different kind of animal);
      (iii) Dry beans;
      (iv) Dry peas;
      (v) Dry lentils;
      (vi) Raw grains (for each different kind of grain, e.g., rice and barley);
      (vii) Flour (for each different kind of grain, e.g., wheat flour and rice flour); and
      (viii) Perishable liquid milk.
      (2) Derivative food product varieties. Regardless of type, kind, flavoring, or main ingredient, the following foods count as only one distinct staple food variety (e.g., whole grain rice noodles are the same variety as whole grain wheat noodles). Any other food item with the same main ingredient is a separate variety (e.g., a loaf of bread is a distinct variety from a frozen burrito even if they both have wheat as the main ingredient).
      (i) Tofu/tempeh;
      (ii) Bread (whole grain);
      (iii) Bread (non-whole grain);
      (iv) Pasta/noodles (whole grain);
      (v) Pasta/noodles (non-whole grain);
      (vi) Breakfast cereals;
      (vii) Shredded cheese (including, grated, shaved, and crumbled);
      (viii) Cheese (non-shredded);
      (ix) Fermented/cultured dairy beverages;
      (x) Yogurt (non-liquid);
      (xi) Sour Cream;
      (xii) Infant formula; and
      (xiii) Infant cereal.
      (3) Shelf-stable varieties. The following foods sold in a shelf-stable form with or without other ingredients count as distinct varieties from the single-ingredients in paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(D)(1) of this section as well as from perishable multi-ingredient foods with the same main ingredient. For example, raw ground beef, frozen beef ravioli with beef as the main ingredient, and canned (shelf-stable) beef stew with beef as the main ingredient count as three distinct beef varieties.
      (i) Meat, poultry, or fish (for each different kind of animal);
      (ii) Liquid milk; and
      (iii) Dried/powdered milk.
    5. (E) Plant-based alternatives.
      (1) Plant-based dairy alternatives shall be considered distinct dairy staple food varieties from the traditional varieties for which they are a substitute and may count for up to three (3) varieties as long as the main ingredient is not an accessory food.
      (2) Nuts/seeds, beans, peas, and lentils shall count in the protein category.
  4. (iii) Application of Criterion B. In order to qualify under this criterion, firms must have more than 50 percent of their total gross retail sales in staple food sales. Total gross retail sales must include all retail sales of a firm, including food and non-food merchandise, as well as services, such as rental fees, professional fees, and entertainment/sports/games income. However, a fee directly connected to the processing of staple foods, such as raw meat, poultry, or fish by the service provider, may be calculated as staple food sales under Criterion B.
  5. (iv) Ineligible firms. Firms that do not meet the eligibility requirements in this section or that do not effectuate the purpose of SNAP shall not be eligible for program participation. New applicant firms that are found to be ineligible will be denied authorization to participate in the program, and authorized retail food stores found to be ineligible will be withdrawn from program participation. Ineligible firms under this paragraph include, but are not limited to, stores selling only accessory foods, including spices, candy, soft drinks, tea, or coffee; ice cream vendors selling solely ice cream; and specialty doughnut shops or bakeries not selling bread. In addition, firms that are considered to be restaurants, that is, firms that have more than 50 percent of their total gross sales in foods cooked or heated on-site by the retailer before or after purchase; and hot and/or cold prepared foods not intended for home preparation or consumption, including prepared foods that are consumed on the premises or sold for carryout, shall not qualify for participation as retail food stores under Criterion A or B. This includes firms that primarily sell prepared foods that are consumed on the premises or sold for carryout. Such firms may qualify, however, under the special restaurant programs that serve the elderly, disabled, and homeless populations, as set forth in paragraph (d) of this section.
  6. (v) Wholesale food concerns. Wholesale food concerns, the primary business of which is the sale of eligible food at wholesale, and which meet the staple food requirements in paragraph (b) of this section, shall normally be considered to have adequate food business for the purposes of the program, provided such concerns meet the criteria specified in paragraph (c) of this section.
  7. (vi) Co-located wholesale food concerns. No co-located wholesale/retail food concern with 50 percent or less of its total sales in retail food sales may be authorized to redeem SNAP benefits unless it meets the criteria applicable to all retail firms and:
    1. (A) It is a legitimate retail food outlet. Indicators which may establish to FNS that a firm is a legitimate retail food outlet include, but are not limited to, the following:
      (1) The firm's marketing structure; as may be determined by factors such as, but not limited to:
      (i) A retail business license;
      (ii) The existence of sales tax records documenting retail food sales; and/or separate bookkeeping records; and
      (2) The way the firm holds itself out to the public as evidenced by factors such as, but not limited to:
      (i) The layout of the retail sales space;
      (ii) The use of retail advertisements;
      (iii) The posting of retail prices;
      (iv) Offering specials to attract retail customers;
      (v) Hours of operation for retail business;
      (vi) Parking area for retail customers; and
    2. (B) It has total annual retail food sales of at least $250,000; or
    3. (C) It is a legitimate retail outlet but fails to meet the requirements in paragraph (b)(1)(iv)(B) of this section, and not authorizing such a firm would cause hardship to SNAP households. Hardship would occur in any one of the following circumstances:
      (1) Program recipients would have difficulty in finding authorized firms to accept their coupons for eligible food;
      (2) Special ethnic foods would not otherwise be available to recipients; or
      (3) Recipients would be deprived of an opportunity to take advantage of unusually low prices offered by the firm if no other authorized firm in the area offers the same types of food items at comparable prices.
2. (2) The volume of coupon business which FNS may reasonably expect the firm to do. The FNS officer in charge may consider such factors as the location of a store and previous food sales volumes in evaluating the ability of an applicant firm to attract SNAP business.
3. (3) The business integrity and reputation of the applicant. FNS shall deny the authorization of any firm from participation in the program for a period of time as specified in paragraph (k) of this section based on consideration of information regarding the business integrity and reputation of the firm as follows:
  1. (i) Conviction of or civil judgment against the owners, officers or managers of the firm for:
    1. (A) Commission of fraud or a criminal offense in connection with obtaining, attempting to obtain, or performing a public or private agreement or transaction;
    2. (B) Commission of embezzlement, theft, forgery, bribery, falsification or destruction of records, making false statements, receiving stolen property, making false claims, or obstruction of justice; or
    3. (C) Violation of Federal, State and/or local consumer protection laws or other laws relating to alcohol, tobacco, firearms, controlled substances, and/or gaming licenses;
  2. (ii) Administrative findings by Federal, State or local officials that do not give rise to a conviction or civil judgment but for which a firm is removed from such a program, or the firm is not removed from the program but FNS determines a pattern exists (3 or more instances) evidencing a lack of business integrity on the part of the owners, officers or managers of the firm;
  3. (iii) Evidence of an attempt by the firm to circumvent a period of disqualification, a civil money penalty or fine imposed for violations of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 and program regulations;
  4. (iv) Previous SNAP violations administratively and/or judicially established as having been committed by owners, officers, or managers of the firm for which a sanction had not been previously imposed and satisfied;
  5. (v) Evidence of prior SNAP violations personally committed by the owner(s) or the officer(s) of the firm at one or more units of a multi-unit firm, or evidence of prior SNAP violations committed by management at other units of multi-unit firms which would indicate a lack of business integrity on the part of ownership and for which sanctions had not been previously imposed and satisfied; or
  6. (vi) Commission of any other offense indicating a lack of business integrity or business honesty of owners, officers or managers of the firm that seriously and directly affects the present responsibility of a person.
4. (4) The submission of collateral bonds or irrevocable letters of credit for firms with previous sanctions.
  1. (i) If the applicant firm has been sanctioned for violations of this part, by withdrawal, or disqualification for a period of more than six months, or by a civil money penalty in lieu of a disqualification period of more than six months, or if the applicant firm has been previously sanctioned for violations and incurs a subsequent sanction, regardless of the disqualification period, FNS shall, as a condition of future authorization, require the applicant to present a collateral bond or irrevocable letter of credit that meets the following conditions:
    1. (A) The collateral bond must be issued by a bonding agent/company recognized under the law of the State in which the applicant is conducting business and which is represented by a negotiable certificate only. The irrevocable letter of credit must be issued by a commercial bank;
    2. (B) The collateral bond or irrevocable letter of credit must be made payable to the Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture;
    3. (C) The collateral bond cannot be canceled by the bonding agent/company for non-payment of the premium by the applicant. The irrevocable letter of credit cannot be canceled by the commercial bank for non-payment by the applicant;
    4. (D) The collateral bond or irrevocable letter of credit must have a face value of $1,000 or an amount equal to ten percent of the average monthly SNAP benefit redemption volume of the applicant for the immediate twelve months prior to the effective date of the most recent sanction which necessitated the collateral bond or irrevocable letter of credit, whichever amount is greater;
    5. (E) The applicant is required to submit a collateral bond or irrevocable letter of credit that is valid for a period of five years when re-entering the program; and
    6. (F) The collateral bond or irrevocable letter of credit shall remain in the custody of FNS unless released to the applicant as a result of the withdrawal of the applicant's authorization, without a fiscal claim established against the applicant by FNS.
  2. (ii) Furnishing a collateral bond or irrevocable letter of credit shall not eliminate or reduce a firm's obligation to pay in full any civil money penalty or previously determined fiscal claim which may have been assessed against the firm by FNS prior to the time the bond or letter of credit was required by FNS, and furnished by the firm. A firm which has been assessed a civil money penalty shall pay FNS as required, any subsequent fiscal claim asserted by FNS. In such cases a collateral bond or irrevocable letter of credit shall be furnished to FNS with the payment, or a schedule of intended payments, of the civil money penalty. A buyer or transferee shall not, as result of the transfer or purchase of a disqualified firm, be required to furnish a bond or letter of credit prior to authorization.
5. (5) Taxpayer identification numbers. At the time of an initial request for authorization as well as reauthorization, an applicant firm must provide its employer identification number and social security numbers as described below:
  1. (i) Employer Identification Number. The firm must provide its employer identification number (EIN) if one has been assigned to the firm by the Internal Revenue Service. The authority to request EINs and the guidelines for requesting EINs are set forth in section 6109(f) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and Treas. Reg. § 301.6109-2 (26 CFR 301.6109-2).
  2. (ii) Social Security Number. In addition to the EIN, the firm must provide the social security numbers (SSNs) of the following individuals:
    1. (A) The SSN of an owner of a sole proprietorship.
    2. (B) The SSNs of general partners of firms which are partnerships.
    3. (C) The SSNs of up to five of the largest shareholders (owners) of privately owned corporations. (For purposes of this section, a privately owned corporation is one which has shares or stock that are not traded on a stock exchange or available for purchase by the general public.)
6. (6) Need for access. FNS will consider whether the applicant firm is located in an area with significantly limited access to food when the applicant firm fails to meet Criterion A per paragraph (b)(1)(ii) or Criterion B per paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section so long as the applicant firm meets all other SNAP authorization requirements. In determining whether an applicant is located in such an area, FNS may consider access factors such as, but not limited to, the distance from the applicant firm to the nearest currently SNAP authorized firm and transportation options. In determining whether to authorize an applicant despite its failure to meet Criterion A and Criterion B, FNS will also consider factors such as, but not limited to, the extent of the applicant firm's stocking deficiencies in meeting Criterion A and Criterion B and whether the store furthers the purposes of the Program. Such considerations will be conducted during the application process as described in paragraph (a) of this section.
7. (7) Accessory foods. Accessory foods as defined at § 271.2 of this chapter do not count as staple foods for purposes of retail food store eligibility and include:
  1. (i) Snack and dessert food items.
    1. (A) Chips and other finger snacks, including but not limited to, potato, corn, wheat, tortilla, pita, vegetable, and fruit chips, crisps, sticks, and straws; onion ring snacks; corn nuts; snack and trail mixes (other than those containing only nuts); crackers; pork rinds; pretzels; pre-popped or un-popped popcorn; and cheese puffs or curls.
    2. (B) Baked, gelatin, and pudding desserts, including but not limited to, doughnuts, brownies, cupcakes, cookies, snack cakes, muffins, pastries, sweet rolls, pies, cakes, churros, scones, pudding, and any packaged mixes intended to create any of the aforementioned products;
    3. (C) Frozen snacks and desserts, including but not limited to, ice cream, ice milk, frozen yogurt, custard, whipped cream, sherbet, sorbet, gelato, granita, Italian ices, frozen carbonated beverages, snow cones, and ice pops;
    4. (D) Candy and chocolate, including but not limited to, mints, chocolate chips, marshmallow, gum, toffee, brittle, fudge, marzipan, nougat, and candy bars;
    5. (E) Snack bars, including but not limited to, protein, granola bars, and baked bars; and
    6. (F) Jerky, including but not limited to, dehydrated meat sticks and slices made from any type of animal, and plant-based substitutes.
  2. (ii) Food items that complement or supplement meals.
    1. (A) Carbonated and uncarbonated beverages (except milk, cream, plant-based milk and cream alternatives in which the main ingredient is not another accessory food, and 100% fruit or vegetable juice), including but not limited to, soda pop, sports or energy drinks, iced tea, tea bags, fruit punch, mixers for alcoholic beverages, shake powders/mixes, and water;
    2. (B) Condiments, including but not limited to, ketchup, mayonnaise, mustard, salad dressing, hot sauce, vinegar, relish, horseradish, chutney, salsa, and soy sauce;
    3. (C) Cheese or fruit dips and spreads, including but not limited to, cheese sprays, jams, jelly, marmalade, preserves, and compote;
    4. (D) Sweeteners, including but not limited to, sugar, honey, maple syrup, aspartame, molasses, high fructose corn syrup, and any other natural or artificial sweeteners;
  3. (iii) Edible items primarily used as part of the food preparation process.
    1. (A) Extracts, including vanilla and other flavor extracts;
    2. (B) Powdered, dried, and extracted spices or seasonings;
    3. (C) Baking soda, baking powder, yeast, and starch;
    4. (D) Cooking oils and fats, including but not limited to vegetable oil, olive oil, butter, shortening, and lard;
    5. (E) Broth, stock, gelatin, and bouillon;
    6. (F) Edible but non-caloric and non-digestible food products, including but not limited to, monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrate, olestra, and any other food additives.
  4. (iv) Other food items. Any food product with a main ingredient that appears on this list as an accessory food item except infant formula.
8. (8) Co-location. Separate businesses that operate under one roof are considered a single firm for purposes of determining eligibility to participate as a SNAP retail food store if both businesses:
  1. (i) Share the same ownership in whole or in part;
  2. (ii) Sell similar foods; and
  3. (iii) Share inventory.
9. (9) Other factors. Any other factors which the FNS officer in charge considers pertinent to the application under consideration.
(c) Wholesalers. A wholesale food concern may be authorized to accept coupons only from a specified customer or customers if it meets the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, and FNS determines it is required as a redemption outlet:
1. (1) For one or more specified authorized drug addict or alcoholic treatment programs,
2. (2) For one or more specified authorized group living arrangements,
3. (3) For one or more specified authorized shelters for battered women and children,
4. (4) For one or more specified authorized nonprofit cooperative food-purchasing ventures,
5. (5) For one or more specified authorized public or private nonprofit homeless meal providers, or
6. (6) For one or more specified authorized retail food stores which are without access to an insured financial institution which will redeem their coupons.
  No firm may be authorized to accept and redeem coupons concurrently as both a retail food store and a wholesale food concern. Authorizations of wholesale food concerns granted prior to January 28, 1982 shall expire on May 31, 1982. Wholesale food concerns desiring to participate in the program after that date must reapply for authorization in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph.
(d) Meal services. A meal delivery service or communal dining facility desiring to prepare and serve meals to households eligible to use coupons for those meals in addition to meeting the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, must establish that:
1. (1) It is recognized as a tax exempt organization by the Internal Revenue Service; or
2. (2) It is a senior citizens' center or apartment building occupied primarily by elderly persons and SSI recipients, and their spouses; or
3. (3) It is a restaurant operating under a contract with a State or local agency to prepare and serve (or deliver) low-cost meals to homeless persons, elderly persons and SSI recipients (and in the case of meal delivery services, to elderly persons or handicapped persons) and their spouses. Such a facility must have more than 50 percent of its total sales in food. The contracts of restaurants must specify the approximate prices which will be charged.
(e) Treatment programs. Drug addict or alcoholic treatment and rehabilitation programs wishing to redeem benefits shall in addition to meeting the requirements of paragraphs (a), (b) and (d)(1) of this section, be under Part B of Title XIX of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 300x et seq.). Approval to participate is automatically withdrawn once the treatment and rehabilitation program no longer meets the criteria which would make it eligible for funding under part B of Title XIX (in accordance with the definition in Drug addiction or alcoholic treatment and rehabilitation program in § 271.2).
(f) Group living arrangements. FNS shall authorize as retail food stores those group living arrangements wishing to redeem benefits. The group living arrangement must, in addition to meeting requirements of paragraphs (a), (b), and (d)(1) of this section, be certified by the appropriate agency or agencies of the State under regulations issued under section 1616(e) of the Social Security Act or under standards determined by the Secretary to be comparable to standards implemented by appropriate State agencies under section 1616(e) of the Social Security Act. Approval to participate is automatically cancelled at any time that a program loses its certification from the State agency or agencies.
(g) Shelters for battered women and children. FNS shall authorize as retail food stores those shelters for battered women and children wishing to redeem benefits. The shelter must be public or private nonprofit, as defined in paragraph (d)(1) of this section, and meet the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. Shelters which also serve other groups of individuals must have a portion of the facility set aside on a long-term basis to shelter battered women and children. Also required is that the shelter be a residence which serves meals or provides food to its residents.
(h) House-to-house trade routes. FNS shall, in consultation with the Department's Office of Inspector General, determine those locations where the operation of trade routes damages the program's integrity. FNS may limit the authorization of house-to-house trade routes to those trade routes whose services are required by participating households in such areas in order to obtain food. The FNS Officer in Charge, in deciding whether households in such areas require a trade route's services, shall consider the volume of food business the trade route does and the availability of alternate sources of comparable food. An FNS official shall inspect any applicant trade route's vehicle to ensure that the trade route is a retail food store before authorizing it to accept coupons. An FNS official may require, as a condition of continuing authorization, that the trade route vehicle be reinspected semiannually to ensure that it continues to be a retail food store.
(i) Private homeless meal providers. FNS may authorize as retail food stores those restaurants which contract with the appropriate State agency to serve meals to homeless persons at “concessional” (low or reduced) prices. Restaurants shall be responsible for obtaining contracts with the appropriate State agency as defined in § 272.9 and for providing a copy of the contract to FNS at the time it applies for authorization to accept SNAP benefits. Contracts must specify the approximate prices which will be charged. Examples of reduced prices include, but are not limited to, a percentage reduction, a set dollar amount reduction, a daily special meal, or an offer of a free food item or beverage (excluding alcoholic beverages).
(j) Authorization. Upon approval, FNS shall issue a nontransferable authorization card to the firm. The authorization card shall be valid only for the time period for which the firm is authorized to accept and redeem SNAP benefits. The authorization card shall be retained by the firm until such time as the authorization period has ended, authorization in the program is superseded, or the card is surrendered or revoked as provided in this part. All firms will be authorized in the program for a period of 5 years. The specification of an authorization period in no way precludes FNS from periodically requesting information from a firm for purposes of reauthorization in the program or from withdrawing or terminating the authorization of a firm in accordance with this part.
(k) Denying authorization. FNS shall deny the application of any firm if it determines that:
1. (1) The firm does not qualify for participation in the program as specified in paragraph (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h) or (i) of this section; or
2. (2) The firm has failed to meet the eligibility requirements for authorization under Criterion A or Criterion B, as specified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section; or, for co-located wholesale/retail firms, the firm fails to meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(1)(vi) of this section. Any firm that has been denied authorization on these bases shall not be eligible to submit a new application for authorization in the program for a minimum period of six months from the effective date of the denial;
3. (3) The firm has been found to lack the necessary business integrity and reputation to further the purposes of the program. Such firms shall be denied authorization in the program for the following period of time:
  1. (i) Firms for which records of criminal conviction or civil judgment exist that reflect on the business integrity of owners, officers, or managers as stipulated in § 278.1(b)(3)(i) shall be denied authorization permanently;
  2. (ii) Firms which have been officially removed from other Federal, State or local government programs through administrative action shall be denied for a period equivalent to the period of removal from any such programs; or, if the firm is not removed from the program, but FNS determines a pattern (3 or more instances) exists evidencing a lack of business integrity on the part of the owners, officers or managers of the firm, such firm shall be denied for a one year period effective from the date of denial;
  3. (iii) Firms for which evidence exists of an attempt to circumvent a period of disqualification, a civil money penalty, or fine imposed for violations of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, as amended, and program regulations shall be denied for a period of three years from the effective date of denial;
  4. (iv) Firms for which evidence exists of prior SNAP violations by owners, officers, or managers of the firm for which a sanction had not been previously imposed and satisfied shall be denied for a period of time equivalent to the appropriate disqualification period for such previous violations, effective from the date of denial;
  5. (v) Firms for which evidence exists of prior SNAP violations at other units of multi-unit firms as specified in § 278.1(b)(3)(v) for which a sanction had not been previously imposed and satisfied shall be denied for a period of time equivalent to the appropriate disqualification period for such previous violations, effective from the date of denial;
  6. (vi) Firms for which any other evidence exists which reflects negatively on the business integrity or business honesty of the owners, officers or managers of the firm as specified in § 278.1(b)(3)(vi) shall be denied for a period of one year from the effective date of denial;
4. (4) The firm has filed an application that contains false or misleading information about a substantive matter, as specified in § 278.6(e). Such firms shall be denied authorization for the periods specified in § 278.6(e)(1) or § 278.6(e)(3);
5. (5) The firm's participation in the program will not further the purposes of the program;
6. (6) The firm has been found to be circumventing a period of disqualification or a civil money penalty through a purported transfer of ownership;
7. (7) The firm has failed to pay in full any fiscal claim assessed against the firm under § 278.7, any fines assessed under §§ 278.6(l) or 278.6(m), or a transfer of ownership civil money penalty assessed under § 278.6(f). The FNS officer in charge shall issue a notice to the firm (using any delivery method that provides evidence of delivery) to inform the firm of any authorization denial and advise the firm that it may request review of that determination.
(l) Withdrawing authorization.
1. (1) FNS shall withdraw the authorization of any firm authorized to participate in the program for any of the following reasons.
  1. (i) The firm's continued participation in the program will not further the purposes of the program;
  2. (ii) The firm fails to meet the specifications of paragraph (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), or (i) of this section;
  3. (iii) The firm fails to meet the requirements for eligibility under Criterion A or B, as specified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section; or, for co-located wholesale/retail firms, the firm fails to meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(1)(vi) of this section, for the time period specified in paragraph (k)(2) of this section;
  4. (iv) The firm fails to maintain the necessary business integrity to further the purposes of the program, as specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. Such firms shall be withdrawn for lack of business integrity for periods of time in accordance with those stipulated in paragraph (k)(3) of this section for specific business integrity findings;
  5. (v) The firm has failed to pay in full any fiscal claim assessed against the firm under § 278.7 or any fines assessed under §§ 278.6(l) or 278.6(m) or a transfer of ownership civil money penalty assessed under § 278.6(f); or
  6. (vi) The firm has failed to pay fines assessed under § 278.6(l) or § 278.6(m); or
  7. (vii) The firm is required under State and/or local law to charge tax on eligible food purchased with coupons or to sequence or allocate purchases of eligible foods made with coupons and cash in a manner inconsistent with 272.1 of these regulations.
2. (2) The FNS officer in charge shall issue a notice to the firm by using any delivery method as long as the method provides evidence of delivery to inform the firm of the determination and of the review procedure. FNS shall remove the firm from the program if the firm does not request review within the period specified in part 279.
(m) Refusal to accept correspondence or to respond to inquiries. FNS may withdraw or deny the authorization of any firm which:
1. (1) Refuses to accept correspondence from FNS;
2. (2) Fails to respond to inquiries from FNS within a reasonable time; or
3. (3) Cannot be located by FNS with reasonable effort.
(n) Periodic reauthorization. At the request of FNS a retail food store or wholesale food concern will be required to undergo a periodic reauthorization determination by updating any or all of the information on the firm's application form. Failure to cooperate in the reauthorization process will result in withdrawal of the firm's approval to participate in the program.
(o) Applications containing false information. The filing of any application containing false or misleading information may result in the denial of approval for participation in the program, as specified in paragraph (k) of this section, or disqualification of a firm from participation in the program, as specified in § 278.6, and may subject the firm and persons responsible to civil or criminal action.
(p) Administrative review. Any withdrawal or denial of authorization to participate in the program shall be subject to administrative review under part 279.
(q) Use and disclosure of information provided by firms. With the exception of EINs and SSNs, any information collected from retail food stores and wholesale food concerns, such as ownership information and sales and redemption data, may be disclosed for purposes directly connected with the administration and enforcement of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 and these regulations, and can be disclosed to and used by State agencies that administer the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). Such information may also be disclosed to and used by Federal and State law enforcement and investigative agencies for the purpose of administering or enforcing other Federal or State law, and the regulations issued under such other law. Such disclosure and use shall also include companies or individuals under contract for the operation by, or on behalf of FNS to accomplish an FNS function. Such purposes include the audit and examination of such information by the Comptroller General of the United States authorized by any other provision of law. Any person who publishes, divulges, discloses, or makes known in any manner or to any extent not authorized by Federal law or regulations any information obtained under this paragraph shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both. Safeguards with respect to employee identification numbers (EINs) are contained in paragraph (q)(2) of this section. Safeguards with respect to Social Security numbers (SSNs) are contained in paragraph (q)(3) of this section.
1. (1) Criteria for requesting information. FNS shall determine what information can be disclosed and which government agencies have access to that information based on the following criteria:
  1. (i) Federal and State law enforcement or investigative agencies or instrumentalities administering or enforcing specified Federal and State laws, or regulations issued under those laws, have access to certain information maintained by FNS. Such agencies or instrumentalities must have among their responsibilities the enforcement of law or the investigation of suspected violations of law. However, only certain Federal entities have access to information involving SSNs and EINs in accordance with paragraph (q)(1)(ii) of this section;
  2. (ii) Except for SSNs and EINs, information provided to FNS by applicants and authorized firms participating in the FSP may be disclosed and used by qualifying Federal and State entities in accordance with paragraph (q)(1)(i) of this section. The disclosure of SSNs and EINs is limited only to qualifying Federal agencies or instrumentalities which otherwise have access to SSNs and EINs based on law and routine use. Release of information under this paragraph shall be limited to information relevant to the administration or enforcement of the specified laws and regulations, as determined by FNS;
  3. (iii) Requests for information must be submitted in writing, including electronic communication, and must clearly indicate the specific provision of law or regulations which would be administered or enforced by access to requested information, and the relevance of the information to those purposes. If a formal agreement exists between FNS and another agency or instrumentality, individual written requests may be unnecessary. FNS may request additional information if needed to clarify a request;
  4. (iv) Disclosure by FNS is limited to: Information about applicant stores and concerns with applications on file; information about authorized stores participating in the FSP; and information about unauthorized entities or individuals illegally accepting or redeeming SNAP benefits;
  5. (v) Requests for information disclosure by FNS may involve a specific store or concern, or some or all stores and concerns covered by paragraph (q)(1)(iv) of this section. In addition, FNS may sign agreements allowing certain government entities direct access to appropriate FNS data, with access to EINs and SSNs limited only to other Federal agencies and instrumentalities that otherwise have access to such numbers.
2. (2) Employer identification numbers.
  1. (i) The Department may have access to the EINs obtained pursuant to paragraph (b)(5) of this section for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a list of the names and EINs of the stores and concerns for use in determining those applicants who previously have been sanctioned or convicted under sections 12 and 15 of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, as amended, (7 U.S.C. 2021 or 2024). The Department also may share EINs with other Federal agencies and instrumentalities that otherwise have access to EINs if the Department determines that such sharing would assist in verifying and matching such information against information maintained by such other agency or instrumentality. Any such information shared pursuant to this paragraph may be used by the Department or such other agency or instrumentality for the purpose of effective administration and enforcement of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, as amended, or for the purpose of investigating violations of other Federal laws or enforcing such laws. See Treas. Reg. § 301.6109-2 (b) and (c) (26 CFR 301.6109-2 (b) and (c)).
  2. (ii) The only persons permitted access to EINs obtained pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section are officers and employees of the United States, who otherwise have access and whose duties or responsibilities require access to the EINs for the administration or enforcement of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, as amended, or for the purpose of investigating violations of other Federal laws or enforcing such laws. See Treas. Reg. § 301.6109-2(d)(1) (26 CFR 301.6109-2(d)(1)).
  3. (iii) The Department or any agency or instrumentality of the United States shall provide for any additional safeguards that the Secretary of the Treasury determines to be necessary or appropriate to protect the confidentiality of the EINs. The Department may also provide for any additional safeguards to protect the confidentiality of EINs so long as these safeguards are consistent with any safeguards determined by the Secretary of the Treasury to be necessary or appropriate. See Treas. Reg. § 301.6109-2(d)(2) (26 CFR 301.6109-2(d)(2)).
  4. (iv) EINs maintained by the Department or maintained by any agency or instrumentality of the United States pursuant to § 278.1(b)(5) are confidential. Except as provided in paragraph (q)(2)(ii) of this section above, no officer or employee of the United States who has or had access to any such EIN may disclose that number in any manner. For purposes of paragraph (q)(2)(iv) of this section the term officer or employee includes a former officer or employee. See Treas. Reg. § 301.6109-2(e) (26 CFR 301.6109(e)).
  5. (v) Sections 7213(a) (1), (2) and (3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 apply with respect to the unauthorized, willful disclosure to any person of EINs obtained by the Department pursuant to § 278.1(b)(5) in the same manner and to the same extent as sections 7213(a) (1), (2) and (3) apply with respect to unauthorized disclosure of returns and return information described in those sections. Section 7213(a)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 applies with respect to the willful offer of any item of material value in exchange for any EIN obtained by the Department pursuant to § 278.1(b)(5) in the same manner and to the same extent as section 7213(a)(4) applies with respect to offers (in exchange for any return or return information) described in that section. See Treas. Reg. § 301.6109-2(f) (26 CFR 301.6109-2(f)).
3. (3) Social Security numbers.
  1. (i) The Department may have access to SSNs obtained pursuant to paragraph (b)(5) of this section for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a list of names and SSNs of stores and concerns for use in determining those applicants who previously have been sanctioned or convicted under section 12 or 15 of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, as amended, (7 U.S.C. 2021 or 2024). The Department may use this determination of sanctions and convictions in administering sections 12 and 15 of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, as amended, (7 U.S.C. 2018, 2021). The Department also may share SSNs with other Federal agencies and instrumentalities if the Department determines that such sharing would assist in verifying and matching such information against information maintained by the Department or such other agency or instrumentality. Any such information shared pursuant to this paragraph shall be used for the purpose of effective administration and enforcement of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, as amended, or for the purpose of investigating violations of other Federal laws or enforcing such laws.
  2. (ii) The only persons permitted access to SSNs obtained pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section are officers and employees of the United States, who otherwise have access, and whose duties or responsibilities require access to the SSNs for the administration or enforcement of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, as amended, or for the purpose of investigating violations of other Federal laws or enforcing such laws. Such access shall also include companies or individuals under contract for the operation by, or on behalf of FNS to accomplish an FNS function.
  3. (iii) The Department shall provide for all additional safeguards that the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration determines to be necessary or appropriate to protect the confidentiality of the SSNs. The Department may also provide for any additional safeguards to protect the confidentiality of SSNs so long as these safeguards are consistent with any safeguards determined by the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration to be necessary or appropriate.
  4. (iv) The SSNs and related records that are obtained or maintained by authorized persons are confidential, and no officer or employee shall disclose any such SSN or related record except as authorized. The term “related record” means any record, list, or compilation that indicates, directly or indirectly, the identity of any individual with respect to whom a request for a SSN is maintained. For purposes of paragraph (r)(3)(iv) of this section the term “officer or employee” includes a former officer or employee.
  5. (v) The sanctions under sections 7213(a) (1), (2) and (3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 will apply with respect to the unauthorized, willful disclosure to any person of SSNs and related records obtained or maintained in the same manner and to the same extent as sections 7213(a) (1), (2) and (3) apply with respect to unauthorized disclosures of returns and return information described in those sections. The sanction under section 7213(a)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 will apply with respect to the willful offer of any item of material value in exchange for any SSN or related record in the same manner and to the same extent as section 7213(a)(4) applies with respect to offers (in exchange for any return or return information) described in that section.
4. (4) FNS initiated matches. Under the restrictions noted in paragraph (r) of this section, FNS will periodically initiate cross matches of retailer data with other Federal and State agencies' files for the purpose of verifying information provided by applicant and participating firms, and for the purposes of administering and enforcing other Federal or State laws. Such matches could involve all firms participating after implementation for the purpose of verifying information such as, but not limited to, SSNs and retail sales data.
5. (5) Public disclosure of firms sanctioned for SNAP violations. FNS may disclose information to the public when a retail food store has been disqualified or otherwise sanctioned for violations of the Program after the time for administrative and judicial appeals has expired. This information is limited to the name and address of the store, the owner(s') name(s) and information about the sanction itself. FNS may continue to disclose this information for as long as the duration of the sanction. In the event that a sanctioned firm is assigned a civil penalty in lieu of a period of disqualification, as described in § 278.6(a), FNS may continue to disclose this information for as long as the duration of the period of disqualification or until the civil penalty has been paid in full, whichever is longer.
(r) Public and Private Nonprofit Homeless Meal Providers. FNS shall authorize as retail food stores, those public and private nonprofit homeless meal providers which apply and qualify for authorization to accept SNAP benefits from homless SNAP recipients. Such meal providers must be public or private nonprofit organizations as defined by the Internal Revenue Service (I.R.C. 501(c)(3)), must serve meals that include food purchased by the provider, must meet the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, and must be approved by an appropriate State or local agency, pursuant to § 272.9. Public and private nonprofit homeless meal providers shall be responsible for obtaining approval from an appropriate State or local agency and shall provide written documentation of such approval to FNS prior to approval of the meal provider's application for authorization. (If such approval is subsequently withdrawn, FNS authorization shall be withdrawn). Public and private nonprofit homeless meal providers serving meals which consist wholly of donated foods shall not be eligible for authorization. In an area in which FNS, in consultation with the Department's Office of Inspector General, finds evidence that the authorization of a public and private nonprofit homeless meal provider would damage SNAP's integrity, FNS shall limit the participation of that public and private nonprofit homeless meal provider, unless FNS determines that the establishment or shelter is the only one of its kind serving the area.
(s) Each authorized retail food store shall post in a suitable and conspicuous location in the store a sign designed and provided by FNS which provides information on how persons may report abuses they have observed in the operation of the program. Refusal or repeated failure to display such a sign by an authorized retail food store may result in the withdrawal of the firm's approval to participate in the program.
(t) Periodic notification. The FNS will issue periodic notification to participating retail stores and wholesale food concerns to clarify program eligibility criteria, including the definitions of “Retail food store”, “Staple foods”, “Eligible foods”, and “Perishable foods”. At a minimum, such information will be provided to stores at the time of authorization, reauthorization and upon request.
Editorial Note:For Federal Register citations affecting § 278.1, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the Finding Aids section of the printed volume and at www.govinfo.gov.
Effective Date Note:At 61 FR 53600, Oct. 15, 1996, in § 278.1, paragraph (i) was redesignated as paragraph (j) and a new paragraph (i) was added. This paragraph contains information collection and recordkeeping requirements and will not become effective until approval has been given by the Office of Management and Budget.

[Amdt. 136, 43 FR 43274, Sept. 22, 1978]