United States v. Gradis JonesUnited States v. Gradis Jones
Defendant-appellant Gradis L. Jones pled guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm and was sentenced to 72 months imprisonment. On appeal, he now argues that the district court erred by increasing his offense level four points for his possessing the weapon in connection with another felony and that the sentence was substantively unreasonable. For the reasons that follow, we affirm Jones‘s sentence.
I.
On May 3, 2005, Gradis Jones dialed 911 to report a kidnapping. He claimed that he and a woman named Teresa Mathis had been forced into a vehicle at gunpoint upon leaving their Lansing, Michigan, hotel room earlier that afternoon. The gunman had allegedly driven Jones and Mathis to Jones‘s residence where they met another armed perpetrator at his front door. According to Jones, the two gunmen then forced him to lie on the floor of his home while they took Mathis to the basement. Jones claimed that, after hearing what sounded like gunfire, he managed to escape his captors and ran approximately two miles to a 7-11 store and called the police.
Officers met him at the 7-11 and accompanied Jones back to his residence. When they arrived, however, the house was filling with smoke thick enough to prevent them from checking on Mathis‘s welfare. The Lansing Fire Department was called and they were able to extinguish the fire. Mathis‘s body was subsequently found in the basement bedroom.
After the police obtained a warrant, crime scene investigators searched Jones‘s residence and discovered, among other things, two handguns, three shotguns, an assortment of firearm ammunition, an unspecified quantity of marijuana, marijuana growing equipment and paraphernalia, and materials used to weigh and package large quantities of drugs. None of the weapons was registered to Jones and three of the weapons had been reported stolen. During his interview with the police, Jones admitted that, about a week prior to Mathis‘s death, approximately seven pounds of marijuana and a small quantity of powder cocaine that he kept at Mathis‘s apartment had been stolen. As a result, he said, he became worried that someone was out to get him and had purchased a plane ticket to California to depart the day after the kidnapping. Jones also told police that he sold pound quantities of marijuana to individuals who contacted him via telephone. The record does not reflect that Jones immediately faced any criminal charges resulting from the May 3, 2005, incident.
In September 2006, Jones was arrested in Toledo, Ohio, on a child support warrant from the Michigan Attorney General‘s Office. While being extradited, Jones waived his Miranda rights and explained that he had moved to San Diego after Mathis‘s murder because he feared retribution from her family, who thought he was responsible for her death. Jones stated that two of the shotguns found in his house in 2005 belonged to him, but he denied knowledge of one of the handguns. He also provided more details about his marijuana trafficking. He disclosed that he would have marijuana shipped to him or he would fly to San Diego to retrieve it himself. He admitted that he had approximately ten pounds of marijuana at his house at the time of the kidnapping and presumed that it had been stolen by whomever was responsible for the murder. Agents with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms subsequently determined that Jones had previously been convicted in Michigan of delivery and manufacture of marijuana and failure to pay child support and that his right to possess firearms had not been
The sentencing hearing was held on August 29, 2008. The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR“) calculated Jones‘s total offense level to be 25 and his criminal history category to be II, resulting in a Guidelines range of 63 to 78 months. The offense level calculation included a base offense level of 20 under
II.
A.
Because Jones did not object at sentencing, we review any procedural issue related to his sentence for plain error. United States v. Bailey, 488 F.3d 363, 367-68 (6th Cir.2007). Under that standard, Jones must show: “(1) an error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects his fundamental rights.” United States v. Vasquez, 560 F.3d 461, 470 (6th Cir.2009) (citing United States v. Martin, 520 F.3d 656, 658 (6th Cir.2008)).
On appeal, Jones first claims that the district court erred in enhancing his offense level by four points under
Jones makes three sub-claims. First, he argues that the court improperly applied the 2008 version of the Guidelines when calculating his sentence, thus violating the ex post facto clause because under the 2005 version, in force at the time of the offense, he would not have been subject to a four-point enhancement. See
Regardless of whether Booker has obviated the application of the ex post facto clause to changes in the Guidelines, Jones‘s argument fails because, in fact, there was no substantive change in the Guidelines between 2005 and 2008.1 The commission history explained that the application note added in 2006 was merely codifying language from Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223 (1993). Smith defined the use of “in relation to” in
Next, Jones argues that the court should not have applied the four-point enhancement under
Jones‘s last sub-claim is that the fortress theory cannot apply to
B.
Jones also claims that the sentence imposed by the district court was substantively unreasonable. Plain-error review does not apply to a substantive reasonableness challenge when a defendant fails to object at sentencing because “reasonableness is the standard of appellate review.” United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 389 (6th Cir.2008) (en banc). Instead, we review for abuse of discretion. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 46 (2007). A “sentence may be substantively unreasonable ‘when the district court selects the sentence arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible factors, fails to consider pertinent [
Jones argues that because the Supreme Court has recognized that district judges can take policy considerations into account during sentencing, see Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 109-10 (2007), the district court imposed a substantively unreasonable sentence by not considering the public policy and empirical data underlying the firearms-possession guidelines. Citing a Sentencing Commission Working Group Report from 1990, Jones contends that the portion of the firearm guidelines that increase the offense level for prior convictions deserves less consideration because it was designed to align with the minimum sentences triggered by the Armed Career Criminal Act and not to meet the standard goal of the Sentencing Commission to craft
We find Jones‘s argument unavailing. Although Kimbrough allows district courts to consider the policies of the Guidelines and potential disparities resulting from them when determining an appropriate sentence, it by no means held that the failure to adopt one particular policy perspective renders a within-Guidelines sentence substantively unreasonable. In any event, the district court explicitly considered Jones‘s history and characteristics, including the extent of his criminal history. In doing so, the district court noted that Jones‘s criminal history was “not of an egregious nature.” Jones also argues that the court should have reduced his sentence based on his relationship with his children and employment record. But the sentencing transcript reveals that the district court did consider these factors, finding Jones to be “an articulate, intelligent young man, but a young man who for reasons only known to himself has not accepted responsibility....” The district court then imposed a 72-month sentence in order to “provide some kind of a sentence that provides an adequate deterrence to [Jones] and protects the public, but at the same time provides [him] with some medical, educational, and correctional treatment.” In light of the record and the district court‘s consideration of the
III.
For the reasons discussed above, we affirm Jones‘s sentence.