ORDER RE: PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR CLASS CERTIFICATION
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs Lindsey Webb, Anastasia Booth, Kina Abrams, Jayme Sanchez, Amy Muir, and Nancy Muir (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) bring this putative nationwide class action lawsuit against defendants Carter’s, Inc. (“Carter’s”); Avery Dennison, Inc. (“Avery”); Pacific Concept Industries (USA), LLC (“PCI USA”); and Pacific Concepts Industries Limited (“PCI Hong Kong”).
Presently before the Court is Plaintiffs’ Motion for Class Certification. (Docket No. 172.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court DENIES the motion.
II. FACTS
A. Plaintiffs’Allegations
1. Background Facts
Carter’s makes children’s clothing, which it sells through its own retail stores and through major retailers like Target. (FAC ¶ 3.) Beginning in 2006, Carter’s began using a “tagless” label, which is a heat-transferred, ink-based image that is permanently transferred onto fabric. (Docket No. 246, Amended Declaration of Steven J. Simerlein (“Am. Simerlein Deck”), Ex. 3 [Deposition of James (“Eidson Depo.”)] at 33:3-17, 37:24-38:20.) Carter’s designs its labels and uses other companies to supply them. (Id. at 89:20-25.) It relied on Avery, PCI USA and PCI Hong Kong, and non-party Inter-Trend Global Packaging Co. to provide the 110 million labels it used for its Fall 2007 line. (Id. at 268:8-15.) Of these, Avery produced about 90 percent. (Id.)
Carter’s began production of its Fall 2007 line in December 2006, and the garments became available in stores beginning in May 2007. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 5 at ESI-121412; FAC, Ex. F at 18.) The tagless labels in the Fall 2007 line were a large, multi-colored, solid block of ink, instead of a smaller, single-color stenciled design of the type previously used.
According to Carter’s, each label vendor uses its own proprietary ink formulation, printing methods, and label backing material.
2. Claimed Violations
Plaintiffs allege that they purchased infant clothing from Carter’s Fall 2007 line that contained heat-transferred tagless labels made by Avery, PCI USA, and PCI Hong Kong. (FAC ¶ 6.) Plaintiffs claim that the labels contain excessive quantities of chemicals that pose a risk to children’s skin, and that Defendants knew about the chemicals and their risks but did not inform the public. They further allege that these tagless labels contained chemicals that caused their infant children to suffer skin irritations of varying degrees. (Id. ¶¶ 47-49, 52-54, 59-60, 67-68, 76, 79.) For instance, the label caused a sore between the shoulder blades of Webb’s and Sanchez’s children, which made it hard for them to sleep on their backs, the position recommended to avoid Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. (Id. ¶¶ 47-48, 52-53.) Sanchez’s child developed pus-filled sores that would burst and scab over. (Id. ¶ 54.)
a. Testing and Chemicals Present in Labels
Plaintiffs claim that neither Carter’s nor Avery ensured that the Fall 2007 tagless design was safe for use in children’s clothing, and that Carter’s did not ensure that its tagless labels met its own internal standards for acceptable chemical levels.
Plaintiffs also put forth evidence that Carter’s knew about the presence of toxic chemicals before consumers started to complain. In February 2007, Carter’s received a test report from Inter-Trend showing that the labels contained 0.11 percent phthalates, 0.01 percent more than allowable under Carter’s internal standards. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 21, 23.) A Carter’s representative accepted this test as “a PASS” and notified the vendor that the phthalates test would be required in the future only for parts children could place in their mouths. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 23.) In addition, Avery provided Carter’s with test results before July 31, 2007, showing that the tagless labels it produced for the Fall 2007 product line contained DEHP. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 7, at 5.)
Plaintiffs also allege that Avery knew about the ink’s toxicity. In March 2007, Avery received a report from Intertek that the ink in the labels contained 13 percent DEHP, 14 percent PVC, and 2 percent epoxy resin by weight. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Conf. Ex. 1 at 2.) This report, however, noted that, in the quantities present on the labels, “no data ... indicate that the ingredients ... would be expected to cause significant acute or chronic toxicity via dermal contact.” (Id.)
Avery also had a U.S. Department of Labor Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) that indicated that the ink used in the tagless labels could cause “irritation, defatting, or dermatitis.” (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 34 at AD-105-06; Ex. 8 [Deposition of Forrest Kelly Browning] at 40:10-41:18.) In January 2007, Avery also received a report showing that the Carter’s heat-transferred labels contained 23.6 ppb of formaldehyde. (Am. Sim-erlein Deck, Ex. 35.) According to Plaintiffs, this exceeded Avery’s standard of 20 ppb for children under 36 months. (Mem. at 8.)
b. Consumer Complaints and Carter’s Response
By early November 2007, Carter’s had received complaints about the tagless labels. (FAC, Ex. F at 17-18.) In response, Carter’s took a number of steps. Carter’s quickly redesigned the labels to include less ink. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 51 [email exchange] at 3.) Carter’s also reviewed the earlier testing of the labels, and confirmed that they all had passed. (Id. at 117:23-118:15.) It also did new tests on returned garments to see what could have caused the skin problems. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 50 at 1-2.)
c. The NAMSA Tests
In December 2007, Avery requested North American Science Associates, Inc. (“NAM-SA”) to conduct cytotoxicity tests on three tagless label samples. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 57.) A sample article failed one of these tests, as it “showed evidence of causing moderate cell lysis or toxicity.” (Id. at NAMSA 60.) An Avery scientist that received the failed NAMSA test, Dong T-Tsai Hsieh, concluded that the test sample was “contaminated somehow” because it differed from other test results. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 32 [Hsieh Deposition] at 52:4-22.) NAMSA reported that the test system was not responsible for the test failure and noted that “[e]lient acknowledged results. Client did not request a replacement test.”
In March 2008, Carter’s requested vendor confirmation that “all products produced for Carter’s comply with the acceptable limits set by Carter’s for products containing PVC and phthalates,” i.e. no greater than “0.1% by mass.” (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 63.) Avery responded that its labels contain 15 percent PVC and 14 percent phthalate by weight. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Conf. Ex. 5.)
In early summer 2008, Carter’s Director of Consumer Affairs, Janell Cleveland, suggested putting something on the company’s website about the tagless labels, but VP of Quality Jim Eidson responded that he “did not feel there was a need to do that.” (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 64 [Deposition of Janell Cleveland] at 60:19-62:7.)
d. CPSC Involvement
In late winter or early spring 2008, Carter’s Director of Quality Assurance, Eric Tarnow, provided the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) with sample garments. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 65 [Deposition of Eric Tarnow] at 70:18-71:25.) In September 2008, the CPSC, which had received some consumer complaints about the Fall 2007 line, indicated it wanted to issue a statement warning the public about the tag-less labels. (Id. at 89:14-23.) Later that month, Carter’s provided the CPSC a full report on the tagless labels. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 66.) By then, approximately 100.75 million garments from the Fall 2007 line were in the hands of consumers. (Id. at CAR 3212.) The report indicated that the tagless labels were supplied by Avery only, reported that “[a] small percentage of consumers have reported that young infants develoрed localized rashes,” and noted that the label was discontinued “[f]or design reasons.” (Id. at CAR 3205, 3207, 3209.) At that time, Carter’s reported it had received 259 reports of rashes, which represented 2.4 reports for every 1 million products shipped. (Id. at CAR 3209.) Two days after receiving the report, the CPSC asked Carter’s to provide the test reports and consumer complaints. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 69.)
On October 23, 2008, Carter’s and CPSC issued a joint public statement about the tagless labels. (Am. Simerlein Decl., Ex. 54 [Interrogatory Responses], Ex. A [Summary of Carter’s Public Statements].) The statement indicated that some babies had developed rashes after wearing clothes with the tagless labels, but did not specify the chemicals contained in the labels. (Id.) After release of the statement, reports of injuries from consumers “greatly increased.” (Am. Simerlein Decl., Ex. 65 [Harnow Depo.] at 116:7-10.)
In November 2008, Carter’s CEO, Michael Casey, gave an interview to the ZRecom-mends website. (FAC, Ex. F.) In this intеrview, he indicated that Carter’s had redesigned the labels for “aesthetic” reasons.
In October and November 2008, Carter’s also had a statement on its website that it had received some reports of allergic reactions to the tagless labels. (Am. Simerlein Decl., Ex. 54, Ex. A.) The statement indicated that the company had reviewed the products and test results and concluded that the labels did not contain “any known skin irritаnts or abrasive chemicals, or that such a rash is anything beyond a rare allergic reaction to an otherwise safe product.” (Id.) The statement advised consumers they could return any product they were not satisfied with for a full refund. (Id.)
Shortly after the CPSC statement came out, Avery released a statement acknowledging the report and noting that Carter’s had received complaints of fewer than four rashes per 1 million garments sold. (Am. Simerlein Decl., Ex. 72.) The statement did not disclose any chemicals used in the labels, or the fact that phthalates “have been implicated in some reproductive abnormalities in rats,” as one of Avery’s technical directors had reported internally a few weeks before the statement was issued. (Id.; Am. Simer-lein Decl., Ex. 30 at AD 55301.)
f. Refund Policy
Carter’s allows dissatisfied consumers to return products for a refund. Typically, Carter’s provides full refunds to consumers with receipts, or a refund at the lowest price the item was sold fоr when a consumer does not have a receipt. (Declaration of Brian R. Tinkham, Ex. B. [Deposition of Michael Casey (“Casey Depo.”) ] at 147:1-10.) They changed the policy, however, for families concerned about the tagless labels. (Id. at 147:6-10.) For garments from the Fall 2007 line, consumers without proof of purchase who report a skin reaction get a refund at the full Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price. (Docket No. 196, Declaration of Janell Cleveland (“Cleveland Deck”) ¶5.) These consumers also get an additional gift, usually a teddy bear, and reimbursement for out-of-pocket medical costs. (Id. ¶¶ 5, 7.) Carter’s requires documentation only if those costs exceed $250. (Id. ¶7.) Consumers without receipts who do not report a skin reaction can get a refund at the highest price charged in Carter’s own outlet stores. (Id. ¶ 5.) This policy was apparently in place before this lawsuit was filed. (Casey Depo. at 149:17-150:4.)
As of October 1, 2010, 9,828 consumers obtainеd refunds pursuant to this policy. (Cleveland Deck ¶ 8.) Of these, 3,400 report
B. The Proposed Classes
Plaintiffs identify three classes in their motion for class certification. (Mem. at 2.) First, they bring claims under the UCL and CLRA against Avery
III. DISCUSSION
A. Standing
Before considering whethеr Plaintiffs’ proposed classes meet the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, the Court must determine whether the members of the proposed class have Article III standing. Although there is no controlling authority requiring absent class members, as opposed to the named plaintiffs, to satisfy Article Ill’s standing requirements, the Court is persuaded by authority indicating that they must. In Burdick v. Union Security Insurance Co., Judge Collins concluded that absent class members, like the class representatives, must have standing. Burdick v. Union Sec. Ins. Co.,
The Court acknowledges that a leading treatise, Newberg on Class Actions, indicates that absent class members need not make a showing of standing. Newberg on Class Actions § 2:7. This treatise, however, also suggests that members of a proper class will necessarily have standing, because the class representative’s claims must be “typical” of those of the class.
Further, contrary to Plaintiffs’ contention, the California Supreme Court’s decision in In re Tobacco II,
Plaintiffs respond that the proposed class should nonetheless be certified because all class members have standing. To have standing, a plaintiff must have suffered a concrete and particularized, actual or imminent “injury in fact”; there must be a causal connection between the injury and the eomplained-of conduct; and it must be likely that a favorable decision will redress the injury. Renee v. Duncan,
At the outset, those class members who “acquired,” rather than “purchased,” the garments plainly did not suffer any injury from “pa[ying] good money” for defective goods. Further, even those class members who did spend money on the garments did not suffer a cognizable injury supporting standing. Plaintiffs’ claim of injury rests on their theory that purchasers lost the benefit of their bargain because they parted with money for a defective product. That argument fails in the present context. As noted above, the overwhelming majority of children who wore the garments suffered no adverse effects and Plaintiffs have failed to show that the levels of chemicals in the clothes exceeded standards established by law.
The cases Plaintiffs rely on in support of their “paid good money” argument are readily distinguishable. Plаintiffs cite to Wolin v. Jaguar Land Rover North America LLC,
Plaintiffs also rely on Cole v. General Motors Corp., in which the Fifth Circuit held that the loss of value of, or overpayment for, a defective good amounted to an economic loss supporting standing. Cole v. Gen. Motors Corp.,
An alleged defect that, like the alleged defect here, did not present a constant risk of harm was found not to amount to an injury supporting standing in a recent Ninth Circuit ease, Birdsong v. Apple, Inc.,
Relying in part on Birdsong, Judge Wilken concluded that plaintiffs bringing UCL claims against the maker of frozen pot pies that were potentially contaminated had no standing. Meaunrit v. The Pinnacle Foods Grp., LLC,
Plaintiffs fare no better with their claim against Carter’s for breach of the implied warranty of merchantability on behalf of the California sub-class. Under California law, any contract for the sale of goods includes an implied warranty that the goods are merchantable, that is, that they would “[pjass without objection in the trade.” Cal. Comm.Code § 2314. Whеre a product is not “of the same quality as those generally acceptable in the trade,” the implied warranty is breached. See CACI No. 1231. To make out a claim, however, a plaintiff must also show that she was harmed, and that the failure of the product to have the expected quality was a substantial factor in causing that harm. See Andrade v. Pangborn Corp., No. 02-3771,
For these reasons, the Court concludes that the members of the proposed classes lack standing. On this basis alone, the Court must deny the motion for class certification.
B. Rule 23’s Requirements
Even if the members of the proposed classes did have Article III standing, the Court would deny class certification because the classes do not meet the requirements for certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23.
1. Standard for Class Certification
“Class actions have two primary purposes: (1) to accomplish judicial economy by avoiding multiple suits, and (2) to protect the rights of persons who might not be able to present claims on an individual basis.” Haley v. Medtronic, Inc.,
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure authorize class action litigation where Rule 23’s requirements are met. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) provides that:
One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all members only if:
(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable;
(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;
(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and
(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.
Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a). To certify a class action, plaintiffs must first show that the elements of Rule 23(a) have been met. In re Mego Fin. Corp. Sec. Litig.,
Plaintiffs seek certification under Rulе 23(b)(2) and 23(b)(3). Rule 23(b)(2) allows a class action where “the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(2).
Rule 23(b)(3) allows a class action where “the court finds [ (1) ] that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and [(2)] that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(3). “The Rule 23(b)(3) predominance inquiry tests whether the proposed classes are sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by representation.” Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp.,
In assessing superiority of class adjudication, a court should consider:
(A) the class members’ interests in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions;
*501 (B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already begun by or against class members;
(C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum; and
(D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action.
Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(3). “If the main issues in a case require the separate adjudication of each class member’s individual claim or defense, a Rule 23(b)(3) action would be inappropriate.” Zinser,
2. Application op Rule 23 Requirements
The Court is not concerned about Plaintiffs’ satisfaction of Rule 23(a)’s requirements of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation. Plaintiffs, however, have not satisfied Rule 23(b)(3)’s requirements that “questions of law or fact common tо the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members” and that “a class action [be] superior to other available methods for fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.”
a. Predominance of Common Issues
“Implicit in the satisfaction of the predominance test is the notion that the adjudication of common issues will help achieve judicial economy.” See Valentino,
The Court concludes that individualized issues predominate with respect to each claim for relief asserted in this lawsuit.
1. CLRA Claims
To make out a CLRA violation, a plaintiff must show that the defendant committed one of 23 enumerated unlawful practices, including “representing that goods ... have ... characteristics, ... uses, [or] benefits ... that they do not have,” and “representing that goods ... are of a particular standard, quality, or grade ... if they are of another.” Cal. Civ.Code § 1770(a). A plaintiff can only recover, however, if he suffers damage “as a result of’ conduct forbidden by the statute. Id. § 1780(a). Thus, under the CLRA, a plaintiff must show that a “defendant’s deception caused them harm.” Mass. Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Superior Court,
Establishing the first element — that the defendants engaged in conduct prohibited by the statute — is plainly susceptible to common proof, as it focuses on the defendants’ actions.
The parties disagree, however, about whether establishing causation is susceptible to class-wide proof. The CLRA causation element does not necessarily make a claim unsuitable for class treatment. See Mass. Mutual Life Ins.,
Here, the parties dispute whether the alleged omissions were actually material, and whether that dispute is susceptible to common proof. “A misrepresentation of fact is material if it induced the plaintiff to alter his position to his detriment. Stated in terms of reliance, materiality means that without the misrepresentation, the plaintiff would not have acted as he did.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). In addition, where the alleged misrepresentation is an omission, a plaintiff must also show she “would have been aware of it” had the omitted fact been disclosed. Buckland v. Threshold Enters., Ltd.,
In general, both of these elements— that the plaintiffs would have been aware of the disclosure and that they would have decided not to buy the garments — are proven with reference to a “reasonable consumer” standard. See In re Apple & AT & TM Antitrust Litig.,
Here, Defendants have put forth persuasive evidence that materiality and reliance would vary from consumer to consumer, such that the reasonable consumer standard cannot be applied. First, Defendants cite to evidence that even the named plaintiffs would not have been aware of disclosures had Carter’s made them. For example, Nancy Muir testified that she never researched children’s clothes online before buying them. (Declaration of Eric Kizirian, Ex. 1 [Deposition of Nancy Muir] at 20:3-25.) Likewise, Defendants offered expert testimony suggesting that consumers would not likely notice warnings posted in stores or on the clothes themselves prior to purchase. (Kizi-rian Deck, Ex. 23 [Report of Dr. Christine Wood].) Because this evidence establishes that awareness of a disclosure wоuld almost certainly vary from consumer to consumer, it shows that the element of reliance cannot be established by the reasonable consumer standard.
Second, Defendants have also put forth evidence that consumers’ behavior would vary as to whether they would buy the garments if they saw the disclosure. Defendants point to expert testimony that a consumer’s response to a warning will vary
In light of this persuasive evidence that materiality and reliance would vаry from consumer to consumer, the Court concludes that those elements are not subject to common proof under the reasonable consumer standard and that individual issues predominate with respect to the CLRA claims.
2. Claims under the “Unfair” Prong of the UCL
Although Plaintiffs assert a claim under the “unfair” prong of the UCL in their operative complaint (FAC ¶ 245), they do not mention it in their motion for class certification. The Court addresses it nonetheless.
An act or practice is “unfair” under the UCL “if the consumer injury is substantial, is not outweighed by any countervailing benefits to consumers or to competition, and is not an injury the consumers themselves could reasonably have avoided.” Daugherty v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc.,
This, however, means only that Defendants’ liability is subject to common proof. Whether individual class members are entitled to recover on the basis of this liability is not. As discussed above, unnamed class members are not permitted to bring a claim in federal court where they cannot establish Article III standing. Thus, to recover, plaintiffs must show that unnamed class members suffered some injury in fact that gives them standing to bring a UCL claim. Under their theory, this would require a showing of actual reliance, i.e. that if the chemical information had been disclosed, absent class members would have been aware of it and not bought the garments. For the reasons explained in the previous section, such reliance is not susceptible to class-wide proof.
3. FAL Claims
To make out an FAL claim, a plaintiff must show that a company, with intent to dispose of property, disseminated an untrue or misleading statemеnt about that property, which the company knew or should have known to be untrue or misleading. Cal. Bus. & Prof.Code § 17500. These elements all focus on the defendants’ conduct and are accordingly susceptible to common proof.
Again, however, this means only that Defendants’ liability is subject to common proof. As with the UCL claim, whether class members are entitled to recover on the basis of this liability is not susceptible to proof on a class-wide basis. To be sure, the FAL allows recovery without proof of actual reliance. See Sevidal v. Target Corp.,
4. Claims for Fraudulent Cоncealment and under UCL’s 23 “Fraud” Prong
To make out a fraudulent concealment claim, a plaintiff must show that the defendant intentionally suppressed a material fact that it had a duty to disclose with the intent to defraud the plaintiff, that the plaintiff was unaware of the fact and would not have acted as she did had she been aware of
The fraudulent concealment claim is not susceptible to class-wide proof because, for the reasons explained above, whether class members would have been aware of a disclosure and acted differently are individualized inquiries. Moreover, even though the UCL’s “fraudulent” prong does not require proof of reliance, federal standing jurisprudence requires some showing of injury before an unnamed plaintiff can reсover. Thus, that claim is also not susceptible to class-wide proof.
5. Warranty Claims
Plaintiffs also pursue warranty claims against Carter’s on behalf of the California sub-class of consumers who bought garments directly from Carter’s. They assert a claim for breach of the implied warranty of merchantability and further claim that that breach amounted to a violation of the Magnuson-Moss Act and the UCL’s unlawful prong. Under California law, certain sales of goods give rise to a warranty that the goods will be “fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used” and would “[p]ass "without objection in the trade.” Cal. Comm.Code § 2314. To make out a claim, a plaintiff must show not only that the good did not meet that standard, but also that the plaintiff was harmed, and that the failure of the product to have the expected quality was a substantial factor in causing that harm. See Andrade,
In sum, common questions predominate as to all the claims that Plaintiffs press in this suit. The proposed classes accordingly do not satisfy Rule 23(b)(3)’s requirement that common issues predominate.
b. Superiority
The Court also concludes that a class action would not be a superior method of adjudicating the claims presented here. In determining whether a class action is superior, the Court looks to factors including:
(A) the class members’ interests in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions;
(B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already begun by or against class members;
(C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum; and
(D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action.
Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(3).
The Court is persuaded that a class action is not superior because Carter’s is already offering the very relief that Plaintiffs seek: it allows consumers to obtain refunds for the garments, even without a receipt, and reimburses consumers for out-of-pocket medical costs for treating skin irritation resulting from the tagless labels. As noted, Carter’s will pay up to $250 for medical expenses without requiring any documentation. Plaintiffs object that Carter’s refund policy does not actually promise relief for the vast majority of consumers who are unaware of the policy. (Reply at 30-31.) They contend that, by concealing the true facts from the public, Carter’s has minimized the availability of refunds, and that a class action with proper notice would provide relief to more people.
Although there is no controlling case law, other district court cases 25 provide guidance. Often, the extent of public awareness of the refund programs played an important role in determining whether refund programs rendered class actions inferior for purposes of Rule 23(b)(3). In In re Phenyl-propanolamine (PPA) Products Liability Litigation, a district court reasoned that “[i]t makes little sense to certify a class where a class mechanism is unnecessary to afford the class members redress.” In re Phenylpro-panolamine (PPA) Prods. Liab. Litig., 214
Following this case, a district court in In re ConAgra Peanut Butter Products Liability Litigation concluded that a class action was not superior where the defendant already had a voluntary program to refund consumers for possibly contaminated peanut butter, “in some instances without a proof of purchase or consumption.” In re ConAgra Peanut Butter Prods. Liab. Litig.,
The Carter’s notice to consumers does not appear to be as extensive as the notice of refunds in the ConAgra Peanut Butter or PPA Products Liability eases. Carter’s CEO testified that the refund policy was communicated on the company’s website, in his interview with the website ZReeom-mends, in the CPSC statement, and “by our consumer affairs group when they interacted with people.” (Dоcket No. 200, Declaration of Brian R. Tinkham, Ex. B [Casey Depo.] at 149:13-150:4.) The CPSC statement does not reference the refund policy, however. (Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 54, Ex. A.) In addition, none of these statements mentions the availability of reimbursement for medical expenses, and only ZRecommends mentions the availability of refunds without a receipt. (See id.; FAC, Ex. F [ZRecommends Article].) In addition, unlike in the peanut butter and PPA cases, no well-publicized recall has alerted consumers to the possibility of refunds. Indeed, there has been no recall, and the only government-agency announcement did not reference the refund policy. Although 9,828 consumers had obtained refunds for 158,128 garments as of October 1, 2010 (Cleveland Deck ¶8), this represents only a little over 0.14 percent of garments.
The Court, however, concludes that the relatively small number of returns most likely indicates that the majority of consumers are satisfied with the garments they bought. Thus, as in the PPA Products Liability ease, “[t]hе fact that consumers have not sought refunds in large numbers may well demonstrate that certification of the proposed class would merely serve to create lawsuits where none previously existed.” In re PPA Prods. Liab. Litig.,
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Notes
. On November 23, 2010, the Court quashed service on PCI Hong Kong and ordered Plaintiffs to properly serve that defendant if they wish to proceed with claims against it. (Docket No. 228, 11/23/10 Order.)
. Plaintiffs object to this evidence. (Docket No. 217-1.) Because the Court does not rely on this evidence in deciding the merits of the motion for class certification, the objection is OVERRULED. Accordingly, Carter’s ex parte application for leave to file a response to Plaintiffs’ objеctions (Docket No. 235) is also DENIED.
. Carter’s reviewed its vendor records and confirmed that Avery had produced most of the labels, but further confirmed that PCI had manufactured some of the labels in returned garments. (Id. at 119:4-9; Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 55.)
. On December 9, Avery filed an objection to this evidence as hearsay and lacking foundation. (Docket No. 239.) Because the actual truth of whether Avery ordered a re-test is relevant to the merits, and not to the class certification question presently before the Court, the objection is OVERRULED for purposes of this motion.
. Plaintiffs contend that this was misleading because they actually changed the labels because of the rashes. (Mem. at 16.) However, the evidence indicates that Carter’s did change the labels for aesthetic reasons, but then made additional modifications to minimize the risk of skin reactions. (See Am. Simerlein Deck, Ex. 53 [Deposition of Michael Casey] at 82:2-20.)
. Plaintiffs object that Carter’s only informally contаcted one doctor, Dr. Strum. (Mem. at 17.)
. In their motion, Plaintiffs claim that they also assert an FAL claim against Avery. (Mem. at 2.) The Fourth Amended Complaint, however, asserts an FAL claim only against Carter’s. (FAC ¶¶ 293-302.)
. In their motion. Plaintiffs also claim to assert an FAL claim against PCI USA and PCI Hong Kong. (Mem. at 2.) The Fourth Amended Complaint, however, asserts Em FAL Claim only against Carter’s. (FAC ¶¶ 293-302.)
. The Court notes that Plaintiffs present evidence that the clothing did not meet Carter’s own standards, but in the present context, that is not sufficient to establish a cognizable defect that deprived the purchasers of the benefit of their bargain as discussed further in the text.
. In the alternative, Plaintiffs also seek certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(2), which allows class actions for claims for injunctive relief. The Court does not separately address the propriety of certification under Rule 23(b)(2) because, as discussed above, class certification must be denied for lack of standing.