Van der Lee v. Commr of Inter. Rev.Van der Lee v. Commr of Inter. Rev.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the United States Tax Court (Marvel, J.) holding Petitioners-Appellants Henricus and Pamela Van der Lee (“taxpayers,” or “the Van der Lees“) liable for underpayment of $620,138 in federal income taxes for the 2002 tax year, as well as a negligence penalty of $7,604.20. Specifically, the tax court agreed with the determinations of Respondent-Appellee the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (the “IRS“) that: (1) Mr. Van der Lee erroneously claimed to be a “trader” in securities, rather than an “investor” in securities, (2) Mr. Van der Lee failed to adequately substantiate his deduction of over $91,000 in claimed business-related expenses, (3) approximately $88,000 of the Van der Lees’ claimed deductions for charitable contributions were either not allowable as a matter of law or inadequately substantiated, and (4) the Van der Lees should be subject to a monetary penalty for negligently underpaying their taxes. We presume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and procedural history of this case, as well as with the issues on appeal.
We review a tax court‘s conclusions of law de novo and its findings of fact for clear error. Robinson Knife Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Comm‘r, 600 F.3d 121, 124 (2d Cir.2010). We review a tax court‘s imposition of an accuracy-related penalty under
Whether a taxpayer‘s activities constitute a “trade or business” is a question of fact. Higgins v. Comm‘r, 312 U.S. 212, 217, 61 S.Ct. 475, 85 L.Ed. 783 (1941). Securities investors are not considered to be in the “trade or business” of trading securities, whereas securities traders are so considered. Estate of Yaeger v. Comm‘r, 889 F.2d 29, 33 (2d Cir.1989) (citing Higgins, 312 U.S. at 217, 61 S.Ct. 475). “Determining whether a taxpayer‘s trading activities rise to the level of carrying on a trade or business turns on the facts and circumstances of each case.” Id. at 33 (citing Higgins, 312 U.S. at 217, 61 S.Ct. 475).
We turn first to the Van der Lees’ contention that the tax court clearly erred in holding that Mr. Van der Lee acted as an “investor” of securities in 2002, as opposed to a “trader” of securities. In Estate of Yaeger we explained the distinction between securities “traders” and securities “investors” under the tax laws as follows:
In determining whether taxpayers who manage their own investments are traders, relevant considerations are the taxpayer‘s investment intent, the nature of the income to be derived from the activity, and the frequency, extent, and regularity of the taxpayer‘s securities transactions.
Investors are engaged in the production of income. Traders are those whose profits are derived from the direct management of purchasing and selling. Investors derive profit from the interest, dividends, and capital appreciation of securities. They are primarily interested in the long-term growth potential of
their stocks. Traders, however, buy and sell securities with reasonable frequency in an endeavor to catch the swings in the daily market movements and profit thereby on a short term basis. Thus, the two fundamental criteria that distinguish traders from investors [are] the length of the holding period and the source of the profit.
Id. at 33 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
Here, we see no error in the tax court‘s conclusion that, applying the Estate of Yaeger standard, Mr. Van der Lee was not a trader in 2002. In particular, we agree with the tax court that Mr. Van der Lee did not trade with the “frequency, extent, and regularity” indicative of an individual who intended to realize short-term profits by catching “the swings in the daily market movements.” Van der Lee v. Comm‘r, 102 T.C.M. (CCH) 329, 332-33 (2011). Notably, Mr. Van der Lee never bought and sold stock on the same day; he held most of his stock purchases for at least a month; and he held many stocks for several months at a time. See id. (also noting that “[o]f the 76 sales of stocks between April 15 and December 31, 2002, 35 involved shares that Mr. Van der Lee had acquired before 2002“). This indicates that Mr. Van der Lee intended to profit primarily through the capital appreciation of his investments, rather than through the exploitation of short-term oscillations in stock prices, the hallmark of a securities trader. See Estate of Yaeger, 889 F.2d at 33. In addition, the total number of Mr. Van der Lee‘s trades were not of such a volume as to indicate that he was in the “trade or business” of profiting from short-term market movements. See id. at 33-34 (taxpayer who engaged in more than 1000 stock transactions over a year was not a securities “trader” under the Code); see also Moller v. United States, 721 F.2d 810, 813-14 (Fed.Cir.1983) (noting that where “taxpayers have been held to be in the business of trading in securities for their own account, the number of their transactions indicated that they were engaged in market transactions on an almost daily basis.” (citing cases)).
We turn next to the tax court‘s conclusion that Mr. Van der Lee did not adequately substantiate his claimed deductions for “ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the [2002] taxable year ... for the production or collection of income” under
by adequate records or by sufficient evidence corroborating the taxpayer‘s own statement (A) the amount of such expense or other item, (B) the time and place of the travel, entertainment, ... (C) the business purpose of the expense or other item, and (D) the business relationship to the taxpayer of persons entertained ....
Here, the tax court did not err in concluding that Mr. Van der Lee failed to adequately substantiate his claimed business expenses. As to the expenses related to travel and entertainment, Mr. Van der Lee‘s credit card and bank statements are insufficient evidence of those expenses’ “business purpose,” and Mr. Van der Lee did not testify as to how his travel was related to his trading activity. Similarly, there is no indication in the record that the legal bills submitted by Mr. Van der Lee related to his trading activity. Finally, the extensive expenses related to Mr. Van der Lee‘s maintenance of a home office were not substantiated by anything other than receipts and Mr. Van der Lee‘s general testimony that he made trades from home. Crucially, Mr. Van der Lee did not explain how these purchases aided his trading activity, nor did he establish the extent to which he used the purchases for business, rather than personal, use.
Next, we turn to the tax court‘s conclusions that the Van der Lees failed to adequately substantiate certain of their claimed charitable contributions for the 2002 tax year. Under the Code, taxpayers may deduct the value of any “contribution or gift” to an organization that qualifies for tax-exempt status under
(i) The amount of cash and a description (but not value) of any property other than cash contributed.
(ii) Whether the donee organization provided any goods or services in consideration, in whole or in part, for any property described in clause (i).
(iii) A description and good faith estimate of the value of any goods or services referred to in clause (ii)....
Here, the tax court did not err in concluding that certain of the Van der Lees’ claimed charitable contributions did not meet the above-described substantiation requirements. First, Mrs. Van der Lee‘s submission of credit card statements (with allegedly qualifying expenses circled) does not meet the
Separately, with regard to the Van der Lees’ claimed charitable deduction for the donation of the use of a property they own in St. Thomas, we agree with the tax court that this deduction is not allowable as a matter of law. Id. at *10. As the tax court noted, the Code generally does not allow for the deduction of charitable gifts of a partial interest in property if it is not made in trust. See
Finally, we agree with the tax court that the Van der Lees were negligent in claiming tens of thousands of dollars in charitable deductions without any written documentation to substantiate those deductions, and therefore that a negligence penalty was appropriate. Section 6662(b) of the Code authorizes the imposition of a 20% penalty on the portion of an underpayment attributable to the taxpayer‘s “[n]egligence or disregard of rules or regulations.”
Here, we agree with the tax court that the Van der Lees negligently “failed to provide [their accountant] with all relevant information” necessary to accurately report their charitable deductions. Van der Lee, 102 T.C.M. (CCH) at 337. In particular, the Van der Lees “gave [their accountant] only the total [amount] of the charitable contributions” that they claimed were deductible for the 2002 tax year, rather than an itemized list; “did not tell him that
We have considered all of petitioners’ contentions on this appeal and have found them to be without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the tax court is AFFIRMED.