UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. William BURGESS, IV, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 03-4234
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
June 22, 2005.
232
CLAY, Circuit Judge.
Joseph P. Schmitz, Asst. U.S. Attorney, U.S. Attorney‘s Office, Cleveland, OH, for Plaintiff-Appellee. William Burgess, IV, Morgantown, WV, pro se. Before CLAY and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; REEVES, District Judge.* *The Honorable Danny C. Reeves, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky, sitting by designation.
Furthermore, in addition to disagreeing with the way in which the majority applies Stafford, I am not at all convinced that Stafford and the other cases cited by the majority actually survive Booker. Once again, because Barnett conclusively resolves Clements’ sentencing claim, I believe it is entirely unnecessary to rely on pre-Booker precedent such as Stafford and its progeny.
Because the majority‘s conclusion that Clements’ failure to raise a Sixth Amendment argument before the district court constitutes a forfeiture that may be reviewed for plain error is illogical in light of the conclusion that Clements’ failure to object to the PSIR constituted an admission under Stafford, and is superfluous dicta, I respectfully decline to join the majority‘s opinion.
Defendant-Appellant William Burgess, IV, appeals his sentence imposed on September 3, 2003 after pleading guilty to one count of conspiracy to distribute cocaine, in violation of
I
On February 20, 2003, the Grand Jury sitting in the Northern District of Ohio charged Charlene Romane, Defendant-Appellant William Burgess, and Lesley P. Smith in a six-count indictment for conspiracy to distribute cocaine. The alleged conspiracy began on January 9, 2003, when Romane sold an undercover police officer approximately one ounce of cocaine for $1,000. Romane also discussed with the officer a plan to sell him approximately nine additional ounces of cocaine. On January 15, 2003, Romane asked Burgess to help her obtain the nine ounces of cocaine. Burgess then asked Smith to supply him with the cocaine. That evening, Romane and Burgess traveled to the parking lot of a Circuit City store in Niles, Ohio in order to sell the cocaine to the undercover officer. They brought a loadеd Ruger .9mm pistol with them. Shortly thereafter, Smith arrived with the nine ounces of cocaine. Smith had a loaded Hi-Point .9mm pistol on his person. Romane then displayed a sample of the cocaine to the undercover officer for purposes of facilitating the sale. The Grand Jury charged Burgess in Count Two of the indictment with conspiracy to distribute cocaine, in violation of
Burgess signed a written plea agreement on May 30, 2003 which states that Burgess read and understood it and had an opportunity to discuss it with his attorney. Burgess agreed to plead guilty to Counts 2 and 4 of the indictment, and the government agreed to move to dismiss Count 3.
Pursuant to the plea agreement, Burgess acknowledged that Count 2 carries a maximum possible penalty of 20 years’ imprisonment, that Count 4 carries a maximum possible sentence of life imprisonment, and that the sentence for Count 4 must be served consecutively to any sentence imposed for Count 2. Burgess further acknowledged that “his sentence [would] be detеrmined in accordance with the mandatory term of imprisonment required by
The parties stipulated that the appropriate base offense level for Count 2 was 20,
The agreement specifically reserved Burgess‘s right to ask for a downward adjustment in his offense level pursuant to
In the section of the agreement captioned “Waiver of Appellate and Post-Conviction Rights,” Burgess agreed to waive his appeal rights under
At the change of plea hearing, Burgess confirmed that he understood the nature of the charges in Counts 2 and 4, the maximum possible sentence he facеd on Count 2, and the five-year mandatory minimum he faced regarding Count 4. Burgess further admitted that, by pleading guilty, he was waiving his right to a trial by jury, the right to counsel at every stage of the proceedings, the right to testify on his own behalf or not testify at all, the right to compel witnesses to appear on his behalf, and the right to be presumed innocent unless the government could prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Burgess also admitted that he was waiving his right to appeal from his convictions on Counts 2 and 4 and that “[t]here may be some aspects of the sentence that could be appealed.” After Burgess admitted the factual basis for the plea set forth in the agreement, the government summarized the promises in the agreement. Among other things, the prosecutor pointed out that Burgess had reserved his right to seek a downward adjustment in his offense level for his role in the offense, and that the agreement allows for the possibility that the government might move for a downward departure based on substantial assistance. The prosecutor added, however:
With respect to other possible departures, Your Honor, both sides have agreed to give up thеir right to seek any other departures. By virtue of that understanding, your Honor, the Defendant will give up his right to seek a downward departure; and conversely, the United States Attorney‘s Office will give
up its right to seek an upward departure.
The prosecutor also explained the agreement‘s waiver of appeal provisions, noting that Burgess had waived his right to appeal his conviction and sentence, except with respect to his right to appeal punishment that may exceed the statutory maximum, punishment that results from an upward departure, and the court‘s determination of Burgess‘s criminal history category.
Aftеr confirming that no one had made any other promises or threats to Burgess for his guilty plea, the court ruled that Burgess understood the nature of the charges against him, that his plea was voluntary and intelligent, and that there was a substantial factual basis for his guilty plea to Counts 2 and 4. The court then accepted Burgess‘s guilty plea.
Relying on the plea agreement, the probation officer who prepared the presentence report noted that the base offense level for Count 2 was 20, but reduced it to 17, based on Burgess‘s acceptance of responsibility. The probation officer further noted that the guilty plea to Count 4 mandated a consecutive term of imprisonment of five years.
The probation officer then calculated two criminal history points based on Burgess‘s May 11, 2000 conviction for drug abuse (resulting in six months of non-reporting probation) and his May 16, 2001 conviction for possession of drug paraphernalia (resulting in a 30-day suspended sentence and six months of probation). The latter conviction resulted after Burgess was pulled over and was discovered to have a smoking pipe containing marijuana residuе. Burgess‘s two criminal history points translated into a Criminal History Category II, pursuant to the Sentencing Table at
The presentence report noted that, for Count 2, an offense level of 17 and a Criminal History Category of II, Burgess‘s sentencing range was between 27 and 33 months. The report further noted that, for Count 4,
At the sentencing hearing, Burgess confirmed that he had an opportunity to review the presentence report and that he had no objections to it. Burgess‘s attorney then argued that Burgess‘s two “convictions for nonviolent minor drug offenses,” which occurred two and three years prior to his present convictions, made his Criminal History Category II as opposed to Category I. Burgess‘s attorney acknowledged that the right to move for a “downward departure for overstatement of criminal history points ... [is] not spelled out in the plea agreement,” but argued that a Category II Criminal History was not contemplated at the time. Burgess‘s attorney asked the court “to take those factors into consideratiоn when sentencing him.”
Burgess‘s attorney further argued that Burgess‘s role in the criminal activity was minor. His attorney pointed to the facts that (a) Defendant Romane, Burgess‘s aunt, is twice Burgess‘s age; (b) Romane provided the weapon for Burgess and placed it under the seat of the car; and (c) Romane asked him to contact other people for cocaine. Burgess‘s attorney therefore requested a downward departure “minimiz[ing] his exposure to the 60 months sentence.”
The government objected to Burgess‘s attempt to seek any kind of downward departure. The government noted that Burgess‘s request for a downward departure for his role in the offense actually is not a departure, but an “adjustment” un-
The court found no error in the presentence report‘s calculation of Burgess‘s base offense level or Criminal History for Count 2. The court then stated thаt it was “happy to make the term of incarceration the lowest possible under the Sentencing Guidelines“—27 months. The court also commented on its ability to grant a downward departure based on substantial assistance:
I really have no opinion with respect to reducing the sentence any further. It is really in the hands of the prosecutor to make any motion that would say make the sentence lower than I have made it under the existing laws, this kind of sentence, I think this could be given. I can‘t change the rules and hopefully, perhaps some situation will come up under which yоu‘ll be able to take advantage of helping the government sometime within the next year. If that happens then I would assume they would make a motion to lower your sentence. No one can predict that either.
The court then imposed the 60-month mandatory sentence for Count 4. Last, the court dismissed Count 3 of the indictment on the motion of the United States. Judgment was entered on September 3, 2003, and Burgess appealed on September 24, 2003.
II
A. Standard of Review
This Court reviews the question of whether a defendant waived his right to appeal his sentence in a valid plea agreement de novo. United States v. Murdock, 398 F.3d 491, 496 (6th Cir.2005) (citations omitted).
B. Analysis
A dеfendant in a criminal case may waive the right to appeal, as long as the waiver is knowing and voluntary. United States v. Fleming, 239 F.3d 761, 763-64 (6th Cir.2001); United States v. Ashe, 47 F.3d 770, 775-76 (6th Cir.1995). A knowing and voluntary waiver of a right to appeal contained in a plea agreement is presumptively valid and will preclude review of an issue on appeal. United States υ. Βαzzi, 94 F.3d 1025, 1028 (6th Cir.1996); United States v. Allison, 59 F.3d 43, 46 (6th Cir.1995). The court determines the validity of a plea under the totality of the circumstances. Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 749, 90 S.Ct. 1463, 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970). The Constitution requires that such circumstances reflect that the defendant be informed of all the direct consequences of a guilty plea. Id. at 755, 90 S.Ct. 1463. The record should reflect a full understanding of the direct consequences so that the plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternatives. North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31, 91 S.Ct. 160, 27 L.Ed.2d 162 (1970).
Although the plea agreement explicitly reserved Burgess‘s right to ask the district court for a reduction in his offense level for his purported minor role in the offense, the agreement also explicitly precludes Burgess‘s right to appeal the district court‘s adverse decision. The agreement‘s section entitled “Waiver of Appellate and Post-Conviction Rights” clearly states that Burgess waived his right to appeal his conviction or sentence, except an appeal of a punishment that exceeds the statutory maximum, an upward departure, or the district court‘s determination of Burgess‘s Criminal History Category. None of those exceptions apply to a request for a reduction based on Burgess‘s alleged minor role in the offense.
Nor do any of these exceptions permit an appeal of the district court‘s determination of Burgess‘s criminal history. Although the agreement specifically reserves Burgess‘s right to appeal “the district court‘s determination of the Defendant‘s Criminal History Category,” that provision must be read in conjunction with the section entitled “Departures.” That section states that Burgess “will give up his right seek a downward departure from the applicable guideline range and that the United States Attorney‘s Office will give up its right to request an upward departure.” The only exception is a downward departure requested by the government under the “substantial assistance” provisions of
In an attempt to evade the plain language of the plea agreement, Burgess argues that he did not enter the agreement knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently. Specifically, he argues that the district court failed to comply with
We further hold that Burgess‘s plea was not involuntary even though he did not know when he pleaded guilty that the Supreme Court would later declare the Sentencing Guidelines to be advisory in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005). See United States v. Bradley, 400 F.3d 459, 464 (6th Cir.2005) (holding that the change in the law on appeal could not undo the defendant‘s plea agreement, including the waiver of appellate rights provision, which was otherwise the product of a knowing and voluntary plea); see also id. at 465 (“Having voluntarily and knowingly bargained for a decrease in the number оf counts charged against him and for a decreased sentence, Bradley cannot now extract two components of that bargain—his agreement to be sentenced under the then-mandatory Guidelines and his agreement to waive his right to appeal—on the basis of changes in the law after that bargain was struck.“).
Finally, in a supplemental pro se brief, Burgess asserts that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for not arguing at sentencing that the mandatory nature of the Sentencing Guidelines was unconstitutional. Burgess argues that, in September 2003, his attorney should havе anticipated the Supreme Court‘s 2005 holding in Booker based on the Court‘s previous decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000) and the Court‘s subsequent decision in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004).
Normally, we would decline to review an ineffective assistance of counsel claim raised on direct appeal on the grounds that the record is devoid of sufficient information concerning counsel‘s trial strategy and relevant attorney-client communications; the preferred avenue for raising such claims is through a post-conviction motion pursuant to
Burgess‘s trial counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to anticipate the Supreme Court‘s June 24, 2004 holding in Blakely that the Sixth Amendment precluded the imposition of a sentence under Washington state‘s sentencing system based on facts not found by a jury or admitted by the defendant. See Blakely, 124 S.Ct. at 2537-38 (applying Apprendi). The Supreme Court had not even agreed to hear the appeal in Blakely until over a month after Burgess‘s sentencing. See Blakely v. Washington, 540 U.S. 965, 124 S.Ct. 429, 157 L.Ed.2d 309 (Oct. 20, 2003). Nor can counsel be deemed ineffective for lacking the additional prescience to anticipate that the eventual holding in Blakely would lead to the Supreme Court‘s January 12, 2005 decision in Booker to remedy potential Sixth Amendment problems in the application of the federal Sentencing Guidelines by declaring the Guidelines advisory only, Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 764-67, particularly because the Blakely opinion makes clear that it expresses no opinion on the continuing validity of the federal guidelines, Blakely, 124 S.Ct. at 2538 n. 9.
It also is important to note that Burgess has never claimed that the district court sentenced him above the statutory maximums for the crimes to which he pleaded guilty. He argues that the district court should have granted him certain adjustments and downward departures so that he could receive a sentence below what the admitted facts authorized. Burgess‘s sentence does not raise any of the due process or Sixth Amendment concerns that precipitated the holdings in Apprendi, Blakely, or Booker, which involved judge-imposed sentences above the sentences that were authorized solely by a jury verdict or the facts admitted by the defendant. Thus, even assuming that Burgess‘s counsel was in a position to argue about the potential unconstitutional application of the Sentencing Guidelines, that argument had no application (and therefore no merit) in Burgess‘s case.
Burgess seeks resentencing under the remedial holding in Booker, which renders the Guidelines advisory even in cases where the defendant‘s sentence raises no constitutional concerns—i.e., where the defendant is sentenced under a mandatory Guidelines scheme, but the actual sentence imposed falls at or below the range authorized solely by the admitted or jury-deliberated facts. Even assuming, arguendo, that Burgess‘s counsel reasonably should have foreseen Booker‘s remedial holding, that holding does not clearly compel any relief for Burgess. Although the Court in Booker stated that its holding would apply to all cases on direct review, such as Burgess‘s, the Court further observed that not every appeal of a sentence under a mandatory Guidelines regime would lead to a new sentencing hearing. Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 769.
It is only by virtue of this Court‘s interpretation of Booker in United States v. Barnett, 398 F.3d 516 (6th Cir.2005), that
In the end, the merits of Burgess‘s ineffective assistance of counsel claim hinges on showing that his counsel acted unreasonably in failing to predict two Supreme Court decisions (Blakely and Booker) and a subsequent decision from this Circuit (Barnett).2 As a matter of law, there simply is no basis for Burgess‘s assertion that his counsel‘s failure to predict this novel line of authority “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88, 104 S.Ct. 2052; see also Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 751-54, 103 S.Ct. 3308, 77 L.Ed.2d 987 (1983) (holding that counsel has no obligation to raise every possible claim); Fuller v. United States, 398 F.3d 644, 651 n. 4 (7th Cir.2005) (noting in dictum that any argument that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to anticipate Blakely and Booker would not be tenable). We therefore reject Burgess‘s claim of constitutionally ineffective counsel.
III
For all the foregoing reasons, we DISMISS Burgess‘s appeal.