UNITED STATES of America, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Vernon Dale WOOD, Respondent-Appellant.
No. 12-7653.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
Argued: Oct. 30, 2013. Decided: Dec. 20, 2013.
741 F.3d 417
Before SHEDD and THACKER, Circuit Judges, and HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by published opinion. Senior Judge HAMILTON wrote the opinion in which Judge SHEDD and Judge THACKER joined.
HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge:
Below, following a hearing, the district court found that Vernon Dale Wood (Wood) was a “sexually dangerous person” under the Adam Walsh Act,
I
A
The Act provides for the civil commitment of a “sexually dangerous person” following the expiration of their federal prison sentences.
The Attorney General, his designee, or the Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) may initiate a
Prior to the civil commitment hearing, the district court “may order that a psychiatric or psychological examination of the defendant be conducted, and that a psychiatric or psychological report be filed with the court.”
To obtain a civil commitment order against a defendant, the government is required to establish three elements by clear and convincing evidence. Cf.
B
Wood was born in July 1953. In 1976, he was arrested for promoting prostitution in the first and second degree, and simple assault, in Yakima County Superior Court in Yakima, Washington. The prostitution charges were subsequently dismissed, but Wood was convicted of the simple assault charge and received a suspended sentence of fifteen days.
In April 1977, Wood was arrested for promoting prostitution and compelling prostitution in Malheur County Circuit Court in Malheur, Oregon. He was found guilty of both counts and sentenced to eighteen months’ imprisonment for the promoting prostitution count and sentenced to a consecutive term of three years’ imprisonment for the compelling prostitution count. One of the women involved in these prostitution offenses was a sixteen-year old female.
In August 1987, Wood was charged with sexual abuse in the second degree in Polk County District Court in Polk, Iowa. In May 1989, he was found guilty of this offense, which involved intercourse with a ten-year old girl, and sentenced to twenty-five years’ imprisonment. He was released from prison in January 2001.
On April 16, 2001, Wood was arrested and charged with failure to comply with sex offender registry requirements in Polk County District Court. He received a suspended sentence of two years’ imprisonment and placed on probation.
Wood‘s probation was revoked, and the two-year sentence was reinstated, following his arrest in March 2002 in Wayne County, Iowa on five counts of supplying alcohol to minors. He pleaded guilty to one such count and was sentenced to time served (twenty-four hours) plus a $250 fine.
On May 3, 2004, Wood was arrested and charged in Decatur County, Iowa with lascivious acts with a child and being a felon in possession of a firearm. These charges were not pursued because the State of Iowa deferred to the United States Attorney‘s Office for prosecution. Following the dismissal of the state charges, Wood was indicted on October 13, 2004 by a federal grand jury sitting in the Southern District of Iowa and charged with two counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition under
In February 2005, Wood was charged with seven counts of sexual abuse in the second degree in Decatur County District Court. These counts arose after Wood allegedly molested a female under the age of twelve over a period of three years.
On May 9, 2006, Wood was convicted of the federal charges of being a felon in possession of a firearm under
Wood‘s projected release date from prison (with good-time credits factored) was August 13, 2012. On January 9, 2012, the BOP certified that Wood was a “sexually dangerous person” pursuant to
On January 23, 2012, the district court appointed Dr. Harry Hoberman (Dr. Hoberman), a licensed psychologist, as the district court‘s designated examiner, pursuant to
in writing, orally, or in any other manner with the examiner about the substance of the examiner‘s examination of the respondent, the report on the examination, or other matters relating to the merits of the proceeding against the respondent except during questioning at a deposition or hearing without leave of court. (J.A. 20).3
Additionally, Paragraph 5(d) of the Standing Order establishes the procedures governing how a defendant may obtain a “non-testifying examiner” pursuant to
Non-testifying Examiner Retained by the Respondent. The respondent may without undue delay move, ex parte and under seal, if he chooses, for approval for an expert he has retained pursuant to
Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(4)(D) to conduct an examination of him. Any such motion shall include a certification that the expert has agreed to perform the examination and the proposed date for it, and the expert‘s curriculum vitae or comparable documentation demonstrating the expert‘s qualifications and providing contact information for the expert. The motion shall be supported by a memorandum showing that the examination is needed in light of any examinations of the respondent already ordered or completed and that the additional examination would not unduly delay the commitment hearing. Examiners retained pursuant toFed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(4)(D) and examinations and reports by them are not subject to the provisions of subparagraphs (b), (c), (e), (f), (g), or (h), which apply to examiners appointed pursuant to18 U.S.C. § 4247(b) and examinations and reports by them. (J.A. 18-19).4
On July 6, 2012, Wood filed a motion seeking clarification of Paragraph 5(h) of the Standing Order or, in the alternative, seeking leave to substantively communicate ex parte with Dr. Saleh. A United States Magistrate denied Wood‘s request to substantively communicate ex parte on the basis that Paragraph 5(h) prohibited such communications without leave of court and Wood failed to show “circumstances justifying overriding” the dictates of Paragraph 5(h). Consequently, although the magistrate judge permitted Wood to discuss substantive matters concerning the commitment hearing with Dr. Saleh, such discussions were required to be in the presence of counsel for the government.
Wood appealed this ruling to the district court, contending that the magistrate judge‘s ruling deprived him of his due process rights. In particular, Wood contended that he had a right to have an expert examine him, testify on his behalf, and consult with his attorney. The district court affirmed the magistrate judge‘s ruling, concluding that the magistrate judge correctly interpreted the Standing Order and that the Standing Order was consistent with the Act.
On July 30, 2012, the district court held a civil commitment hearing. Wood conceded the first prong under the Act, which called for the government to prove by clear and convincing evidence that Wood had previously engaged in or attempted to engage in sexually violent acts or child molestation. At the hearing, Dr. Tanya Cunic (Dr. Cunic), Dr. Hoberman, Dr. Saleh, and Eva Toney, Wood‘s sister, testified.5
Dr. Cunic testified that she was a forensic psychologist at FCC Butner in Butner, North Carolina. Dr. Cunic performed a forensic evaluation of Wood. Dr. Cunic performed her evaluation pursuant to a referral from the Sex Offender Certification Review Branch. Dr. Cunic testified that Wood did not submit to a clinical interview and she performed a record review.
Dr. Cunic testified that she diagnosed Wood with two serious mental disorders:
(1) Pedophilia, Sexually Attracted to Females, Non-Exclusive Type, based on Wood‘s history and pattern of offending; and (2) Personality Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified with Antisocial Traits, based on Wood‘s history of volatile interpersonal relationships, assaults, unstable employment, and frequent contacts with law enforcement.
Dr. Cunic further testified that, based on Wood‘s serious mental disorders and dynamic risk factors, he would have serious difficulty in refraining from child molestation.
Dr. Hoberman testified that he diagnosed Wood with two serious mental disorders: (1) Pedophilia, Sexually Attracted to Females; and (2) Antisocial Personality Disorder. Dr. Hoberman also testified that he believed that Wood would have serious difficulty in refraining from future acts of child molestation if released, based on Wood‘s serious mental disorders, admissions during psychological testing, and a risk assessment Dr. Hoberman performed.
Dr. Saleh testified that there was no evidence that Wood suffered from Pedophilia. Likewise, Dr. Saleh testified that Wood did not suffer from Antisocial Personality Disorder. Dr. Saleh testified that he did diagnose Wood with Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified but that there was no link in Wood‘s case between the disorder and sexual reoffending. Dr. Saleh further testified that, if the district court found Wood suffered from a serious mental disorder, he believed Wood would not have serious difficulty in refraining from engaging in child molestation.
On September 6, 2012, the district court issued its civil commitment order. The district court first summarized Wood‘s offense history. The district court then turned to the three elements required for civil commitment under the Act. With regard to the first element, the district court found that the government had proved that Wood had previously engaged in child molestation based on Wood‘s 1989 conviction for sexual abuse in the second degree.
With regard to the second element, the district court found that Wood suffered from Pedophilia, a serious mental disorder. The district court credited the opinions of Drs. Cunic and Hoberman over the opinion of Dr. Saleh. The district court held that it did not ascribe much weight to the uncharged sexual misconduct. The district court found, however, that when combined with the 2004 charge, the uncharged sexual misconduct was entitled to significant weight. The district court arrived at this conclusion after it credited Drs. Hoberman‘s and Cunic‘s explanation of its relevance.
The district court also found that Wood suffered from another serious mental disorder, that is, Personality Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified with Antisocial Traits. According to the district court, this finding was supported by the psychological testing performed by Dr. Hoberman. The district court further noted that Wood
has failed to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as evidenced by his extensive nonsexual criminal history. [Wood] has acted impulsively in the past and has also demonstrated aggressiveness, as indicated by his multiple convictions for assault.... [Wood] has continued his irresponsible behavior while in federal custody, incurring various disciplinary infractions for conduct such a fighting with another person in 2008, and making, possessing, or using intoxicants on more than one occasion in 2009. (J.A. 350-51) (footnote omitted).
With regard to the third element, the district court found that Wood would have serious difficulty in refraining from child
II
Wood argues that the Standing Order violates his due process rights. “We review the district court‘s ruling on a constitutional challenge to a federal statute de novo.” United States v. Timms, 664 F.3d 436, 444 (4th Cir. 2012).
The gist of Wood‘s argument is that the Standing Order is fundamentally unfair because it prohibits him from having substantive ex parte communications with his selected (“additional“) examiner, Dr. Saleh. In Wood‘s view, such a prohibition is inherently unfair because the government is not prevented from having substantive ex parte communications with its BOP experts. To ensure fundamental fairness, Wood insists that he is entitled to have substantive ex parte communications with his selected examiner.
In response, the government contends that Wood received a fair hearing and, therefore, his due process rights were not infringed. The government points out that the Standing Order permits representation by counsel, and allows a defendant to testify at the hearing, present evidence, subpoena witnesses, and confront and cross-examine witnesses. The government further points out that the Standing Order permits the defendant to move, pursuant to
Although a civil commitment hearing is civil in nature, Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 428 (1979), a negative outcome in such a proceeding results in a “massive curtailment of liberty,” Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 491 (1980) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), such that procedural due process does guarantee certain protections to defendants in civil commitment proceedings. Id. at 491-94. As we noted in United States v. Baker,
the constitutional rights to which a defendant in a criminal trial is entitled do not adhere to a respondent in a commitment hearing. Nonetheless, because an adverse result in a commitment hearing results in a substantial curtailing of the respondent‘s liberty (whether the respondent is already a prisoner or not), ... the Supreme Court has held that procedural due process does guarantee certain protections to civil commitment respondents. 45 F.3d 837, 842-43 (4th Cir. 1995).6
We also noted in Baker that the Supreme Court in Vitek outlined the following minimum safeguards to which due process guarantees a defendant in a civil commitment proceeding:
[A] hearing at which evidence is presented and the respondent is provided a chance to be heard and to present documentary evidence as well as witnesses; the right to confront and to cross-exam
ine government witnesses at the hearing, except upon a showing of good cause; an independent decisionmaker; a written, reasoned decision; the availability of an independent advisor, not necessarily an attorney; and effective and timely notice of the pendency of the hearing and of all these rights. Id. at 843.
In our case, the Standing Order unquestionably complies with the minimum safeguards required by due process. Under the Standing Order, Wood was provided a hearing at which the government was required to produce clear and convincing evidence to support the civil commitment. Wood was provided counsel and adequate notice, and he was given an opportunity to present evidence in support of his case and to present witnesses. Wood also was provided an opportunity to confront and cross-examine the government‘s witnesses. The district court was an independent decisionmaker and provided a written, reasoned decision.
Wood‘s major complaint is that he lacks the blocks to build an adequate defense. See Appellant‘s Br. at 39 (citing Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 77 (1985) (noting that “a criminal trial is fundamentally unfair if the State proceeds against an indigent defendant without making certain that he has access to the raw materials integral to the building of an effective defense“)). In particular, he claims that the Standing Order neither provides pretrial access to an expert, nor allows such an expert to testify at the hearing.
Wood‘s claims ring hollow for several reasons. First, the Standing Order does allow pretrial access to an expert. Under the Standing Order, a defendant, pursuant to
Wood argues that the district court abused its discretion by admitting unreliable hearsay into evidence. “We review the district court‘s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Delfino, 510 F.3d 468, 470 (4th Cir. 2007).
Below, the district court admitted state police reports concerning Wood‘s March 2002 arrest for supplying alcohol to a minor and his May 2004 arrest for lascivious acts with a child and being a felon in possession of a firearm. The district court also admitted a 2005 Iowa Department of Human Services Child Protective Assessment Report. This report formed the basis of the February 2005 Iowa state charges for sexual abuse in the second degree. Wood objected to the admission of these reports, but did not object to the admission of the 2006 PSR, which sets forth the vast majority of the relevant evidence contained in the reports to which Wood objected.
Wood argues that the district court erred when it admitted the reports referenced above because such reports contained inadmissible hearsay, and further erred when it permitted the government‘s experts to testify about the contents of these reports. Wood posits that this allowed the government‘s experts to exceed their prescribed role as those who interpret the “meaning of the facts.” Appellant‘s Br. at 45 (quoting Addington, 441 U.S. at 429).
We find no abuse of discretion. The challenged reports were admissible under
In any event, any error in the admission of the challenged reports is harmless. See United States v. Clarke, 2 F.3d 81, 85 (4th Cir. 1993) (holding that the admission of cumulative testimony was harmless); Smith v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 755 F.2d 129, 132 (8th Cir. 1985) (“Improper admission of evidence which is cumulative of matters shown by admissible evidence is harmless error.“). As noted above, the 2006 PSR was admissible as an official document before the district court under
IV
For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
CLYDE H. HAMILTON
SENIOR UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE