UNITED STATES оf America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Daniel J. FERN, Defendant-Appellant.
Nos. 95-4099, 95-4596.
United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.
July 24, 1997.
In this section 2255 appeal, Blaik argues that the restitution portion of his sentence for two mail fraud counts to which he pled guilty is unlawful. As we have explained herein, we agree. Accordingly, the district court‘s denial of Blaik‘s section 2255 motion is REVERSED, and the restitution portion of his sentence is VACATED and reduced to $3,000.00. We REMAND for the district court to correct Blaik‘s restitution amount to $3,000.00 and to determine if Blaik has paid restitution in excess of $3,000.00, which amount must be refunded to him.
GODBOLD, Senior Circuit Judge, Concurring Dubitante:
I concur in the result reached in Judge Birch‘s opinion for the court. In doing so, however, I express my doubts whether a person on parole may challenge only the restitution portion of his sentence by a
William A. Keefer, U.S. Atty., Dawn Bowen, Marc Fagelson, Madeleine R. Shirley, Asst. U.S. Attys., Miami, FL, for Appellee.
Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, COX, Circuit Judge, and MESKILL*, Senior Circuit Judge.
HATCHETT, Chief Judge:
In this consolidated appeal, we affirm the convictions of Daniel Fern for mail fraud, attempted witness tampering and violations of the Clean Air Act.
FACTS
The events leading up to Fern‘s indictment and eventual convictions began on October 3, 1993. Early that morning, a fire partially damaged the Monte Carlo Oceanfront Resort Hotel, a thirteen-story building on Miami Beach. The Monte Carlo was insured for up to two million dollars under a fire loss policy the Lexington Insurance Company issued. Under the fire loss policy, Lexington agreed to pay for asbestos removal and contamina
Shortly after the fire, Waquar Ahmed Khan, the president of the company which owned the Monte Carlo, contracted with Fern to determine whether the Monte Carlo‘s conference room and suites were contaminated with asbestos as a result of the fire. At the time, Fern owned an asbestos testing and consulting firm known as Air Environmental Research Services (AER). Fern then orchestrated a fraudulent schеme to (1) convince Lexington that the Monte Carlo was contaminated thoroughly with asbestos; and (2) profit from a bogus asbestos abatement project at the Monte Carlo.
The scheme unfolded, in part, as follows. Fern directed the Monte Carlo project manager, Jerry Joyner, to take a piece of “Mag Block“—a material containing chalky, crushable asbestos—from a crawl space at the Monte Carlo. Fern then directed Jerry Joyner to take some “hot” air samples from the Monte Carlo using the Mag Block to spike the samples. (In total, Jerry Joyner spiked over twenty samples, often in the presence of Fern, Fern‘s wife or other AER employees.) After Jerry Joyner spiked the samples, he labeled some of them—at Fern‘s request—as if they came from the Monte Carlo‘s pipechases. Fern made this request in order to support a claim of asbestos contamination within the entire Monte Carlo resort.
After receiving test results from the spiked air samples, Fern‘s company, AER, proceeded to prepare an emergency action plan detailing a proposed asbestos abatement project for the Monte Carlo. Neither Fern nor AER was licensed to conduct asbestos abatement or removal work. Consequently, Fern needed to list the name of an authorized asbestos abatement company on the asbestos abatement project paperwork re1quired under
On October 13, 1993, Fern, or one of his employees, filed the first of three Ten-Day Notices completed during the course of the proposed Monte Carlo asbestos abatement project. This Ten-Day Notice—as well as subsequent notices filed on December 14, 1993, and April 4, 1994—contained false responses indicating that a company named Action Systems Unlimited, Inc., was responsible for the asbestos abatement project at the Monte Carlo, and that Judy Joyner—Jerry Joyner‘s sister-in-law and the president of Action Systems—was the on-site supervisor.2 The Ten-Day Notice also contained Judy Joyner‘s forged signature on the notice lines indicating that the information on the notice was correct and that an appropriately trained individual would be on-site at the Monte Carlo during the asbestos abatement project.3 The first and third Ten-Day Notices also contain references to Judy Joyner‘s Florida asbestos removal license number.
Neither Judy Joyner nor Action Systems ever did any work аt the Monte Carlo. Moreover, Judy Joyner testified at trial that she never authorized anyone to sign her name, use Action Systems‘s name or use her asbestos removal license number on a Ten-Day Notice for the Monte Carlo asbestos abatement project. Nevertheless, Fern instructed Jerry Joyner to tell anyone who inquired that he worked for Action Systems and that Action Systems was the actual asbestos removal contractor at the Monte Carlo.
At trial, two officials with the Metropolitan Dade County Department of Environmental Resources Management (DERM) testified about the significance of the Ten-Day Notices. According to Hugh Wong, chief of DERM‘s Air Pollution Control section, Ten-
In addition to submitting false Ten-Day Notices, Fern, and/or AER, also filed documents representing that the contents of the Monte Carlо (e.g., room furnishings and equipment) had to be destroyed because of asbestos contamination. In actuality, Fern gave away, sold or kept most of the Monte Carlo‘s furnishings and equipment.
Ultimately, Fern submitted a bill for over five hundred thousand dollars to the Monte Carlo for the cost of the bogus asbestos abatement project. The bill was converted into a proof-of-loss and submitted to Lexington via the mail. At trial, Daniel Corbeil, a former co-owner of Action Systems, testified that Fern bragged to him about how he fooled Lexington with spiked samples and with the Action Systems license.
In 1994, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) started investigating Fern‘s work at the Monte Carlo. Jerry Joyner and other AER employees cooperated with the EPA. Jerry Joyner played a critical role in the investigation; he taped his conversations with Fern. During those conversations, Fern offered Jerry Joyner ten thousand dollars to mislead investigators and told him to lie to the grand jury.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A grand jury indicted Fern on June 16, 1994, charging him with one count of witness intimidation. The government obtained a superseding indictment from the grand jury on August 12, 1994, charging Fern with eight other counts: three counts of making false statements, four counts of mail fraud and one count of witness tampering.
Fern‘s first trial began on November 28, 1994. Prior to the testimony of the government‘s first witness, Fern moved to dismiss the three false statement counts of the indictment for failure to allege essential elements of the charged crime. Fern argued that the indictment was insufficient because it did not allege that the statements were made willfully or that the statements were material. Fern also argued that the indictment did not inform him of the specific statements which were allegedly false. The district court denied Fern‘s motion and allowed the government to proceed with its presentation of evidence on all counts of the indictment.4
On November 28, 1994, the government called its first witness, Bureau оf Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) Special Agent Nelson Vasquez. Two days after Vasquez testified, on December 1, 1994, the prosecutor received a sworn statement dated December 1, 1994, from ATF Internal Affairs. The statement revealed that Vasquez misused his government credit card and was under investigation for theft of government property. The next day, Friday, December 2, 1994, the prosecutor produced a Brady disclosure regarding the Vasquez misconduct. The following trial day, Monday, December 5, 1994, Fern sought to recall Vasquez to the stand for further examination. The prosecutor informed Fern that Vasquez would invokе the
Fern subsequently moved to dismiss the case based on the Double Jeopardy Clause. Fern based his motion on the fact that Thomas Mulvihill, an Assistant United States Attorney (AUSA) in the Public Corruption Section, knew about the Vasquez investigation as early as November 15, 1994, but never shared his knowledge with the prosecutor in Fern‘s case.
The district court conducted an evidentiary hearing on the mistrial motion during which the district court questioned the prosecutor and AUSA Mulvihill, and heard arguments from the prosecutor and Fern regarding applicable case law. The district court also allowed Fern to question Mulvihill. During questioning, Mulvihill testified that he learned about allegations against Vasquez as a result of a conversation with an ATF Internal Affairs agent. During the conversation, the ATF agent told Mulvihill that it was possible that a “totally innocent explanation” existed for Vasquez‘s actions. Mulvihill also indicated that he and the ATF agent agreed that the matter should initially proceed through the ATF‘s administrative process. Mulvihill then stated that he did not even hear about the Vasquez matter again until after Fern‘s trial commenced. Mulvihill further testified that he was unaware that Vasquez was the case agent in any pending cases. Finally, Mulvihill stated that he was unaware of any policy requiring him to notify other attorneys about allegations against ATF agents that his office was not pursuing.
After considering the evidence and arguments, the district court orally denied Fern‘s motion. The district court later entered a written order denying Fern‘s mistrial motion and Fern‘s ore tenus motion to stay proceedings pending an appeal on the alleged double jeopardy violation. The district court then scheduled a second trial for January 19, 1995. Fern appealed the district court‘s order, and that appeal is consolidated herе.
In Fern‘s second trial, Vasquez did not testify, and the government dropped the witness intimidation count. During the course of the second trial, Fern presented expert testimony that the Monte Carlo could have been contaminated from the fire; witness testimony that Jerry Joyner spiked the samples; and witness testimony that Curry Joyner, Judy Joyner‘s ex-husband, signed Judy Joyner‘s signature on the Ten-Day Notices with her authorization. Fern also sought to cross-examine witnesses about, or introduce polygraph evidence relating to, Jerry Joyner, but was allowed to do so only to a limited extent.5
The jury in Fern‘s second trial convicted him on February 7, 1995. Fern received a sentence of fifty-seven months of imprisonment, plus a subsequent three-year term of supervised release and a four hundred dollar special assessment.
ISSUES
Fern raises six issues on appeal. We find each unpersuasive and address only three: (1) whether the Double Jeopardy Clause barred Fern‘s retrial after Fern requested a mistrial; (2) whether the superseding indictment contained sufficient information to sustain the three false statement counts against Fern; and (3) whether the district court‘s failure to submit the issue of materiality to the jury was harmless error.6
CONTENTIONS
Fern contends that the Double Jeopardy Clause barred his retriаl because the government‘s conduct left him with no choice but to ask for a mistrial. Fern also contends that the false statement counts of the indictment against him were insufficient because they
The government contends that the Double Jeopardy Clause posed no barrier to Fern‘s retrial because the prosecution did not “goad” Fern into requesting a mistrial. The government also contends that the false statement counts of the indictment contained sufficient allegations to apprise Fern of the charges against him and to warrant an inference that the grand jury found probable cause to support all the essential elements of the charges against Fern. Finally, the government contends that materiality was not a jury issue in this case. Alternatively, the government contends that the failure to submit the issue of materiality to the jury did not constitute reversible error because no reasonable juror could have found that the alleged false statements in this case were not material.
DISCUSSION
A. Double Jeopardy
Ordinarily, the Double Jeopardy Clause does not bar retrial after the grant of a mistrial upon the defendant‘s motion. United States v. Torkington, 874 F.2d 1441, 1444 (11th Cir.1989). If the prosecution‘s actions compelled the defendant to move for a mistrial, however, the Double Jeopardy Clause does bar retrial. 874 F.2d at 1444. As we observed in Torkington, a defendant is compelled to move for a mistrial if the prosеcution intentionally goaded the defendant into moving for a mistrial. 874 F.2d at 1444.7 The inquiry into the prosecution‘s intent is, for the most part, a matter to be inferred from objective facts and circumstances. See Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667, 679-80, 102 S.Ct. 2083, 2091-92, 72 L.Ed.2d 416 (1982) (Powell, J., concurring) (“Because ‘subjective’ intent often may be unknowable, I emphasize that a court—in considering a double jeopardy motion—should rely primarily upon the objective facts and circumstances of the particular case.“). We review the district court‘s factual findings for clear error and we conduct a de novo review of the district court‘s application of the law to the fаcts. Torkington, 874 F.2d at 1445.
In this case, the district court did an exceptional job of investigating the objective facts and circumstances leading up to the prosecution‘s disclosure of Special Agent Vasquez‘s misconduct. The district court conducted an evidentiary hearing regarding the prosecutor‘s knowledge and conduct, and the knowledge and conduct of the other relevant government actor, AUSA Mulvihill. In so doing, the district court properly recognized that government prosecutors do not operate in a vacuum, and that under some circumstances the actions of more than the specific prosecutor assigned to a case may be relevant to the “goading” inquiry. See United States v. Dinitz, 424 U.S. 600, 611, 96 S.Ct. 1075, 1081, 47 L.Ed.2d 267 (1976) (Double Jeopardy Clause “protect[s] a defendant against governmental actions intended to provoke mistrial requests“) (emphasis added). After questioning the relevant parties, and allowing Fern to ask additional questions, the district court determined that the investigation into Vasquez‘s conduct was preliminary at the time Mulvihill heard of it; the relevant parties did not know of any actual impropriety until December 1, 1994; and the relevant parties promptly informed the defense of Vasquez‘s impropriety. After independently reviewing thе record we find no error in the district court‘s factual findings.
We also discern no error in the district court‘s legal conclusions to the effect that the
B. Sufficiency of the Indictment
“A criminal conviction will not be upheld if the indictment upon which it is based does not set forth the essential elements of the offense.” United States v. Gayle, 967 F.2d 483, 485 (11th Cir.1992) (en banc), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 967, 113 S.Ct. 1402, 122 L.Ed.2d 775 (1993). This rule serves two functions. First, it puts the defendant on notice of “the nature and cause of the accusation as required by the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution. Second, it fulfills the Fifth Amendment‘s indictment requirement, ensuring that a grand jury only return an indictment when it finds probable cause to support all the necessary elements of the crime.” Gayle, 967 F.2d at 485; United States v. Steele, 105 F.3d 603, 606 n. 3 (11th. Cir.1997). The law does not, however, require that an indictment track the statutory language. United States v. Stefan, 784 F.2d 1093, 1101 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 855, 107 S.Ct. 193, 93 L.Ed.2d 125 (1986), and cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1009, 107 S.Ct. 650, 93 L.Ed.2d 706 (1986). If an indictment specifically refers to the statute on which the charge was based, the reference to the statutory language adequately informs the defendant of the charge. Stefan, 784 F.2d at 1101-02. Similarly, if the facts alleged in the indictment warrant an inferеnce that the jury found probable cause to support all the necessary elements of the charge, the indictment is not fatally deficient on Fifth Amendment grounds. Cf. United States v. McGough, 510 F.2d 598, 602 (5th Cir.1975) (if facts alleged warrant inference that false statements are material, an indictment is sufficient).8
Counts I-III of the superseding indictment charged that Fern, on three separate dates, “did knowingly make false statements on the Notification of Demolition and Renovation form filed, and required to be maintained, pursuant to the Clean Air Act ... in violation of Title 42, United States Code, Section 7413(c)(2).”9 Fern contends that these counts of the indictment are insufficient beсause they (1) fail to state expressly that “willfulness” and “materiality” are elements of a Clean Air Act false statement offense, and (2) fail to identify adequately the particular false statements Fern made.
Fern‘s contention regarding the failure to allege “willfulness” is meritless because “willfulness” is not an essential element of an offense under the relevant provision of section 7413(c)(2). Section 7413(c)(2)(A) makes it a crime for any person to “knowingly” make a false material statement in a document required to be filed or maintained.
Fern‘s contention regarding the indictment‘s failure to allege “materiality” is more substantial, but still unpersuasive. Fern contends correctly that the indictment does not mention the word “material,” and that a false statement must be a “material” statement to constitute a violation under the Clean Air Act. See
The indictment charged Fern with making a “false statement.” The only provision within section 7413(c)(2) that could even potentially concern false statements is subsection (A) which begins with the following words: “makes any false material statement.”
We also find unpersuasive Fern‘s related contention that the indictment fails to identify the false statements with sufficient particularity for Fifth Amendment purposes. In our view, Fern‘s contention is based on a false premise—that “the indictment merely referenced three Ten-Day Notices, without identifying what statements in the notices were false.”
Paragraph Four of the indictment specifically alleges that AER рerformed the asbestos abatement work at the Monte Carlo. Paragraph Seven of the indictment indicates that an owner or operator must notify the EPA or the appropriate local agency before conducting certain types of asbestos abatement in a building. Paragraph Nine of the indictment alleges that Fern was the “operator” of an asbestos abatement project taking place at the Monte Carlo. The three Ten-Day Notices referenced in the indictment all indicate that Action Systems—not AER—performed the asbestos abatement project at the Monte Carlo under the on-site supervision of “Owner/Operator” Judy Joyner—not under the supervision of “operator” Fern.
It is an entirely sensible inference that the false statements referred to in the indictment related to the specific allegations described earlier in the indictment, e.g., whether “operator” Fern notified the appropriate agency of AER‘s asbestos abatement project at the Monte Carlo.12 Since the indictment also referenced the relevant statutory section, it is also a reasonable inference that the grand jury found that any false statements regarding the identity of the entity performing the Monte Carlo asbestos abatement project were “material.” Accordingly, we are satisfied that Counts I-III of the superseding
C. Gaudin Error
In United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506, 115 S.Ct. 2310, 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995), the Supreme Court held that the materiality of a false statement for the purposes of a conviction under
When a proper objection to a Gaudin error is lodged at trial the analysis differs, but, in our estimation, only with respect to the burden of persuasion. This is so because a Gaudin error does not fall within that limited class of errors known as “structural errors,” e.g., errors “affecting the framework within which the trial proceeds, rather thаn simply an error in the trial process itself.” Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 117 S.Ct. 1544, 1549, 137 L.Ed.2d 718 (1997) (citing Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 310, 111 S.Ct. 1246, 1264, 113 L.Ed.2d 302 (1991)). To the contrary, a Gaudin error is more correctly viewed as analogous to improperly instructing the jury on an element of the offense, an error which is subject to harmless error analysis. Cf. Johnson, 520 U.S. at 469 (stating that “it is by no means clear” that a Gaudin error fits within the limited class of cases subject to structural error analysis).13 The appropriate review under the harmless error review standard mirrors the plain error review standard regarding prejudice to substantial rights, except that the burden of persuasion shifts: the government must show the absence of prejudice to the defendant‘s substantial rights. Cf. Olano, 507 U.S. at 734-35 (plain error analysis into prеjudice is the same kind of inquiry as employed in harmless error analysis, with one important difference: “it is the defendant rather than the Government who bears the burden of persuasion with respect to prejudice“).
In this case, the government contends that the holding of Gaudin does not extend to false statements under section 7413(c)(2). As a result, the government contends, the district court did not err when it failed, over Fern‘s objection, to submit the issue of materiality to the jury. We decline to reach this issue because we conclude that even if Gaudin does apply, the government has carried its burden of showing the absence of prejudice to Fern arising from the claimed Gaudin error.
Here, the materiality issue turns on whether the identified false statements were capable of influencing DERM officials’ exercise of their regulatory oversight responsibilities. See United States v. Dennis, 786 F.2d 1029, 1041 n. 15 (11th Cir.1986) (test for materiality is “whether the false testimony was capable of influencing the tribunal on the issue before it“). The trial testimony of DERM officials Wong and Gordon leaves no doubt that the false statements in this case were material. These officials testified that they
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Daniel Fern‘s convictions.
AFFIRMED.
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. David Carlton ARNOLD, Armando Coto, Defendants-Appellants.
Nos. 93-4713, 95-4649.
United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.
July 25, 1997.