United States of America v. Walter Ronaldo Martinez Escobar; United States of America v. Jose Manuel Rojas-Andrade; United States of America v. Jason Allen Jackson; United States of America v. Trinidad Jesus Garcia; United States of America v. Catarino Cruz, Jr.
No. 17-1014, 17-1018, 17-1059, 17-1170, 17-1172
United States Court of Appeals For the Eighth Circuit
November 26, 2018
Submitted: February 14, 2018
Appeals from United States District Court for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
Before SMITH, Chief Judge, MURPHY and COLLOTON, Circuit
SMITH, Chief Judge.
A jury convicted Walter Ronaldo Martinez Escobar, Jason Allen Jackson, and Catarino Cruz, Jr., of federal crimes related to a methamphetamine distribution operation. Jose Rojas-Andrade and Trinidad Garcia pleaded guilty to counts related to the same operation. The district court1 imposed sentences of 137 months to 330 months. These five appellants appeal a variety
I. Background
A. Underlying Facts
Following a lengthy investigation, 13 people—including the five appellants—were indicted in a large drug-trafficking conspiracy. The investigation focused on Jesse Garcia (“Jesse“), a multi-pound methamphetamine distributor.
In June 2015, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) became involved in the Dakota County Drug Task Force and St. Paul Narcotics Unit‘s ongoing investigation of Jesse. The DEA learned that these local law enforcement agencies had conducted surveillance at Jesse‘s residence on approximately May 25, 2015, and stopped a vehicle believed to have recently left a residence associated with Jesse. Rojas-Andrade and Juan Noyola-Garcia (“Noyola“) were in the vehicle. Law enforcement searched the vehicle and recovered $45,000 from under the passenger seat.
On June 16, 2015, law enforcement responded to a call from the Northwood Inn and Suits in Bloomington, Minnesota, relating to a customer‘s claim of theft. Trinidad Garcia (“Garcia“), Jesse‘s brother, was a maintenance worker there. A witness identified Garcia as the suspect. Law enforcement arrested Garcia for an active warrant on an unrelated matter. During the booking process at the jail, law enforcement recovered 39.34 grams of methamphetamine (36.58 actual grams of methamphetamine) from Garcia‘s underwear. Garcia possessed the methamphetamine with the intent to distribute it to others. Authorities connected Garcia‘s drugs to Jesse as the supplier.
During the early stages of the investigation, law enforcement placed GPS trackers on several vehicles that Jesse used. These GPS trackers enabled law enforcement to identify a house in rural Wisconsin (“Wisconsin stash house“) as a location that Jesse and other coconspirators frequented. Law enforcement installed a pole camera. It was determined that Jesse‘s supply came from the Wisconsin stash house operated by a Rojas-Andrade, Noyola, and a third coconspirator. These individuals worked for a Mexican man and his girlfriend, Guadalupe Garibay Sanchez, to supply Jesse and others with methamphetamine. They used the Wisconsin stash house to store drugs and money. Rojas-Andrade recruited Noyola and Escobar to assist him with the methamphetamine operation.
Law enforcement discovered that Jesse changed his phone about every 30 days. Law enforcement attempted to obtain wiretaps on four of Jesse‘s phones but were able to intercept only two of the phones—“TT2” and “TT4.” The interception of TT2 lasted only three days—July 17 to July 19, 2015. During those days, law enforcement intercepted calls between Jesse and two of his distributors, including David Bennett. The interception of TT4 lasted about one week—August 12 to August 19, 2015. The intercept enabled the seizure of 50 pounds of methamphetamine from Jesse and a seizure of another 30 pounds from the Wisconsin stash house, which ended the investigation.
After interceptions of TT4 began, on August 12, 2015, law enforcement intercepted a call between Jesse and Cruz, who was one of Jesse‘s sources of methamphetamine. In the call, Cruz explained that he was “checking” on Jesse. Appellee‘s App. at A-79 (Ex. 18). Jesse updated Cruz on the status of his drug trafficking, telling Cruz that it was “kind of slower right now ‘cause ah, we lost some people and shit, so it‘s kind of slowed down a little bit.” Id.
On August 13, 2015, law enforcement intercepted multiple calls between Jesse and Jackson, a methamphetamine distributor. During their conversations, Jesse and Jackson discussed Jesse‘s recent financial losses and Jackson‘s repayment of his debt to Jesse. Jesse told Jackson he had to “go switch up cars,” id. at A-87 (Ex. 26), and “grab them things,” id. at A-86 (Ex. 26), before meeting with Jackson. This meant that Jesse was going to get a car (a Kia) that he often used when he had methamphetamine with him and get the methamphetamine before meeting Jackson. Jackson confirmed that he had all the “paper” (money) “[t]owards the whole . . . debt.” Id. at A-88 (Ex. 26). They agreed to meet that day at a restaurant. Jesse arrived in the Kia, and Jackson arrived in another vehicle. Both vehicles thereafter left the restaurant‘s parking lot, with Jackson returning to his residence. He was observed exiting his vehicle with bags. Right after meeting with Jackson, Jesse contacted Cruz, stating, “I probably need to see you like tomorrow or the next day.” Id. at A-90 (Ex. 30). Cruz responded, “Are they paying or what?” Id. Jesse then explained that none of them were getting paid yet and that he would only need “half of that maybe.” Id.
On August 14, 2015, Bennett called Jesse about meeting to complete a drug transaction. Jesse asked Bennett if Bennett wanted “[j]ust the one.” Id. at A-93 (Ex. 33). Jesse explained that he only had “three of ‘em left” and that he was “just buying cash right now.” Id. Jesse had “lost so much money [that he was] pretty much down to . . . just grabbing.” Id. (ellipsis in original). Bennett told Jesse to “bring two, just in case,” and Jesse asked that Bennet “let [him] know for sure if [Bennett] need[ed] two of them. Id. Later, Jesse and Bennett completed the drug transaction in a residential neighborhood.
Jesse and Bennett met again on August 15, 2015, and conducted another drug transaction in the neighborhood. Prior to their meeting, Jesse traveled to a residence on Case Avenue, entered the residence for approximately five minutes, and exited the residence with something in his hand. Jesse then drove to meet Bennett. Following their meeting, Bennett was pulled over by the Minnesota State Patrol. Law enforcement recovered over a pound of methamphetamine and two stolen handguns from his vehicle.
After meeting with Bennett, Jesse called Cruz, telling him that he had “picked up some {cash}” and Cruz should “come grab it tomorrow.” Id. at A-99 (Ex. 48) (alteration in original). They spoke before 6 p.m. on August 16, 2015, and agreed to meet at Jesse‘s residence in Coon Rapids, Minnesota. At 6:00 p.m. on August 16, 2015, law enforcement intercepted a call between Cruz and Jesse in which Cruz informed
Within an hour of the meeting between Jesse and Cruz, Jesse spoke to his Mexican source of supply. During the call, Jesse explained that he was traveling to Duluth, Minnesota, “taking like five up there right now” and that he has been using an alternative source of supply, “working, with some other {dudes} right now.” Id. at A-101 (Ex. 58) (alteration in original). Jesse explained to his Mexican source that he needed to buy from this alternative source (Cruz) because Jesse “lost a lost of money and you guys had been out.” Id. at A-102 (Ex. 58). Jesse feared that his “people [would] go somewhere else” if he did not obtain more drugs. Id. Jesse told the Mexican source, “[I]f I don‘t keep making money then shit, I‘m gonna go broke, you know what I‘m saying? So . . . so I been somewhere else right now. Just getting like ten at a time, cash money, you know?” Id. (ellipsis in original). Jesse and the Mexican source also discussed Jesse‘s outstanding debt to the Mexican source. Jesse stated, “I just lost a lot of {money}, but yeah, I got the twelve, you know?” Id. (alteration in original). Jesse asked the Mexican source to have one of the Wisconsin stash house operators, Rojas-Andrade, contact him the next day to meet at the gas station near the Wisconsin stash house to collect the money. On August 17, 2015, Jesse went to the gas station near the Wisconsin stash house and provided Escobar and Noyola approximately $6,000.
The Mexican source had indicated to Jesse that he would be able to provide Jesse with a large quantity of methamphetamine. On the morning of August 18, 2015, Rojas-Andrade called Jesse to determine when Jesse would pick up the methamphetamine. Rojas-Andrade gave the phone to Escobar, and Escobar explained to Jesse that there were “fifty special for you.” Id. at A-106 (Ex. 67).
Following the call, Jesse contacted a number of coconspirators to inform them of the imminent arrival of 50 pounds of methamphetamine. Jesse told Cruz, “I guess those guys got the shit in now for me, so um . . . I don‘t know . . . when I need something next. I don‘t know yet. When I go check out see what they got and shit . . . hopefully it‘s good.” Id. at A-112 (Ex. 72) (ellipses in original). He also notified his distributors, Chevre and Jackson. He told Chevre, “I gotta get going here, get building back up man, but I need you on my team for sure . . . These dudes just [expletive] came through with the other one so I gotta pick up like fifty of them.” Id. at A-116 (Ex. 77). Jesse told Jackson, “[T]hese fools are ready to go, they got fifty of them for me man, but they want us to [expletive] get on our hustle and shit in a major way. . . . [T]hey want me to come with some paper though to grab these fifty.” Id. at A-110 (Ex. 71). Jackson met with Jesse the evening of August 18, 2015, and provided him with just over $16,000.
Following Jesse‘s meeting with Jackson, Jesse spoke with the Mexican source of supply. The Mexican source wanted to know if Jesse would be able to handle receiving 50 pounds of methamphetamine. Jesse replied, “I don‘t know I mean I was gonna take less than that cause like right now, I‘m slow as hell right now, but I just picked up some money but I‘m gonna go count it right now so I don‘t know how much I got right now.” Id. at A-118 (Ex. 78).
Jesse counted the money he received from Jackson on August 19, 2015. Jesse called Jackson and told him that the cash amounted to “[s]ixteen thousand, twenty
Earlier in the day on August 19, 2015, Cruz had called Jesse to find out whether Jesse had gone to the stash house to inspect the methamphetamine. Cruz reassured Jesse that he was still available as a methamphetamine source if the Mexican source fell through.
While Jesse was preparing to receive 50 pounds of methamphetamine, 91 pounds arrived at the Wisconsin stash house. Escobar and Noyola met the load driver at a nearby gas station and brought the methamphetamine back to the Wisconsin stash house. Shortly thereafter, Rojas-Andrade arrived in Wisconsin and packaged the drugs. After delivering 2 of the 91 pounds to another customer, Rojas-Andrade, Escobar, and Noyola went back to the Wisconsin stash house. On their way, Martinez spoke to Jesse and told him that they had 50 pounds of methamphetamine for him.
After speaking to Martinez, Jesse drove in his Kia to the Wisconsin stash house and picked up a suitcase with 50 pounds of methamphetamine inside. After leaving the house, state troopers stopped Jesse‘s vehicle. Fifty pounds of methamphetamine were recovered from the trunk.
In anticipation of Jesse traveling to Wisconsin to retrieve the methamphetamine, law enforcement established a perimeter at the Wisconsin stash house and obtained an anticipatory search warrant. After hearing that Jesse had been stopped and that 50 pounds of methamphetamine were recovered, law enforcement saw Escobar and Noyola leaving the area and stopped them. Officers then executed the search warrant. During the search of the Wisconsin stash house, approximately 29 pounds of methamphetamine was recovered from a dining room freezer. One firearm was recovered from Escobar‘s bedroom, and the other firearm was recovered from Noyola‘s bedroom. The firearm recovered from Escobar‘s bedroom was between the mattress and box spring and was loaded. Weeks prior, Rojas-Andrade had given Noyola a gun for protection.
Law enforcement subsequently executed additional search warrants, including at the Case Avenue residence. At that residence, law enforcement seized five more pounds of methamphetamine from a duffel bag on the garage floor. Because the Mexican source of supply had been out of drugs for some time, the five pounds of methamphetamine seized from the Case Avenue residence was supplied by Cruz.
Jackson remained a fugitive until October 26, 2015, when he was located at a residence in West St. Paul, Minnesota. Following a high-speed chase, law enforcement arrested Jackson. The rental vehicle Jackson was driving was towed to an impound lot. Shortly after Jackson‘s arrest, he placed a phone call from jail to his parents. In that call, he indicated that “all [his] stuff [was] in the trunk” of the vehicle. Appellee‘s Br. at 22 (quoting Appellee‘s App. at A-131 (Ex. 111)). Deputy U.S. Marshals returned to the impound lot after listening to the phone call and searched the vehicle. They seized 445.8 grams of methamphetamine (440.45 grams of actual methamphetamine) from under the carpet inside the vehicle‘s trunk.
B. Procedural History
1. Indictment and Trial
On September 22, 2015, an indictment was filed charging 11 individuals—including Escobar, Rojas-Andrade, Jackson, and Garcia—with a single count of conspiring to distribute methamphetamine from as early as December 2014 to on or about August 19, 2015 (“Count 1“). On October 14, 2015, a superseding indictment was
Jackson, Escobar, and Cruz proceeded to trial. Prior to trial, Jackson moved to suppress evidence obtained from the last wiretap, TT4. He argued that the wiretap affidavit failed to establish the requisite necessity, noting that some investigative techniques used during the investigation were successful. The district court denied the motion.
Escobar also moved to suppress the evidence seized as a result of the anticipatory search warrant for the Wisconsin stash house, arguing that the warrant lacked probable cause. Specifically, he argued that there was no probable cause for the triggering condition of the warrant. The district court denied the motion, finding that probable cause existed or, in the alternative, that the good-faith exception applied.
Three weeks prior to trial, Jackson moved to sever Counts 1 and 3, arguing that joinder was not proper and that failure to sever the counts would severely prejudice him. The district court denied the motion. At the trial‘s conclusion, the court instructed the jury to separately consider each count.
Also prior to trial, the government provided notice to Jackson that it intended to seek admission of his prior drug convictions as evidence under
The jury was provided a special verdict form as to each defendant. If it found a defendant guilty of the conspiracy charge, it had three options to determine the quantity of methamphetamine involved in the conspiracy as to each defendant: (1) less than 50 grams; (2) 60 grams or more, but less than 500 grams; or (3) 500 grams or more. Cruz did not object to submission of these three options to the jury.
At the close of the government‘s case, Jackson and Cruz moved for a judgment of acquittal. See
The jury convicted each defendant on all counts charged. It further found each defendant responsible for 500 grams or more of methamphetamine.
a. Cruz‘s Sentencing
At Cruz‘s sentencing, he objected to the presentence report‘s (PSR) calculation of his base offense level. He objected to the inclusion of the methamphetamine seized at the Case Avenue residence and the 50 pounds of methamphetamine seized from Jesse in the drug quantity amount. The court overruled the objection, resulting in a Guidelines range of 292 to 365 months’ imprisonment. The court considered the
b. Jackson‘s Sentencing
Jackson‘s PSR classified him a career offender as a result of his prior drug convictions, but because the adjusted offense level was higher than the career offender guidelines, the PSR used the Guidelines otherwise applicable. The parties agreed with the PSR that the Guidelines range was 360 months to life imprisonment. Jackson requested a downward variance due to his role in the conspiracy, his age, the fact he did not use a firearm, and the need to avoid disparities with similarly situated codefendants. The district court granted Jackson‘s request for the variance based on the
c. Escobar‘s Sentencing
Prior to his sentencing, Escobar objected to the PSR‘s recommended two-level enhancement for possessing a firearm in connection with drug-trafficking pursuant to
d. Rojas-Andrade‘s Sentencing
Rojas-Andrade indicated that he wanted to withdraw his guilty plea five months after the trial of his codefendants and after the final PSR was submitted to the district court. Rojas-Andrade‘s counsel explained that Rojas-Andrade was dissatisfied with certain concessions made in the plea agreement as to the applicable Guidelines enhancements. The district court denied the motion and proceeded to sentencing.
Rojas-Andrade‘s PSR recommended a two-level enhancement for his role in the offense, an enhancement for firearms, and an enhancement for maintaining a stash house. Rojas-Andrade objected. The district court overruled Rojas-Andrade‘s objections. The court then calculated a Guidelines range of 360 months to life imprisonment. After hearing the arguments of counsel and considering the
e. Garcia‘s Sentencing
Garcia pleaded guilty to the information charging him with possession to distribute methamphetamine stemming from his June 16, 2015 arrest. The PSR calculated a base offense level of 28 because Garcia possessed with intent to distribute 36.58 grams of actual methamphetamine. Garcia did not object to this paragraph of the PSR. The court sentenced Garcia to 137
II. Discussion
On appeal, the appellants raise a variety of issues related to their convictions and sentences. We consider each in turn.
A. Escobar
Escobar appeals the denial of his motion to suppress evidence obtained through the search of the Wisconsin stash house. Authorities used an anticipatory search warrant to gain entry. We review legal issues de novo and factual findings for clear error. United States v. Hudspeth, 525 F.3d 667, 674 (8th Cir. 2008). The warrant required the following condition: a coconspirator, Jesse, would travel to the house within a specified date range to pick up 50 pounds of methamphetamine and officers would stop the car after Jesse left the house and find the drugs. Investigators learned of Jesse‘s plans from a wiretap, but the affidavit supporting the warrant application did not disclose the wiretap as a source. Escobar posits that because the affidavit does not disclose the information source, it does not establish probable cause that the triggering condition would occur, as required under United States v. Grubbs, 547 U.S. 90, 96-97 (2006). Even if there was no probable cause, we conclude the good-faith exception applies because under the totality of the circumstances, officers’ reliance on the warrant was objectively reasonable. See United States v. Proell, 485 F.3d 427, 431 (8th Cir. 2007) (“When assessing the objective reasonableness of police officers executing a warrant, we must look to the totality of the circumstances, including any information known to the officers but not presented to the issuing judge.” (cleaned up)). Therefore, we affirm the denial of Escobar‘s motion to suppress.
Escobar also appeals the application of a two-level sentencing enhancement for possession of a dangerous weapon in connection with a drug offense under
B. Rojas-Andrade
Rojas-Andrade appeals the district court‘s refusal to allow him to withdraw his guilty plea prior to sentencing. “[W]e review the district court‘s decision to deny a motion to withdraw a plea for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Maxwell, 498 F.3d 799, 801 (8th Cir. 2007). A defendant may withdraw a guilty plea before sentencing if he or she “can show a fair and just reason for requesting the withdrawal.”
Rojas-Andrade also argues that his “300[-]month sentence is inherently unreasonable despite the advisory guideline
Rojas-Andrade acknowledges that his sentence “constituted a downward variance from the guideline range.” Rojas-Andrade‘s Br. at 9. But he argues that the district court “started from an unreasonable starting point and arrived at an equally unreasonably final number.” Id. Rojas-Andrade argues the district court erred by considering evidence admitted during the trials of his coconspirators. Relying on these facts was not error, however, because the court may consider relevant information at sentencing as long as it “has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy.” United States v. Woods, 596 F.3d 445, 448 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting
C. Jackson
First, Jackson appeals the denial of his motion to suppress wiretap evidence. We review legal issues de novo and factual findings for clear error. United States v. Milliner, 765 F.3d 836, 839 (8th Cir. 2014) (per curiam). “Before granting an application for a wiretap, a judge must first determine that ‘normal investigative procedures have been tried and have failed or reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be too dangerous.‘” United States v. Thompson, 690 F.3d 977, 986 (8th Cir. 2012) (quoting
Third, Jackson appeals the admission of his 2008 federal conviction for conspiracy to distribute 50 grams or more of methamphetamine and his 2009 state conviction for second-degree possession of six grams or more of methamphetamine. We review the admission evidence under
Jackson claims the convictions were too remote in time. “To determine if a crime is too remote in time to be admissible under Rule 404(b), we apply a reasonableness standard, evaluating the facts and circumstances of each case.” United States v. Walker, 470 F.3d 1271, 1275 (8th Cir. 2006). “[T]here is no fixed period within which the prior acts must have occurred.” United States v. Baker, 82 F.3d 273, 276 (8th Cir. 1996). But “[w]e have generally been reluctant to uphold the introduction of evidence relating to acts or crimes which occurred more than thirteen years prior to the conduct challenged. Nevertheless, our reluctance does not constitute a definitive rule.” United States v. Halk, 634 F.3d 482, 487 (8th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). “The Halk decision, however, recognizes that the 13-year rule does not apply where the defendant spent part of that time in prison.” United States v. Aldridge, 664 F.3d 705, 714 (8th Cir. 2011) (citing Halk, 634 F.3d at 488–89 (allowing evidence of a 19-year-old conviction where the defendant spent more than 12 of those years in prison); United States v. Williams, 308 F.3d 833, 837 (8th Cir. 2002) (allowing evidence of a 20-year-old conviction where the defendant spent 16 of those years in prison); Walker, 470 F.3d at 1275 (allowing evidence of an 18-year-old conviction where the defendant spent 10 of those years in prison)).
Jackson‘s convictions are not too remote in time. The convictions are well
Jackson also argues his 2009 drug possession conviction was inadmissible under Rule 404(b) in a case involving the distribution of drugs. But “[i]t is settled in this circuit that ‘a prior conviction for distributing drugs, and even the possession of user-quantities of a controlled substance, are relevant under Rule 404(b) to show knowledge and intent to commit a current charge of conspiracy to distribute drugs.‘” United States v. Robinson, 639 F.3d 489, 494 (8th Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v. Frazier, 280 F.3d 835, 847 (8th Cir. 2002)). Thus it was not an abuse of discretion to admit Jackson‘s prior convictions.
Fourth, Jackson argues the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions for Count 1 (conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine) and Count 3 (possession of methamphetamine with intent to distribute). We review de novo, viewing “the trial evidence in the light most favorable to the government, resolving evidentiary conflicts in favor of the government, and accepting all reasonable inferences draw from the evidence that support the jury‘s verdict.” United States v. Johnson, 519 F.3d 816, 821 (8th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Zimmermann, 509 F.3d 920, 925 (8th Cir. 2007)). Jackson argues his conviction under Count 1 should be vacated because there was insufficient evidence that he and Jesse had reached an agreement to distribute methamphetamine. See United States v. Espino, 317 F.3d 788, 792 (8th Cir. 2003) (“To establish that a defendant conspired to distribute drugs under
to get drugs. The discussion topics included frequency of their meetings, Jackson‘s previous source, and the need for safety. The jury could conclude—and did conclude—that the communication involved an agreement to meet and exchange cash for drugs. In another conversation, Jesse told Jackson that he needed money for the 50 pounds of methamphetamine. Jackson replied, “I got you.” Appellee‘s App. at A-110 (Ex. 71). The two men subsequently met, and Jackson handed Garcia $16,020 in cash. The jury could reasonably infer that Jackson gave money to Jesse as part of the agreement in the conspiracy to distribute drugs.
Jackson also claims that his conviction under Count 3 should be vacated because there was insufficient evidence that he knew the methamphetamine was in the vehicle. See United States v. Thompson, 686 F.3d 575, 583 (8th Cir. 2012) (“To sustain a conviction for possession with intent to distribute under
In Pace, at the time of the stop, the defendant was the driver of a car that was transporting almost 200 pounds of cocaine divided among three duffle bags and a suitcase. Id. at 452–53. The defendant
evidence insufficient to show beyond a reasonable doubt “that [the defendant] knew that he was helping carry cocaine across the country.” Id. We concluded the evidence was insufficient because “it [was] merely conjecture to conclude [the defendant] knew what those packages contained.” Id. There was “no evidence that [the defendant] ever explored the cargo area of the station wagon, much less that he examined or opened [the codefendant‘s] luggage that was stored there.” Id.
Pace is distinguishable. Jackson‘s own statements led law enforcement to believe that they had missed something during their initial search. Jackson told his mother that police had impounded the rental car and that “all [his] stuff [was] in the trunk” of the vehicle. Appellee‘s Br. at 22 (quoting Appellee‘s App. at A-131 (Ex. 111)). Thus, unlike the defendant in Pace, Jackson acknowledged that everything in the trunk belonged to him. Jackson then stated, “I think they thought they were going to find something in the trunk, but they didn‘t. You know what I mean?” Id. A reasonable jury, knowing that police had already searched the trunk in Jackson‘s presence and found no contraband, could conclude that “they” referred to the police. Further, the jury could reasonably conclude that the “something” the police thought they would find would be something of interest to the police, such as contraband. After reviewing the record, we conclude there was sufficient evidence on Count 3.
Finally, Jackson argues his 330-month sentence is substantively unreasonable because the court did not give proper weight to mitigating factors. We review for abuse of discretion. Feemster, 572 F.3d at 461 (standard of review). Jackson presented the mitigating factors to the district court and received a below Guidelines sentence. We conclude there was no abuse of discretion and the sentence is substantively reasonable.
D. Garcia
Garcia notes that he pleaded guilty to an information alleging a single count of possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine. He did not plead guilty to a
conspiracy charge. Consequently, according to Garcia,
Prior to sentencing, the PSR provided that Garcia was accountable for 36.58 grams of methamphetamine (actual). At sentencing, Garcia, proceeding pro se, challenged the purity of the drugs—not what portion of the methamphetamine was intended for his personal use, as opposed to distribution. The government then called the chemist who tested the drugs to
Our review of the record shows that Garcia objected only to drug purity—not what portion of the 36.58 grams of methamphetamine was for his personal use. And, when specifically asked if he had any further objections to the PSR, Garcia indicated that he did not. Because Garcia lodged no objection to the drug-quantity calculation,
our review is for plain error. See United States v. Hanshaw, 686 F.3d 613, 617 (8th Cir. 2012) (per curiam) (holding appellate review is plain error when pro se defendant fails to raise objection to the district court). The district court “may accept any undisputed portion of the presentence report as a finding of fact.”
E. Cruz
Cruz first argues the district court erred in admitting recorded out-of-court statements of coconspirators as non-hearsay under
We review interpretation of the rules of evidence de novo and admission of evidence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Cazares, 521 F.3d 991, 998 (8th Cir. 2008).
A statement is not hearsay if it “is offered against an opposing party and . . . was made by the party‘s coconspirator during and in furtherance of the conspiracy.”
It is well-established that an out-of-court declaration of a coconspirator is admissible against a defendant if the government demonstrates (1) that a conspiracy existed; (2) that the defendant and the declarant were members of the conspiracy; and (3) that the declaration was made during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy.
United States v. Bell, 573 F.2d 1040, 1043 (8th Cir. 1978). We have held
that an out-of-court statement is not hearsay and is admissible if on the independent evidence the district court is satisfied that it is more likely than not that the statement was made during the course and in furtherance of an illegal association to which the declarant and the defendant were parties.
Id. at 1044. A preponderance-of-the-evidence standard is sufficient proof of a conspiracy for purposes of admitting a coconspirator‘s statement. Id.
Here, Jesse‘s statements provide context for Cruz‘s responses and demonstrate the existence of an agreement. Thus, admission of these statements was proper because they are not “assertions” offered “to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”
Second, Cruz argues there was insufficient evidence of drug quantity to support his conviction for conspiracy to distribute more than 500 grams of a mixture containing methamphetamine pursuant to
Third, Cruz argues the district court erred in its drug-quantity calculation under the Guidelines because it attributed to Cruz 50 pounds of methamphetamine recovered from Jesse‘s car. Cruz asserts that he “played no role in the acquisition, distribution, or storage of these drugs“; therefore, “these controlled substances do not constitute ‘relevant conduct’ under
Cruz‘s PSR found that Cruz was responsible for the 50 pounds of methamphetamine seized from Jesse‘s vehicle on August 19, 2015, as well as the 5 pounds of methamphetamine seized from the Case Avenue residence. This resulted in a base offense level of 38 and a Guidelines range of 292 to 365 months’ imprisonment. At sentencing, Cruz objected to the inclusion of both quantities of drugs. The district court overruled Cruz‘s objection based upon the trial evidence and its review of the PSR.
In the case of a jointly undertaken criminal activity, relevant conduct includes all acts and omissions of others that were (i) within the scope of the jointly undertaken criminal activity, (ii) in furtherance of that criminal activity, and (iii) reasonably foreseeable in connection with that criminal activity and that occurred during the commission of the offense of conviction. When determining whether acts of co-conspirators qualify as relevant conduct under the guidelines, we look to the scope of the individual defendant‘s undertaking and foreseeability in light of that undertaking, rather than the scope of the conspiracy as a whole.
United States v. Gaye, 902 F.3d 780, 789–90 (8th Cir. 2018) (cleaned up).
For purposes of calculating drug quantity in a drug conspiracy case, the district court may consider amounts from drug
defendant was not directly involved if those dealings were part of the same course of conduct or scheme. This includes all transactions known or reasonably foreseeable to the defendant that were made in furtherance of the conspiracy.
United States v. King, 898 F.3d 797, 809 (8th Cir. 2018) (cleaned up).
We conclude that the district court did not clearly err in finding that the 50 pounds of methamphetamine seized from Jesse‘s car were attributable to Cruz. Cruz belonged to the conspiracy to distribute drugs to the Minnesota/Wisconsin area. The conspiracy consisted of at least two sources of methamphetamine, of which Cruz was one source. After the Mexican source contacted Jesse about receiving 50 pounds of methamphetamine, Jesse contacted Cruz to inform him of its imminent arrival. Thereafter, Cruz called Jesse to find out whether Jesse had gone to the stash house to inspect the methamphetamine. Cruz reassured Jesse that he was still available as a methamphetamine source if the Mexican source fell through. This evidence shows that Cruz was aware of the drug transaction, which was part of the conspiracy to distribute drugs in the Minnesota/Wisconsin area.
III. Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the district court in all respects.