UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jordie L. CALLAHAN (14-3772); Jessica L. Hunt (14-3771), Defendants-Appellants.
Nos. 14-3771, 14-3772
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Decided and Filed: Sept. 8, 2015.
Rehearing En Banc Denied Nov. 4, 2015.
801 F.3d 606
Argued: Aug. 6, 2015.
Fourth, when the jury decides a highly contested case based on the instincts, credibility determinations and inferences of twelve jurors after extensive discussions in the jury room, how can we judge the effect of the failure to have seated, or called for jury duty, a juror from a particular distinctive group? So long as the evidence supports the verdict and so long as the selection process does not purposely discriminate against members of the group, I am unable to find prejudice or a reasonable basis for setting aside a jury verdict in cases like this one.
A central purpose of the modern trial by jury is to protect the citizen from prosecutorial overreach by democratizing the judicial process through a representative group of citizens who apply the often-complicated rules of the criminal law and debate among themselves what justice requires in the case. It is a great “bulwark” of liberty developed over ten centuries of Anglo-American law. See Plucknett, “A Concise History of the Common Law” 136-38 (1956). Taking into account all of the factors in this case-e.g., the attitude of the Supreme Court about the lack of persuasiveness of abstract statistical arguments in this situation, our lack of precise knowledge of what jurors were in fact impaneled, and the facts of the case and the jury verdict-I cannot say that the jury in this case was not representative of the people of Kent County, and I am not inclined to set aside the verdict and start all over again.
ARGUED: Edward G. Bryan, Office of the Federal Public Defender, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant in 14-3771. Chelsea S. Rice, United States Attorney‘s Office, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Edward G. Bryan, Office of the Federal Public Defender, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant in 14-3771. Donald Butler, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant in 14-3772. Laura McMullen Ford, United States Attorney‘s Office, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
Before: CLAY and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; WATSON, District Judge.*
OPINION
CLAY, Circuit Judge.
Defendants Jessica Hunt and Jordie Callahan appeal their convictions and sen-*tences for conspiracy, in violation of
BACKGROUND
I. Statement of Facts
The evidence presented at trial told the story of two vulnerable individuals-S.E., a developmentally-disabled young woman, and her minor daughter, B.E.-held in subhuman conditions and subjected to continual and prolonged abuse.
S.E. has a documented history of cognitive impairment, and she and B.E. struggled to eke out an existence at the margins of society. When S.E. turned eighteen, she was kicked out of her mother‘s house. She did not have a relationship with her biological father, and she had no family members willing to take her in. S.E. moved frequently and was often homeless. She relied on her social security benefits and other government assistance to survive and care for her daughter.
S.E. became acquainted with Defendants through their mutual association with a group of people in their small town who abused narcotics and shoplifted to-
Defendants lived in Apartment 2 of a building that contained three units. Although S.E. and B.E. initially lived with Defendants as traditional roommates, the relationship quickly deteriorated. Defendants forced S.E. to clean the apartment, do yardwork, care for their dogs, and run various errands for them. Defendants also forced S.E. and B.E. to sleep in the unfinished basement of the apartment, and later, in a sparsely furnished upstairs bedroom. Both rooms locked from the outside, and Defendants confined S.E. and B.E. to these rooms at night. Because S.E. did not have access to the lavatory when she was locked in these rooms, she was forced to soil herself or relieve herself on the floor. In one instance that S.E. soiled herself, Hunt forced her to smear the feces on her face.
Defendants would let S.E. out of the locked room in the morning, on the condition that she do their bidding. She was forced to work from morning until night, and there was witness testimony that S.E. was constantly cleaning the apartment, often while Defendants sat and watched. On one occasion, Defendants’ drug dealer saw S.E. performing maintenance work on the building, and Hunt told the drug dealer that S.E. had better do the work “if she knows what‘s good for her.” S.E. complied with Defendants’ demands because she believed they would physically assault her, as they had done in the past.
Defendants also forced S.E. to care for their dogs. S.E. had to feed the dogs and take them for walks individually. She also had to clean up after the dogs when they urinated or defecated in the house. There were numerous occasions when Hunt grabbed S.E. by the hair and shoved her face in dog urine and feces if she did not clean up the messes quickly enough. Witnesses testified that S.E. seemed terrified and that Callahan boasted that it was S.E.‘s job to clean everything and keep the house tidy. Defendants also allowed the dogs to abuse S.E. and B.E.
It apparently was also S.E.‘s job to run errands for Defendants. They forced her to go to a nearby convenience store and purchase cigarettes, candy, and soda for them. They imposed strict time limits for these trips and warned S.E. not to talk to anyone while she was out. If S.E. exceeded the time limit or Defendants suspected that she had talked to anyone, she was punished. One on occasion when S.E. exceeded Defendants’ time limit, Callahan interrogated S.E. while forcing her to submit to “five finger fillet“-a “game” wherein S.E. spread her fingers and laid her hand on a table, and Callahan stabbed back and forth between her fingers with a knife. On another occasion when S.E. took too long to run an errand, Callahan threatened B.E. at gunpoint. S.E. was also punished if she purchased items that were not on Hunt‘s shopping list, with Hunt punching S.E. in the face or otherwise striking S.E. in the head on such occasions. All of these ways Defendants used to control S.E. and B.E. had their intended affect-both victims were terrorized.
When S.E. and B.E. were forced to live in the basement, they slept on the concrete floor and only had the clothes they were wearing and blankets covered in filth to keep warm. The cold, rank basement environment was especially hard on B.E., whose face would turn ghostly white because of the cold; S.E. would give B.E. her
Defendants would let S.E. out of the basement in the mornings, but forced B.E. to stay there while S.E. performed the work they required of her. S.E. thought about running away to her mother‘s house while on an errand, but because Defendants kept B.E. locked in the basement while S.E. was working, S.E. never acted on that desire. Defendants also forbade S.E. from eating or feeding B.E. until she returned to the basement at night after completing all assigned tasks. S.E. and B.E. typically ate one meal a day, and their diet generally consisted of unheated canned food, bread, and unrefrigerated lunch meat. Defendants would leave S.E. and B.E.‘s food for the evening on the steps leading into the basement, and Hunt beat S.E. when S.E. tried to take food from the refrigerator.
B.E. was not immune from abuse-one of Hunt‘s sons tied her up with rope and kept her bound all night because she tried to drink a soda that was not intended for her. Defendants also beat B.E. themselves. Although she was a toddler, they struck her on numerous occasions for soiling herself. Hunt‘s sons also assaulted B.E. on various occasions, and Callahan once threw a snake on her.
Callahan also punished S.E. by putting a dog collar around her neck, forcing her into the cage for the dogs, and ordering her to eat dog food. One of Hunt‘s sons shot S.E. multiple times with a BB gun for disobeying an order. Daniel Brown, an indicted co-conspirator, also helped Defendants assault and humiliate S.E. when they discovered that S.E. planned to escape. Brown shaved S.E.‘s head, wrote degrading obscenities on her face, and slammed her head into a kitchen sink. Callahan and Hunt supplemented this humiliation and abuse by kicking S.E. in the face and throwing a soda bottle at her.
Defendants also ordered S.E. to beat B.E., and they recorded these beatings on their cell phones. Brown was also present on a few of these occasions and recorded the beatings on his phone as well. Defendants threatened to show the videos to law enforcement if S.E. ever failed to follow their orders or “snitched” on them. They often threatened S.E. with the prospect of having her daughter taken away from her.
S.E. and B.E. managed to escape from the basement one night by accessing another apartment that also led to the basement and exiting through that apartment to walk to S.E.‘s mother‘s house. Upon learning of the escape, Defendants enlisted Brown to bring S.E. back to their home under the guise of a trip to an ice cream parlor. Hunt then told S.E. that if she returned to her mother‘s house, her mother would call Children‘s Services and report that S.E. had been abusing her daughter. Unsure what to do, S.E. and B.E. reluctantly returned to Defendants’ apartment.
Defendants abused S.E. not only to compel her to do work and punish her for perceived transgressions, they also assaulted her in order to force her to obtain prescription pain killers. On one occasion, Defendants concocted a scheme in which Dezerah Silsby, an indicted co-conspirator, smashed S.E.‘s hand in a steel door and with a rock. Defendants then instructed S.E. to go to the emergency room and tell the doctor that she was injured when her daughter accidentally slammed a door. When S.E. returned from the hospital with two painkillers and a prescription for Vicodin, Defendants took the pills from her and
S.E.‘s and B.E.‘s ordeal ended more than two years after it began, when S.E. was caught shoplifting a candy bar at a local store. When the police offered to take S.E. home, she expressed that she feared Hunt and Callahan, did not want to return home, and would rather go to jail. When S.E. told the police that her daughter was at the apartment, an officer drove S.E. there to retrieve B.E. When B.E. was removed from the home, officers reported that “her hair was patchy and thin, she had no muscle tone, her stomach was distended, her rib cage was sunken in, she had dark circles under her eyes, her skin was poor, she was dirty, and an unpleasant odor emanated from her body.” R. 188 at PGID 6390.
True to their word, Defendants showed the police the videos of S.E. beating B.E. During the investigation into S.E., the police requested assistance from the FBI, which led to the prosecution of the instant case.
II. Procedural History
Based on the evidence recounted above, the jury convicted Defendants of conspiracy, in violation of
Defendants filed motions for acquittal and for a new trial based on the sufficiency of the evidence and alleged legal errors committed by the district court. The motions were denied in a lengthy opinion. The district court then sentenced Callahan to concurrent terms of imprisonment as to each Count, with the longest term being 360 months for the forced labor violation. Hunt also received concurrent terms of imprisonment for each Count, the longest of which was 384 months for her forced labor conviction. Defendants timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
We review de novo a district court‘s denial of a motion for a judgment of acquittal based on the sufficiency of the evidence. United States v. Eaton, 784 F.3d 298, 304 (6th Cir.2015). We do not “reweigh the evidence, reevaluate the credibility of witnesses, or substitute [our] judgment for that of the jury.” Id. Rather, our job is to determine “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime” beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. “In sum, a defendant claiming insufficiency of the evidence bears a very heavy burden.” United States v. Jackson, 473 F.3d 660, 669 (6th Cir.2007).
We review a district court‘s denial of a motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion. United States v. Kuehne, 547 F.3d 667, 692 (6th Cir.2008). A motion for a new trial can be premised on the argument that the “verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence,” and it can be premised on the argument that “substantial legal error has occurred.” United States v. Munoz, 605 F.3d 359, 373 (6th Cir.2010). “When considering a motion for new trial based upon the weight of the evidence, district judges can act in the
I. Forced Labor Convictions
The federal forced labor statute,
The first question before the Court is whether Defendants’ conduct is proscribed under
(a) Whoever knowingly provides or obtains the labor or services of a person by any one of, or by any combination of, the following means-
(1) by means of force, threats of force, physical restraint, or threats of physical restraint to that person or another person;
(2) by means of serious harm or threats of serious harm to that person or another person;
(3) by means of the abuse or threatened abuse of law or legal process; or
(4) by means of any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause the person to believe that, if that person did not perform such labor or services, that person or another person would suffer serious harm or physical restraint,
shall be punished as provided under subsection (d).
The statute‘s express terms do not limit its application to immigrant victims or sex workers. Rather,
Defendants are correct that “[w]hen construing a legislative enactment, [courts] must give effect to the intent of the legislature adopting the statute in question.” Chrysler Corp. v. C.I.R., 436 F.3d 644, 654 (6th Cir.2006). But Defendants forget that “legislative intent should be divined first and foremost from the
We are equally unpersuaded by Defendants’ argument that because
Congress enacted
Defendants also argue that any crime that occurred in this case is not a matter of federal concern. In an attempt to recast their first argument, Defendants rely on Bond v. United States, 134 S.Ct. 2077 (2014), and United States v. Toviave, 761 F.3d 623 (6th Cir.2014), for the proposition that the underlying conduct in this case was not the type of forced labor that Congress intended to criminalize when it passed the Act.
In Bond, the defendant was prosecuted for possession and use of chemical weapons, in violation of
The government argued that the wife‘s assault and attempted assaults fell within the broad scope of
In Toviave, the defendant was prosecuted under
The panel held that though the defendant‘s behavior was reprehensible, it was not forced labor. The Court explained that “treating household chores and required homework as forced labor because that conduct was enforced by abuse either turns the forced labor statute into a federal child abuse statute, or renders the requirement of household chores a federal crime.” Id. at 625.
This conclusion was reached with reliance on Bond. Without a clear expression of congressional intent, the panel declined to “transform a statute passed to implement the Thirteenth Amendment against slavery or involuntary servitude into one that generally makes it a crime for a person in loco parentis to require household chores, or makes child abuse into a federal crime.” Id. at 629. The Court made clear that its decision did not “undermine[] the reasoning of the forced labor decisions of this court and our sister circuits,” where extreme isolation, threats and violence, and denial of access to education, were used to prevent the victims from leaving and to keep them bound to their captors. Id. at 629-30.
The circumstances of this case are markedly different from those in both Bond and Toviave. Bond dealt with a statute implementing an international treaty that was drafted as a result of the horrors of chemical weapon use by terrorists and warring nations. The Supreme Court concluded that Congress likely did not intend (and certainly did not explicitly state) that the provision covered a simple assault. In Toviave, we recognized that
To the contrary, Defendants’ charged conduct in the instant case goes to the heart of
Defendants’ next contention is that the government failed to show that S.E. provided labor or services in the manner contemplated by the statute. They claim S.E. performed the same cleaning duties that would be expected of any roommate.
“The term ‘labor or services,’ which is not defined by [
Defendants, in their last-ditch attempt to get their forced labor convictions reversed, argue that there was no evidence that any of the threats or force used against S.E. were employed for the purpose of obtaining S.E.‘s labor, as required by
Unfortunately for Defendants, this contention is belied by testimony from S.E. herself and a number of other witnesses. S.E. testified that she obeyed Hunt‘s orders to clean out of fear that Hunt might hurt her because Hunt had done so in the past. S.E. also testified that Hunt assaulted her when she would not clean quickly enough. Another witness testified to observing Hunt shoving S.E.‘s face in dog excrement and yelling at her to clean it up. And there were numerous occasions when Defendants threatened or assaulted S.E. when she exceeded the time limit they imposed for running errands or when she bought things for herself.
Defendants enforced S.E.‘s compliance to their demands in numerous other ways. They deprived S.E. and B.E. of food until S.E. completed the work they demanded. Defendants locked S.E. and B.E. in the basement from 8:00 p.m. until morning and would only let them out if S.E. performed the tasks she was assigned. Callahan forced S.E. to beat B.E. while he recorded it on his cellphone, and Defendants threatened to show the video to the police and Children‘s Services if S.E. talked to any strangers, went to her mom‘s house, or otherwise “messed up.” These are but a
In sum, Defendants’ conduct is proscribed by the forced labor statute and, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, a rational trier of fact could have found that the elements of the crime were met beyond a reasonable doubt. Moreover, there was substantial evidence that Defendants knowingly coerced S.E. to provide labor and services. We therefore affirm the district court‘s denial of Defendants’ motions to acquit and for a new trial on Counts I and II.
II. Acquisition of a Controlled Substance by Deception Convictions
Defendants argue that the evidence submitted at trial was insufficient to sustain convictions for conspiracy to violate the deceptive acquisition of a controlled substance statute and the substantive offense itself because
We again remind Defendants that this Court will not consult legislative history unless the statute is ambiguous. See United States v. Roman, 795 F.3d 511, 515-16 (6th Cir.2015). Section 843(a) provides:
It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally-
...
(3) to acquire or obtain possession of a controlled substance by misrepresentation, fraud, forgery, deception, or subterfuge[.]
The express terms of the statute indicate that it applies to all persons who commit the offense, not just healthcare professionals. And even if the Court were inclined to consult the legislative history of the statute as Defendants suggest, we would find “that Congress was concerned with the nature of the drug transaction, rather than with the status of the defendant.” United States v. Moore, 423 U.S. 122, 134 (1975); see also United States v. Wilbur, 58 F.3d 1291, 1292 (8th Cir.1995) (“The focus of [
There was also substantial evidence that Defendants’ conduct actually violated
Defendants’ argument that the government needed to present evidence that the hospital staff would have refused to provide painkillers to S.E. had they known the true circumstances of her injury is not well-taken. The argument boils down to an assertion that the statute requires but-for causation. True enough, at least three of our sister circuits have held that a defendant violates
There was testimony at trial that Vicodin is a controlled substance; S.E. was prescribed Vicodin for the injuries inflicted on her by Defendants; the prescription was filled at a local CVS pharmacy; Hunt picked up the Vicodin from CVS; and S.E. never received any of the medication that was prescribed for her. When Hunt picked up S.E.‘s Vicodin from the pharmacy, one of two things happened: she either represented herself as S.E. or she represented that she was picking up the medication on behalf of S.E. In either case, she resorted to “trickery” to obtain the drug because she never gave the medicine to S.E. See Wilbur, 58 F.3d at 1293. Callahan also obtained the Vicodin through this misrepresentation. Accordingly, we find that there was sufficient evidence for Defendants to be convicted of these offenses.
In sum, Defendants’ conduct is proscribed by
III. Pretrial Motion for Psychological Examination
We review a district court‘s decision denying a defendant‘s motion for a psychological examination of a witness for abuse of discretion. United States v. Ramirez, 871 F.2d 582, 583 (6th Cir.1989).
In the indictment, the government alleged that S.E. suffered from a “cognitive disability,” and that Defendants exploited this fact to control her. Callahan requested a psychological examination of S.E. to determine her competency to take the stand as a witness against him. The district court denied the motion. The court reasoned that as long as S.E. swore to tell the truth and understood the import of that obligation, then the jury could receive her testimony and give it whatever weight they thought it deserved.
Courts recognize that “[e]very person is competent to be a witness unless [the Federal Rules of Evidence] provide otherwise.”
In this case, S.E. took an oath to testify truthfully, and the district court was satisfied that she understood that oath. S.E. then testified for three days, providing the jury with a full opportunity to evaluate her capacity and credibility. Considering these facts in the light of our decades-old precedent, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Callahan‘s motion.
IV. Leading Questions on Direct Examination
Leading questions on direct examination are permitted when necessary to develop a witness’ testimony.
Here, the district court allowed the government to use leading questions during the direct examination of S.E. in order “to facilitate the progression of trial and avoid wasting time, to make S.E.‘s testimony effective for determining the truth, and to protect S.E. from harassment and undue embarrassment to the extent possible ... due to her cognitive impairment.” [R. 188 at PGID 6409.] Callahan argues that this was an abuse of discretion.
We can dismiss this assignment of error in short order. First, there was evidence that S.E. was cognitively impaired, suffered a traumatic brain injury in a car accident, had “learning issues,” and was receiving federal disability benefits due to “mental retardation.” Second, this Court has recognized that it can be appropriate to permit leading questions on the direct examination of a cognitively impaired witness. See Jordan v. Hurley, 397 F.3d 360, 363 (6th Cir.2005). And most importantly, the district court gave the jury cautionary instructions about leading questions, assessing a witness’ credibility, and the weight to give to testimony. We therefore conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the government to ask S.E. leading questions.
V. Circumscribed Cross-Examination of Indicted Co-Conspirator
When a district court limits the scope of cross examination, we review that ruling for abuse of discretion. United States v. Obiukwu, 17 F.3d 816, 821 (6th Cir.1994).
“The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant an opportunity to impeach the credibility of a witness against him because impeachment is fundamental to effective cross-examination.” United States v. Holden, 557 F.3d 698, 704 (6th Cir.2009). But “this does not mean that the defendant is free to impeach a witness ‘in whatever way, or to whatever extent the defense might wish.‘” Id. (quoting Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679 (1986)). “[T]rial judges retain wide latitude to impose reasonable limits on interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.” Obiukwu, 17 F.3d at 821.
“[A] criminal defendant states a violation of the Confrontation Clause by showing that he was prohibited from engaging in otherwise appropriate cross-examination designed to show a prototypical form of bias on the part of the witness, and thereby to expose to the jury the facts from which jurors could appropriately draw inferences relating to the reliability of the witness.” Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 680
Indicted co-conspirator Brown testified against Defendants in this criminal trial. During cross-examination, Hunt‘s counsel wanted to question Brown about the fact that he was originally charged with the substantive count of forced labor, but his plea agreement only included a conspiracy charge. Brown faced significantly more time in prison on the forced labor charge than he faced on conspiracy charge. Hunt‘s counsel wanted to get across to the jury that Brown had a strong incentive to lie.
The district court did not allow Hunt‘s counsel to ask Brown about “a charging decision over which Brown had no control” because the court believed “[t]hat line of questioning would have obviously and, perhaps intentionally, elicited irrelevant, prejudicial, and confusing testimony that would not have been based on Brown‘s personal knowledge.” R. 188 at PGID 6422. More specifically, the court did not allow inquiry into why he was charged with the conspiracy charge as opposed to the substantive offense.
The court did allow Hunt‘s counsel to ask Brown about whether he was facing more time under the substantive forced labor charge as opposed to the conspiracy charge. The court also permitted counsel to ask whether Brown expected a reduced sentence as a result of his cooperation. And defense counsel did cross-examine Brown about a variety of impeaching information, including his past drug abuse; his prior conviction for child endangerment in which Defendants testified against him; his plea agreement with the government in this case; that he and Callahan sold drugs together and Brown believed Callahan was unfair to him; and the nature of his prior, intimate relationship with S.E. Based on this array of impeaching information, we are “hard-pressed to conclude that the jury was not otherwise in possession of sufficient information concerning formative events to make a discriminating appraisal of the witness’ motives and bias.” Fields, 763 F.3d at 464-65.
VI. Kidnapping Jury Instruction and Special Verdict Form
“We review jury instructions as a whole to determine whether they fairly and adequately submitted the issues and applicable law to the jury.” United States v. Mack, 159 F.3d 208, 218 (6th Cir.1998). “A refusal to give requested instructions is reversible error only if (1) the instructions are correct statements of the law; (2) the instructions are not substantially covered by other delivered charges; and [(3)] the failure to give the instruction impairs the defendant‘s theory of the case.” United States v. Hargrove, 416 F.3d 486, 489 (6th Cir.2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). Plain error review applies here because Defendants did not “contemporaneously object” to the instructions. United States v. Adams, 214 F.3d 724, 728 (6th Cir.2000). “Plain error requires a finding that, taken as a whole, the jury instructions were so clearly erroneous as to likely produce a grave miscarriage of justice.” Id. at 729.
The relevant subsection of the forced labor statute states:
Whoever violates this section shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both. If death results from a violation of this section, or if the violation includes kidnaping, an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, the defendant shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for any term of years or life, or both.
The district court submitted a special verdict form to the jurors (along with the jury instructions) on which they could render their verdict as to the kidnapping enhancement. Defendants argue that the district court‘s instructions were erroneous for two reasons: (1) they did not indicate that the kidnapping had to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, and (2) there was no place for the jurors to mark “not guilty.” We consider these arguments in turn.
A. Reasonable Doubt
The district court instructed the jury:
For Count 2, if you find that the government has proved each of the offense elements beyond a reasonable doubt as to one or both of the defendants, you will next be asked to consider whether the offense as to each such defendant included kidnapping.
For purposes of this case, “kidnapping” means to restrain and confine a person by force, intimidation, or deception with the intent to terrorize or cause bodily injury to that person; or to restrain a person‘s liberty in circumstances that create a substantial risk of bodily harm to that person. If you find that a defendant engaged in any of the conduct I have just described with respect to S.E. or B.E., you may find the offense-the charged offense included kidnapping.
R. 158 at PGID 5731-32 (emphasis added). Defendants argue that the district court erred by failing to specify that the jurors had to find that the government proved kidnapping beyond a reasonable doubt. We disagree.
Viewing the instructions as a whole, it is evident that the jury was instructed that their findings had to be made beyond a reasonable doubt. The court instructed them: “Your second duty is to take the law that I give you, apply it to the facts, and decide if the government has proved defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt,” R. 158 at PGID 5688; The “presumption of innocence stays with the defendant unless the government presents evidence here in court that overcomes the presumption, and convinces you beyond a reasonable doubt that he or she is guilty,” id. at PGID 5689-90; “It is up to the government to prove that a defendant is guilty, and this burden stays on the government from start to finish. You must find a defendant not guilty unless the government convinces you beyond a reasonable doubt that he or she is guilty,” id. at PGID 5690; “The government must prove every element of the crimes charged beyond a reasonable doubt,” id.; “To find defendants guilty, every one of you must agree that the government has overcome
Certainly the kidnapping instruction would have been more complete if the district court had again mentioned the reasonable doubt standard. “The instructions as given and taken as a whole, however, were not so confusing, misleading, or prejudicial as to cause a grave miscarriage of justice.” United States v. Mack, 729 F.3d 594, 605 (6th Cir.2013).
B. Special Verdict Form
Defendants argue that the district court erred by failing to provide a written “not guilty” or “none of the above” option on the forced labor special verdict form. However, as the government points out, this argument is waived.
When Defendants raised this issue before the district court (after the jurors had already begun deliberating), the government suggested polling the jury to clarify their findings if they returned a guilty verdict on the forced labor charge. Callahan‘s counsel agreed with that suggestion, and Hunt‘s counsel did not object. Based on that discussion, the court explained that it would not modify the special verdict form, and instead would clarify the instructions for the jury if they had any questions. The jury returned guilty verdicts for Defendants on the forced labor charge and found the kidnapping aggravator. The court polled the jury and asked each juror whether he found that each Defendant had committed the proscribed act as marked on the special verdict form. Defense counsel said they were satisfied with that polling. Thus, Defendants cannot now claim that the special verdict form was unclear. See United States v. Smith, 749 F.3d 465, 494-95 (6th Cir.2014) (“defense counsel‘s agreement with the judge‘s proposed course of conduct waived his claim on this issue” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
VII. Procedural and Substantive Reasonableness of the Sentences
“[W]e review the reasonableness of a sentence under the deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” United States v. Zobel, 696 F.3d 558, 566 (6th Cir.2012). This deferential standard is comprised of two parts: procedural soundness and substantive reasonableness. United States v. Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 581 (6th Cir.2009). “In reviewing for procedural reasonableness, a district court abuses its discretion if it commits a significant procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the
A. Defendant Callahan
Callahan argues that his sentence is unreasonable because his alleged conduct is not criminalized by
Callahan‘s single mention of “disproportionality” with respect to his sentence in the title of his argument is waived because he offered no further discussion on the issue. See United States v. Robinson, 390 F.3d 853, 886 (6th Cir.2004) (“issues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived“).
B. Defendant Hunt
Hunt argues that the district court erred in calculating her Guidelines sentence. The court increased Hunt‘s base offense level by several points to account for specific offense characteristics related to the forced labor charge. The Sentencing Guideline applicable for violation of
Hunt contends that no additional points should have been added to her base offense level for: (1) “serious bodily injury” under
The district court properly applied a two-level enhancement under
The district court properly applied a four-level enhancement under
In this case, Hunt used a fence post to beat S.E., which qualifies as a dangerous weapon under the circumstances. Because Defendants were both convicted of conspiracy, Hunt was equally culpable for her co-conspirator‘s acts in furtherance of the conspiracy. See United States v. Ward, 506 F.3d 468, 474 (6th Cir.2007) (finding for purposes of a firearm enhancement that “[p]ossession of a firearm by a co-conspirator is attributable to any other conspirator if the co-conspirator‘s possession was reasonably foreseeable“). And there were at least two occasions when Callahan pointed a gun at S.E. and B.E., and one occasion when Callahan threatened S.E. with a knife while questioning her about who she talked to and why she took so long to run an errand. Accordingly, the district court properly applied the four-level use-of-a-dangerous-weapon enhancement.
The district court properly applied a three-level enhancement for “peonage or involuntary servitude for ... more than one year” under
The district court properly applied a ten-level enhancement for “other felony offense” under
Defendant Hunt argues that the cross-reference to kidnapping does not apply because she was not charged with kidnapping. She also argues that the inclusion of the specific offense characteristics (i.e., serious bodily injury, use of a dangerous weapon, length of confinement) under the kidnapping calculation resulted in impermissible double counting. We disagree.
First, Hunt need not have been convicted under the federal kidnapping statute for
Second, no impermissible double counting actually occurred in Hunt‘s case. As this Court explained in United States v. Walters, 775 F.3d 778 (6th Cir.2015):
Double counting occurs when precisely the same aspect of a defendant‘s conduct factors into his sentence in two separate ways. No double counting occurs if the defendant is punished for distinct aspects of his conduct. Where double counting does occur, however, it may be permissible. Where it appears that Congress or the Sentencing Commission intended to attach multiple penalties to the same conduct, double counting is permitted. Indeed, the Guidelines explicitly state that the offense level adjustments from more than one specific offense guideline are applied cumulatively (added together) unless otherwise noted.
Id. at 782 (internal citations, alterations, and quotation marks omitted). Section 2H4.1(b)(4) instructs courts to calculate the offense level for “other felony offense” during the forced labor violation before adding two additional levels to the greater of the forced labor calculation or to the other felony offense calculation. In applying the kidnapping cross-reference, the district court added the specific offense characteristic enhancements to determine whether the kidnapping calculation or the forced labor calculation was higher before applying the two-level enhancement mandated by
Hunt‘s last argument is that her 384-month sentence is much greater than other sentences imposed for violation of
“[W]e have criticized the comparison of the defendant‘s sentence to those imposed in other singular cases as weak evidence to show a national sentencing disparity.” United States v. Rossi, 422 Fed.Appx. 425, 435 (6th Cir.2011). And, as previously discussed, “this Circuit applies a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness to sentences that are within a properly calculated Guidelines range.” United States v. Recla, 560 F.3d 539, 549 (6th Cir.2009).
Here, Hunt‘s Guideline sentence for the forced labor charge was life imprisonment, and the district court varied downward and sentenced her to a 384-month term of confinement. The court appropriately considered aggravating factors, including that Hunt provided untruthful testimony at trial on several material issues; that S.E. has permanently lost custody of her daughter because of Hunt‘s conduct; that Hunt‘s use of her children to harm S.E. and B.E. was deplorable; and that Hunt inflicted physical abuse upon the victims. The court also took into account the mitigating factors, including that Hunt had a tough upbringing, a history of substance abuse, was under-educated, and had also lost custody of her children. The district court considered the
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court‘s judgment.
ERIC L. CLAY
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE