Wayne A. Campbell v. State of Indiana
19 N.E.3d 271
Ind.
2014
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Wаyne A. CAMPBELL, Appellant (Petitioner below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Respondent below).

No. 13S05-1410-PC-682.

Supreme Court of Indiana.

Oct. 30, 2014.

19 N.E.3d 271

caine to Detective McGivern was not sufficient to support Hollowell‘s conviction for conspiracy. See . Appellate counsel did not focus upon or mention specifically the alleged lack of circumstantial evidence to support the State‘s claim that Hollowell entered an agreement with Jenkins. But the Court of Appeals addressed this issue in some detail. See supra page 6. There was a misstatement in the court‘s memorandum decision, namely: that “Hollowell had in his possession the buy money that Detective McGivern had used for the drug transaction.” Id. However, even absent this lone sentence the remaining circumstantial evidence recited by the Court of Appeals nonetheless supported its conclusion that “the jury could have reasonably inferred that Hollowell had agreed with Jenkins to commit the offense of dealing in cocaine.” . Here Hollowell has not persuaded us that a more robust presentation of this claim by appellate counsel would have yielded a different outcome. Stated somewhat differently Hollowell has failed to show a reasonable probability that but for counsel‘s failure to argue the sufficiency claim with more specificity the result of Hollowell‘s direct appeal would have been any different. In sum the post-conviction court did not err in denying Hollowell‘s claim that appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance.

Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.

RUSH, C.J., and DICKSON, DAVID and MASSA, JJ., concur.

Wayne A. Campbell, Michigan City, IN, Appellant pro se.

Justin F. Roebel, Dеputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, IN, Gregory F. Zoeller, Attorney General of Indiana, Attorneys for Appellee.

On Petition To Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 13A05-1304-PC-201

RUCKER, Justice.

Defendant was convicted following a jury trial during which the jury was given a supplemental jury instruction on the definition of “intentionally” after deliberations had begun. Some years later, defendant petitioned for post-conviction relief alleging ineffective assistance of trial counsel, in part, for counsel‘s failure to object to the instruction. The post-conviction court denied relief. And finding no error we affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

A detailed recitation of the facts is set forth in two published opinions from our Court of Appeals as referenced below. However, a more abbreviated version suffices for our purposes and is as follows. On November 7, 2001 a long-simmering сontentious relationship between neighbors, arising out of a property easement dispute, resulted in a physical altercation during which Wayne Campbell entered the home of Jean and Alva Kincaid beating and seriously injuring both. After a standoff with police Campbell was arrested. In 2003, following a jury trial Campbell was found guilty of two counts of attempted murder, burglary resulting in serious bodily injury as a Class A felony, aggravated battery as a Class B felony, and battery as a Class C felony.1 Campbell appealed raising several claims of error including the propriety of his ninety-year sentence. On Indiana double jeopardy grounds the Court of Appeals remanded the case to the trial court with instructions that Campbell‘s conviction for Class A felony burglary resulting in bodily injury be reduced to а Class B felony. In all other respects the Court of Appeals affirmed Campbell‘s convictions and sentence. See , trans. granted, .2 Thereafter Campbell filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief which was amended several times. Among other claims Campbell contended trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance for (i) engaging in improper voir dire exаmination during jury selection, and (ii) failing to object to a jury instruction regarding the definition of “intentionally.” The post-conviction court denied relief. On review Campbell challenged the post-conviction court‘s judgment concerning the foregoing claims. The Court of Appeals rejected both challenges but acknowledged “some tension” in the case authority concerning the сorrect statement of the law with respect to the definition of intentionally. See . Campbell seeks transfer which we now grant to address his jury instruction claim. See Ind. Appellate Rule 58(A). In all other respects we summarily affirm the opinion of the Court ‍‌​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‍of Appeals. Additional facts are set forth below as necessary.

Standard of Review for Post-Conviction Proceedings

The petitioner in a post-conviction proceeding bears the burden of estаblishing grounds for relief by a preponder-ance of the evidence. (citations omitted). When appealing the denial of post-conviction relief, the petitioner stands in the position of one appealing from a negative judgment. Id. To prevail on appeal from the denial of post-conviction relief, a petitioner must show that the evidence as a whole leads unerringly and unmistakably to a conclusion opposite that reached by the post-conviction court. . Further, the post-conviction court in this case made findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with Indiana Post-Conviction Rule 1(6). Although we do not defer to the post-conviction court‘s legal conclusions, “[a] post-conviction court‘s findings and judgment will be reversed only upon a showing of clear error—thаt which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” (internal quotation omitted).

Standard of Review for Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

When evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we apply the two-part test articulated in . See . To satisfy the first prong, “the defendant must show deficient performance: representation that fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, committing errors so serious thаt the defendant did not have the ‘counsel’ guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.” (citing ). To satisfy the second prong, “the defendant must show prejudice: a reasonable probability (i.e. a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome) that, but for counsel‘s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” (citing ).

Discussion

Campbell complains about a supplemental instructiоn the trial court gave the jury after they began deliberating. The essential facts are these. At the conclusion of trial, the jury received final instructions from the trial court and retired to deliberate. About two hours into deliberations the jury indicated to the bailiff that they might be able to reach a verdict on three of the counts, but “want to know on the other two if it can be a hung jury.” Tr. at 994. By agreement of the parties, the trial court responded that it would “instruct the Bailiff to inform the jury that the answer to their question is yes.” Id. The jury had also asked the bailiff a follow-up question, namely: “they want to know the definition of intent.” Id. Trial counsel initially requested that the statutory definition of “intentionally” be read to the jury. Id. Expressing skepticism on whether the court could “give additional jury instructions after the jury has recеived the case,” the State requested that Pattern Jury Instruction 9.05 be read if the court were to give any further instructions. Id. at 995. After the trial court determined that it could give additional instructions, trial counsel requested that the definition of “intentionally” from the pattern jury instructions be given without repeating other final instructions: “they had a simple question and a good question. I would like to request that just the pattern definition of intentionally be read.” Id. at 998. The State agreed and the trial court instructed ‍‌​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‍the jury orally and in writing as follows:

Indiana code 35-41-2-2, intentional is defined by statute as follows. A person engages in conduct intentionally if when he engages in the conduct, it is his conscious objectives [sic] to do so. If a person is charged with intentionally causing a result by his conduct, it must have been his conscious objective not only to engage in the conduct, but also to cause the result.

Id. at 999. (reading Indiana Pattern Jury Instructions—Criminal 9.05 (2002)).3 Campbell contends he “received ineffective assistance of trial counsel when trial counsel failed to object to any additional jury instructions during the jury‘s final deliberations at trial and that the supplementary instruction given contained an incorrect statement of the law.” Br. of Appellant at 11.

Campbell‘s challenge actually amounts to two separate claims. First, trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the giving of any supplemental instructions after deliberations had begun. And second, counsel was ineffective for failing to object specifically to the pattern instruction because according to Campbell it contаined an incorrect statement of the law.

As for Campbell‘s first claim, he cites authority standing for the proposition that once deliberations have begun, the trial court should not give any additional instructions. Br. of Appellant 18-19 (citing ; ); see also (“The proper procedure [for responding to any problem during jury deliberations] is for the court to call the jury back into open court . . . and to rerеad all instructions given to them prior to their deliberations, without emphasis on any of them and without further comment.“). But for over a decade now trial courts have been given “greater leeway to ‘facilitate and assist jurors in the deliberative process, in order to avoid mistrials.‘” (quoting (footnote omitted)). And this policy of greater flexibility is reflected in our Jury Rules4 as well as in Indiana Code section 34-36-1-6 which empowers a court to respond to, among other things, a jury‘s desire “to be informed as to any point of law arising in the case.”5

The record shows the trial court‘s final instructions with respect to the charges of battery, aggravated battery, and burglary included “intentionally” as an element of each offense. See Tr. at 1612-14. However none of the instructions defined “intent” or provided a definition of what it meant to аct “intentionally.” Thus when the jury advised the bailiff that “they want[ed] to know the definition of intent,” Id. at 994, this is best understood as a “desire[] to be informed as to [a] point of law arising in the case.” I.C. § 34-36-1-6. The trial court therefore properly brought the jury into open court “where the information required” was given in the presence of the parties. Id. Trial counsel did not render ineffective assistance by failing tо object to the trial court giving an additional instruction during the jury‘s final deliberations.

Concerning Campbell‘s claim that counsel rendered ineffective assistance for failing to object to the pattern jury instruction because it contained an incorrect statement of the law, Campbell specifically refers to the second sentence of the instruction, namely: ‍‌​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‍“If a person is charged with intentionally causing a result by his conduct, it must have been his conscious objective not only to engage in the conduct, but also to cause the result.” Ind. Pattern Jury Instructions—Crim. No. 9.05. In support Campbell cites , trans. not sought. In that case a jury convicted Anthon Corley of murder. On appeal he argued, among other things, the trial court erred in refusing his tendered instruction on culpability. His instruction rеad in pertinent part: “A person engages in conduct ‘intentionally’ if, when he engages in the conduct, it is his conscious objective to do so. [If a person is charged with intentionally causing a result by his conduct, it must have been his conscious objective not only to engage in the conduct but also to cause the result.]” (brackets in original). The trial court refused to give Corley‘s propоsed instruction and gave its own instruction instead which read in pertinent part, “[a] person engages in conduct ‘intentionally’ if, when he engages in the conduct, it is his conscious objective to do so.” Rejecting Corley‘s claim of error, the Court of Appeals declared:

The only difference in the two instructions is the language in Corley‘s tendered instruction regarding “causing a result.” He argues thаt it was error not to include this language in the instruction because the jury was not advised that he must have a conscious objective to cause [the victim‘s] death. However, Corley cites to no authority for this proposition and we do not find any. Ind.Code § 35-41-2-2 (1993) which defines intentionally, knowingly and recklessly does not include the additional language found in Corley‘s instruction. Thus the tendered instruction is not a correct statement of the law. It was not error for the court to refuse the tendered instruction.

(first emphasis added) (internal footnote omitted) (internal citations omitted).

However, despite the Court of Appeals’ declaration we make two observations. First, the precise language the court found unsupported by authority was contained in the pattern jury instructions at the time. See Ind. Pattern Jury Instructions—Crim. 9.05 (1991) (declaring in pertinent part: “If a person is charged with intentionally causing a result by his conduct, it must have been his conscious objective not only to engage in the conduct but also to cause the result.“). Second, another panel of the court had reached a different conclusion four years earlier in , trans. denied. In that case Betty Jo Johnson was chаrged as an accessory to burglary as a Class A felony. The charging information alleged the intent to commit several alternative underlying felony offenses including murder, battery with a deadly weapon, battery causing serious bodily injury, intimidation by threat of forcible felony, or intimidation with a deadly weapon. After a jury trial Johnson was convicted as charged. On appeal she argued among other things that her conviction could not stand because “the case was submitted to the jury on an illegal theory.” . More precisely Johnson contended that because of “the manner in which the offense of burglary was charged, the State was relieved of its burden of proving that her accomplices intended felonies.” . The Court of Appeals rejected this contention and went on to add:

Though no issue has been raised upon this point, we have examined the trial court‘s final jury instructions to assure ourselves that the State was not in fact relieved of its burden of proof. The trial court specifically instructed the jury that “[i]f a person is charged with intentionally causing a result by his conduct, it must have been his conscious objective not only to engage in the conduсt but also to cause the result.” This instruction, in combination with the other instructions defining the offenses of burglary, battery, intimidation, and accessory responsibility, in the language of the pertinent statutes, properly informed the jury of the State‘s burden of proof.

. (alteration in original) (emphasis added). The Court of Appeals here acknowledged “some tension between and as to whether the second sentence of the pattern instruction is a correct statement ‍‌​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‍of the law,” and noted that this Court “has not weighed in on the subject. . . .” . We also acknowledge the tension and now weigh in.

It is of course the case that an instruction which tracks verbatim the language of a statute is presumptively correct. See, e.g., (rejecting defendant‘s claim of error regarding jury instructions on “intentionally” or “knowingly” in part because the challеnged instruction “defined the terms ‘knowingly’ and ‘intentionally’ precisely as they are defined by statute” (citation omitted)). And here the language of the statute provides in relevant part “[a] person engages in conduct ‘intentionally’ if, when he engages in the conduct, it is his conscious objective to do so.” I.C. § 35-41-2-2(a). This precise language comprised the first sentence of the contested instructiоn at stake here. But it is not also the case that an instruction is an incorrect statement of the law merely because it includes language not contained in the statute. See, e.g., (approving a pattern jury instruction on the consequences of not guilty by reason of insanity or guilty but mentally ill verdicts that synthesized the wording of several statutory provisions); (declining to find error in the trial court giving a pattern jury instruction that elaborated on the wording in a provision of the Indiana Jury Rules). Rather, “[t]he purpose of a jury instruction ‘is to inform the jury of the law applicable to the facts without misleading the jury and to enable it to comprehend the case clearly and arrive at a just, fair, and correct verdict.‘” (quoting ). Here, the second sentence of the contested instruction serves to emphasize the heavy burden placed on the State to prove that a defendant acted intentionally. And this is so because not only must the State prove that an accused had the “conscious objective” to engage in the prohibited conduct but also that he intended to “cause the result” of his conduct. For clarity the sentence might be amended to read “If а person is charged with intentionally causing a result by his conduct, the State is required to prove it must have been his conscious objective not only to engage in the conduct but also cause the result.” Nonetheless even in its current form the instruction holds the State to this higher burden of proof even though the statute defining intentionally does not do so in express terms. The State does not cоntend this is an inappropriate burden and we conclude that Pattern Jury Instruction 9.05 represents a correct statement of the law.6 As such trial counsel in this case did not render ineffective assistance in failing to object to the instruction.

Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.

RUSH, C.J., and DICKSON, DAVID and MASSA, JJ., concur.

Notes

1
1. Campbell was initially charged solely with two counts of attempted murder. His 2002 trial for those offenses ended in a hung jury. Adding charges of burglary, aggravated battеry and battery the State retried Campbell in 2003.
2
2. Campbell sought transfer, which this Court granted for the limited purpose of revising his aggregate sentence to a term of seventy years. See .
3
3. The Indiana Pattern Jury Instructions are prepared under the auspices of the Indiana Judges Association in conjunction with the Indiana Judicial Conference Criminal and Civil Instruction Cоmmittees. Although they are not formally approved for use, they are tacitly recognized by Indiana Trial Rule 51(E).
4
4. Specifically Indiana Jury Rule 28 provides: If the jury advises the court that it has reached an impasse in its deliberations, the court may, but only in the presence of counsel, and, in a criminal case the parties, inquire of the jurors to determine whether and how the court and counsel can аssist them in their deliberative process. After receiving the juror‘s response, if any, the court, after consultation with counsel, may direct that further proceedings occur as appropriate.
5
5. The statute provides: If, after the jury retires for deliberation: (1) there is a disagreement among the jurors as to any part of the testimony; or (2) the jury desires to be informed as to any point оf law arising ‍‌​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‍in the case; the jury may request the officer to conduct them into court, where the information required shall be given in the presence of, or after notice to, the parties or the attorneys representing the parties. Ind.Code § 34-36-1-6.
6
6. We observe in passing that Instruction 9.05 is similar to that adopted by the federal Third Circuit Court of Appeals. In that circuit the term “intentionally” is explicated in part as “the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt either that . . . it was [defendant‘s] conscious desire or purpose to act in a certain way or to cause a certain result. . . .” Modern Federal Jury Instructions (Criminal Pattern Instructions), Third Circuit Pattern Jury Instruction 5.03 (Rel. 62B-6/2013 Pub. 485) (emphasis added). There is however at least one important distinction. Unlike Indiana, the “cause a certain result” requirement is cast as an alternative to, rather than an additional requirement of, a “conscious desire . . . to act.”
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