Melvin D. WILLIAMS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TOYS “R” US, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 04-1978.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
July 14, 2005.
138 F. App‘x 798
Dane A. Lupo, Jr., Lupo & Koczkur, Detroit, MI, for Defendant-Appellee.
Before: MOORE, and COLE, Circuit Judges, and WISEMAN,* District Judge.
* The Honorable Thomas A. Wiseman, United States District Judge for the Middle District of Tennessee, sitting by designation.
OPINION
MOORE, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellant Melvin D. Williams (“Williams“) appeals from the district court‘s order granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee Toys “R” Us on Williams‘s claims of liability for personal injury in this diversity of citizenship action. Williams also contends that the district court erred in applying Michigan law rather than Pennsylvania law. For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM the district court‘s judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
On March 9, 2003, Williams visited a Toys “R” Us store in Monroeville, Pennsylvania with his wife and two grandsons. The group browsed the aisles of the store and selected several toys which Williams told his grandchildren he would later purchase for them as birthday presents. Some time after the presents had been selected, the group headed towards the store‘s restrooms. Williams‘s grandchildren ran ahead, while Williams and his wife followed behind. Williams and his wife then turned down an aisle which Williams thought would lead to the restrooms. After turning down the aisle Williams realized that it was the incorrect aisle. Williams then started to walk back out of the aisle. As he did so, Williams stepped on a skateboard that had been left on the floor in the center of the aisle.1 The skateboard slid out from under Williams, causing him to fall forward onto the floor. As a result of the fall, Williams fractured
On March 28, 2003, Williams filed suit pro se against the defendant in district court. Following the completion of discovery, the defendant filed a motion for summary judgment. A magistrate judge held a hearing on the motion and ultimately recommended that the district court grant the defendant‘s motion for summary judgment. The district court agreed with the magistrate judge‘s recommendation and entered judgment in favor of the defendant. Williams then filed this timely appeal.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Summary Judgment
We review de novo a grant of summary judgment. Barnhart v. Pickrel, Schaeffer & Ebeling Co., 12 F.3d 1382, 1388 (6th Cir. 1993). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
1. Invitor Liability Under Michigan Law
In order to establish a negligence claim, Michigan law requires a plaintiff to prove four elements: (1) duty, (2) breach, (3) injury, and (4) proximate cause. Riddle v. McLouth Steel Prods. Corp., 440 Mich. 85, 485 N.W.2d 676, 681 n. 10 (1992) (“The elements of a cause of action in negligence are as follows: 1. That the defendant owed a legal duty to the plaintiff; 2. That the defendant breached or violated the legal duty it owed to the plaintiff; 3. That the plaintiff suffered damages; and 4. That the defendant‘s breach of duty was a proximate cause of the damages suffered by the plaintiff.“). In this case the legal duty of care owed by Toys “R” Us to Williams is that which a business owner owes a business invitee. That duty of care is only breached where a business owner creates a dangerous condition, or where the business owner knew or should have known about the unsafe condition‘s existence. Whitmore v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 89 Mich.App. 3, 279 N.W.2d 318, 321 (1979). Moreover, even if a business owner is aware of an unsafe condition, the owner has no duty to warn invitees of the condition‘s existence if the condition is: (1) open and obvious; and (2) not unreasonably dangerous. See Lugo v. Ameritech Corp., 464 Mich. 512, 629 N.W.2d 384, 386 (2001) (“[T]he general rule is that a premises possessor is not required to protect an invitee from open and obvious dangers, but, if special aspects of a condition make even an open and obvious risk unreasonably dangerous, the premises possessor has a duty to undertake reasonable precautions to protect invitees from that risk.“).
In this case, Williams argues that Toys “R” Us had actual or constructive knowledge of the unsafe skateboard and that the condition was not open and obvi
2. Open and Obvious Doctrine
As stated above, even if a business invitor knows or should know of a dangerous condition, generally an invitor has no duty to warn an invitee of the condition if it is open and obvious. An open and obvious danger is a danger that is visible, well-known, or discernible by casual inspection. Glittenberg v. Doughboy Recreational Indus., 441 Mich. 379, 491 N.W.2d 208, 214 (1992). Under Michigan law, the test for whether a condition is open and obvious is objective, not subjective. Thus, we do not ask whether the skateboard was open and obvious to Williams, but rather whether a reasonable person would have discovered the danger on casual inspection. Novotney v. Burger King Corp., 198 Mich.App. 470, 499 N.W.2d 379, 381 (1993) (stating that “it is not relevant to the disposition of this matter whether plaintiff actually saw the [condition]. Rather, it is necessary for plaintiffs, to have their claim survive the motion for summary disposition, to come forth with sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact that an ordinary user upon casual inspection could not have discovered the existence of the [condition]“).
If a condition is such that an average person would have known of the condition‘s existence, then an invitee may recover from an invitor only “if special aspects of a condition make even an open and obvious risk unreasonably dangerous.” Lugo, 629 N.W.2d at 386. A duty of care may exist where a special aspect of the condition, such as its “character, location or surrounding conditions,” indicates that the condition presents an unreasonable danger despite its open and obvious nature. Bertrand v. Alan Ford, Inc., 449 Mich. 606, 537 N.W.2d 185, 189 (1995) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As the Michigan Supreme Court noted in Bertrand:
[I]f the particular activity or condition creates a risk of harm only because the invitee does not discover the condition or realize its danger, then the open and obvious doctrine will cut off liability if the invitee should have discovered the condition and realized its danger. On the other hand, if the risk of harm remains unreasonable, despite its obviousness or despite knowledge of it by the invitee, then the circumstances may be such that the invitor is required to undertake reasonable precautions.
Based on the evidence in this case, we are persuaded that Toys “R” Us did not breach its duty of care because the skateboard was an open and obvious condition which was not unreasonably dangerous to invitees. As the magistrate judge accurately noted: “A skateboard is an object of considerable size. These devices are ubiquitous, and their propensity to roll easily under the weight of a human body is patent.” Joint Appendix (“J.A.“) at 77-78 (Report and Recommendation at 10-11). Therefore, provided that the skateboard was in plain view, an ordinary person would be aware that stepping onto the skateboard could cause that person to slip and fall. Moreover, Williams does not provide evidence that the skateboard was not visible in the aisle of the store. Nor does
Williams‘s only additional arguments are that the store‘s displays are designed to distract the consumer‘s attention from the floor and that the aisle was narrow. Neither of these arguments is sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the condition was open and obvious. First, there is nothing in the evidence to suggest that the aisle was too narrow to permit Williams to avoid the skateboard if Williams had seen it prior to his fall. In fact, Williams‘s wife testified during her deposition that the aisle was wide enough to permit her and her husband to walk down the aisle side by side. Moreover, the fact that the store contained attractive displays is insufficient to create liability in this case. The defendant‘s toy displays are precisely the reason why consumers such as the plaintiff enter Toys “R” Us. Naturally, the defendant designs its displays to attract the consumer‘s attention as a means of marketing its products. This use of marketing tools does not detract from the consumer‘s duty to watch where he or she is going. Nor does it place a duty upon the defendant to warn consumers like Williams of a skateboard in plain view. We therefore conclude that the skateboard in this case was an open and obvious condition.
Additionally, there is no special aspect which makes the skateboard so unreasonably dangerous as to alter the defendant‘s duty of care to Williams. As discussed above, nothing in the record suggests that Williams‘s view of the skateboard was obscured, that there were any other toys in the aisle, or that there was insufficient lighting to allow an ordinary person to see the skateboard. Nor was there anything unusual about the circumstances of Williams‘s accident. In a toy store it is unsurprising that a toy, such as a skateboard, would be taken off a shelf by a child or some other store patron and left in the aisle. Such an occurrence is inevitable and is the very reason that the ordinary consumer watches where he or she is going in places like toy stores.
Finally, there is no evidence that the accident was the result of the defendant‘s negligence or that the defendant knew or should have known of the skateboard‘s existence prior to Williams‘s fall. In his deposition, Williams admitted that no employees were in the vicinity at the time of his accident. Moreover, no evidence suggests that the skateboard had been in the aisle for a significant period of time prior to Williams‘s accident such that the defendant should have been aware of its existence. Williams‘s assertion that other skateboard accidents have occurred in other Toys “R” Us stores around the country does not indicate that the defendant should have known of the skateboard‘s existence on the floor in this incident. As the magistrate judge correctly noted in this case, “[k]nowledge of previous accidents, in other stores, does nothing to give notice of a stray skateboard in defendant‘s Monroeville store at any particular time.” J.A. at 80 (Report and Recommendation at 13). Thus, Williams has presented no evidence indicating that there were any special aspects of the condition in this case that made the skateboard unreasonably dangerous. We therefore conclude that no genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the defendant breached the duty
B. Choice of Law
Williams‘s final argument is that the district court improperly applied Michigan state law in this case. Because the accident occurred in Pennsylvania, he claims that Pennsylvania tort law should apply. The district court rejected Williams‘s argument on the grounds that it was likely that Michigan law applied. Alternatively, the district court indicated that it was immaterial whether Pennsylvania or Michigan law applied, as both states employed the open and obvious doctrine. The district court also noted that Williams had not raised the issue of the applicability of Pennsylvania law until filing his objections to the magistrate judge‘s report and that Williams had opposed Toys “R” Us‘s motion to transfer the case to Pennsylvania.
As a federal court sitting in diversity, we apply the choice-of-law provisions of the forum state. Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477 (1941). Michigan‘s choice-of-law rule provides that there is a presumption that Michigan law applies to a case unless there is a rational reason to displace it. Sutherland v. Kennington Truck Serv., Ltd., 454 Mich. 274, 562 N.W.2d 466, 471 (1997). The Michigan Supreme Court noted in Sutherland: “In determining whether a rational reason to displace Michigan law exists, we undertake a two-step analysis. First, we must determine if any foreign state has an interest in having its law applied. If no state has such an interest, the presumption that Michigan law will apply cannot be overcome. If a foreign state does have an interest in having its law applied, we must then determine if Michigan‘s interests mandate that Michigan law be applied, despite the foreign interests.” Id. Under this standard, Michigan courts will “use another state‘s law where the other state has a significant interest and Michigan has only a minimal interest in the matter.” Hall v. Gen. Motors Corp., 229 Mich.App. 580, 582 N.W.2d 866, 868 (1998).
In this case, Pennsylvania may have an interest in having its law applied because the accident occurred there. Pennsylvania‘s interest, however, does not outweigh Michigan‘s competing interest in protecting its residents from injury and providing just compensation to its citizens. More importantly, the interests of both states are met by applying Michigan law because Michigan and Pennsylvania tort law would deal with this case in a nearly identical manner. Both states incorporate the open and obvious doctrine and thus bar recovery if a dangerous condition would have been recognized by a reasonable invitee. See Novotney, 499 N.W.2d at 381; Carrender v. Fitterer, 503 Pa. 178, 469 A.2d 120, 125 (1983). Because there is no conflict of laws (indeed this is a false conflict situation), we therefore conclude that the district court did not err in applying Michigan state law in this case.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district court‘s judgment.