VIRGIN ISLANDS HOUSING AUTHORITY; AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION, Appellee v. COASTAL GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SERVICES CORPORATION; CHARLEY‘S TRUCKING, Appellant COASTAL GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SERVICES CORPORATION, Appellant v. AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION; VIRGIN ISLANDS HOUSING AUTHORITY, Appellee
No. 93-7819
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
June 24, 1994
BEFORE: STAPLETON, ALITO, and WEIS, Circuit Judges
OPINION OF THE COURT
WEIS, Circuit Judge
In this appeal, we hold that in the Virgin Islands, unless an independent basis for federal jurisdiction exists, a suit to confirm or vacate an arbitrator‘s award pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act must be brought in the Territorial Court, not in the District Court of the Virgin Islands. We also decide that an arbitrated dispute that is based on the breach of a construction contract growing out of a territorial housing project financed by federal funds does not establish federal question jurisdiction. Accordingly, we will reverse an order of the district court vacating an arbitrator‘s award.
Plaintiff Virgin Islands Housing Authority entered into a contract with defendant Coastal General Construction Services Corp. for renovation of the Donoe Housing Project on St. Thomas. Funding for the project was supplied by a program that receives part of its funding from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) under the Comprehensive Improvement Assistance Program,
The contract was executed on September 29, 1988, but no notice to proceed was issued. The Housing Authority terminated the contract on June 6, 1989, as permitted by the terms of the agreement. Contending that it was entitled to compensation for the work it had performed before the termination, Coastal submitted the matter for a hearing before the American Arbitration Association as provided in the contract.
On February 5, 1992, Coastal presented its claim for termination damages in the amount of $1,114,799.40 (amended on October 5, 1992 to be $1,149,922). One day before the hearing scheduled for November 17, 1992, however, Coastal presented an amended claim in the amount of $2,343,933, almost double the amount it had previously requested. At the beginning of the hearing. the Housing Authority asked the arbitrator to either disallow the latest amended claim or continue the hearing to allow time for further evaluation
After final submissions by the parties, the arbitrator awarded Coastal $1,262,049. The Housing Authority filed suit in the Territorial Court seeking to vacate the arbitration award because of Coastal‘s alleged fraud in inflating its claim. Coastal then removed the case to the District Court of the Virgin Islands, and filed a separate action in that forum seeking confirmation of the award. The two cases were consolidated by an order that was originally limited to discovery. However, the court and the parties treated the consolidation as applicable generally.
The District Court determined that it had federal question jurisdiction and denied the Housing Authority‘s motion for remand. In a subsequent memorandum, the court found that Coastal‘s last-minute submission of an amended claim with its accompanying documentation presented sufficient cause for postponement and concluded that the arbitrator had improvidently closed the hearing. Based on evidence that some of the expenses claimed by Coastal might have been inflated or completely false, the district court reasoned that the Housing Authority may have been prejudiced, vacated the award and “remanded for completion of the agreed upon arbitration.” Coastal has appealed.
I.
The first question confronting us is whether the District Court‘s order is appealable. We resolve this issue by reference to the statutory provisions of the Federal Arbitration Act,
If the District Court had simply vacated the award in this case, the order would be clearly appealable under subsection 16(a)(1)(E), but the additional direction for a remand has clouded
Forsythe Int‘l., S.A. v. Gibbs Oil Co. of Texas, 915 F.2d 1017 (5th Cir. 1990), presented a similar issue. In that case, the district court found that the misrepresentation by one of the parties and the failure of the arbitrators to take any corrective action required that the award be vacated and the matter remanded to a new panel of arbitrators. The Court of Appeals concluded that the order was appealable because otherwise the parties could never determine whether the district court had complied with the narrow statutory limits governing vacatur. Id. at 1020. The Court stated in a footnote, however, that if the district court had simply remanded the case to the original arbitration panel for clarification of its award, “the policies disfavoring partial resolution by arbitration would preclude appellate intrusion until the arbitration was complete.” Id. at 1020 n.1.
In the case before us, the District Court‘s order does not specify whether it is the original arbitrator who is to conduct the hearing on remand. Even if that is the implication, however, we do not believe that the order is an interlocutory one within the scope of
We are not convinced by the dictum in Forsythe that appealability in situations of this nature should be determined by whether the remand is to the original or a new arbitrator. Rather, the distinction is whether the additional hearing is ordered merely for purposes of clarification—an order that would not be appealable—or whether the remand constitutes a re-opening that would begin the arbitration all over again. Here, the vacation and remand order is essentially no different from that of the district courts in Atlantic Aviation and Forsythe where the Court of Appeals held
II.
Having found that the order is appealable, the next question is whether the District Court or the Territorial Court had jurisdiction over the Housing Authority‘s petition to vacate the arbitration award and Coastal‘s request for confirmation.
In Brow v. Farrelly, 994 F.2d 1027, 1032-34 (3d Cir. 1993), we discussed the division of jurisdiction between the District Court of the Virgin Islands and the Territorial Court. The opinion reviewed the history of the two courts as well as the congressional and local legislative enactments that resulted in the allocation of various forms of civil litigation between the two forums. Id.
In brief, the Territorial Court has original jurisdiction over all local civil actions. Id. at 1034; see
Because complete diversity of citizenship does not exist between the parties in this case, the jurisdiction of the District Court cannot rest on that ground.2 Nor does this case involve those matters that would come within the exclusive jurisdiction of the District Court.
Removal jurisdiction exists only if the case could have been brought in the federal court under its original jurisdiction. Franchise Tax Bd., 463 U.S. at 10. Moreover, the fact that a defense based on federal law will be raised does not create jurisdiction in the federal courts unless the case falls within that small category where the governing federal statute preempts the field and was clearly intended to support removal jurisdiction. See Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 66–67 (1987). That circumstance is not present here.
Federal and state courts have concurrent jurisdiction to enforce the provisions of the Arbitration Act. In Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 25 n.32 (1983), the Supreme Court observed that the “Arbitration Act is something of an anomaly” in federal court jurisdiction. The statute creates federal substantive law regulating an agreement to arbitrate, but “it does not create any independent federal-question jurisdiction under
The Arbitration Act thus does not answer the jurisdictional issue in the case at hand. In Prudential-Bache Sec., Inc. v. Fitch, 966 F.2d 981 (5th Cir. 1992), a brokerage firm filed suit in federal court to compel arbitration of a dispute with its customer. The underlying controversy arose over contentions that the brokerage firm had violated federal securities laws. However, because the complaint
The record in the case at hand establishes that neither of the complaints filed by the Housing Authority and Coastal contain allegations sufficient under the well-pleaded complaint rule to support a finding of a substantial federal question. On that basis alone, the District Court lacked jurisdiction.
Even if it were permissible to look beyond the complaint to the substance of the arbitrated dispute between the parties, we would still conclude that no federal question is present here. The District Court concluded that it had jurisdiction based on four factors: (1) enforcing or vacating the award implicates contractual obligations between HUD and the Housing Authority “with respect to the use of federal funds earmarked for the construction projects at issue in which funds Coastal has an interest“; (2) resolution of the dispute requires construction of HUD requirements for the termination of a contract and a federal interest exists in maintaining the uniform interpretation of federal contractual provisions; (3) the Housing Authority‘s allegations that Coastal had submitted fraudulent documentation with its claim required an interpretation of the Arbitration Act; and (4) judicial economy would be best served by not remanding because any appeal from the Territorial Court would be to the District Court.
The last factor, judicial economy—unfortunately as this case demonstrates—cannot be a factor in determining the jurisdiction of federal courts. The allocation of judicial business to the courts is a matter of constitutional and legislative mandates that must be honored by the courts regardless of considerations of efficiency.
Nor does the Housing Authority‘s claim that fraud occurred in the arbitration process confer jurisdiction on the District Court. The Arbitration Act provides that a court may vacate an award that has been procured by fraud or where the arbitrator was guilty of misconduct in refusing a postponement of the hearing.
The possibility, therefore, that the court would be required to interpret the fraud provisions the Arbitration Act does not meet federal question standards; another independent basis of jurisdiction must exist. As the Southland Court noted, “a party may assert general contract defenses such as fraud to avoid enforcement of an arbitration agreement.” Id. at 16 n.11. That, however, like other general contract defenses does not establish federal jurisdiction under the Arbitration Act.
We come, then, to the other two factors cited by the district court, namely that enforcing or vacating the award not only implicates contractual obligations between HUD and the Housing Authority with respect to the use of federal funds, but also that a resolution of the dispute requires an interpretation of HUD requirements for termination of a contract. In this connection, the court noted the federal interest in maintaining a uniform interpretation of federal contract provisions.
We may assume, albeit hesitantly, that resolution of the dispute between Coastal and the Housing Authority would implicate these factors. That assumption, however, does not supply the necessary independent basis for jurisdiction. Preliminarily, we note that the interest in uniformity in construction of federal contractual provisions is not enough to pose federal question issues. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson, 478 U.S. 804, 815–16 (1986).
As we said in Lindy v. Lynn, 501 F.2d 1367, 1369 (3d Cir. 1974), an action under
The Court of Appeals in West 14th St. Commercial Corp. v. 5 W. 14th Owners Corp., 815 F.2d 188, 192 (2d Cir. 1987), outlined the two tests to be applied when reviewing federal question jurisdiction. First, the question is whether federal law creates the cause of action. If not, the second inquiry is whether the complaint poses a substantial federal question. The Supreme Court has cautioned that “the mere presence of a federal issue in a state cause of action does not automatically confer federal question jurisdiction.” Id. at 193 (quoting Merrell Dow, 478 U.S. at 813). The nature of the federal interest at stake is determinative of whether it is sufficiently substantial to displace state law. Id.
In Weeks Constr., Inc. v. Oglala Sioux Housing Auth., 797 F.2d 668 (8th Cir. 1986), HUD provided funds for construction of housing units by a Housing Authority for an Indian tribe. A contractor sued the Housing Authority and asserted federal question jurisdiction. The Court of Appeals rejected that assertion, holding that the contractor‘s claims were based on its agreement with the Housing Authority—an interpretation of which was governed by local, not federal law. Id. at 672. “[The contractor‘s] action for money damages may have a connection with activities undertaken as part of functions authorized by federal law, but did not itself arise under federal law and requires only the interpretation and application of contract principles under local law.” Id. at 675 n.8; see also Morongo Band of Mission Indians v. California State Bd. of Equalization, 858 F.2d 1376, 1385-86 (9th Cir. 1988) (In suit for breach of lease, fact that it was entered into under authority conferred by federal statute did not support federal question jurisdiction).
Even if Coastal‘s complaint contained assertions respecting the use of federal funds in the construction project and the adoption of contractual forms authorized by HUD, federal question jurisdiction would still not be established. Essentially, the dispute between the parties is whether the Housing Authority could terminate the contract without paying for the expenses that Coastal had incurred up to that point. This dispute is thus governed by local, not federal, law.
We conclude, therefore, that the Territorial Court has exclusive jurisdiction over the complaint filed by the Housing Authority and that removal to the District Court was improper. Thus, the suit must be remanded to the Territorial Court. Similarly, because the Territorial Court also has exclusive jurisdiction over the action filed by Coastal, the district court must either dismiss that action or it may, “in the interest of justice,” transfer the suit to the Territorial Court pursuant to the authority conferred in V.I. Code tit. 4, § 32(b). See Brow, 994 F.2d at 1037 n.10.
One final matter remains for determination. The Housing Authority has requested that we impose sanctions against Coastal for its improvident removal of the litigation to the District Court. Coastal had relied primarily upon a theory of allocation of jurisdiction between the District and Territorial Courts that was not clarified until this Court issued its opinion in Brow. Because the removal took place before the date of that opinion, we conclude that Coastal had a colorable claim of jurisdiction at the time it began the removal action. In these circumstances. we do not believe that sanctions would be appropriate.
The judgment of the District Court will be vacated, and the cases will be remanded to the District Court with directions to remand the suit brought by the Housing Authority to the Territorial Court and to dismiss or transfer the complaint filed by Coastal in the District Court. Each party to bear its own costs.
WEIS
Circuit Judge