UNITED STATES оf America ex rel. Steven GRUNDSET, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Gayle FRANZEN, Director, Department of Corrections, State of Illinois, Respondent-Appellant.
No. 80-2689.
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued Oct. 26, 1981. Decided April 13, 1982.
Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied July 1, 1982.
675 F.2d 870
Michael Mulder, Chicago, Ill., for respondent-appellant.
Before PELL, and CUDAHY, Circuit Judges, and CAMPBELL,* Senior District Judge.
Respondent Gayle Franzen appeals a district court order granting, on summary judgment, petitioner Steven Grundset‘s application for a writ of habeas corpus. At issue on appeal is whether there exists no question of material fact that Grundset‘s constitutional rights were violated by the State‘s failure to provide a verbatim transcript of his misdemeanor guilty plea.
I. FACTS
The facts are undisputed. On August 6, 1975, Grundset went to the home of his stepfather. An argument ensued concerning alimony and child support payments due the petitioner‘s mother. Grundset pulled a gun from his pocket and fired it twice at his stepfather‘s chest. The gun misfired, apparently because of the age of the gun powder. One bullet protruded from the mouth of the gun; the other bullet remained inside the barrel. The petitioner claims he was intoxicated and remembered little until the next morning. He then phoned the police and inquired whether there was a warrant for his arrest. At the request of the police, he went to the station where he was arrested.
Grundset subsequently pleaded guilty to aggravated assault, а misdemeanor. He could have been charged with attempted murder. Grundset was represented by an Assistant Public Defender. No transcript was made of the proceedings and apparently no court reporter was present. The docket entry for the date did not indicate whether the defendant was told that his plea constituted a waiver of constitutional rights. The defendant‘s signature appears, however, at the bottom of the complaint, following an express waiver of the right to trial by jury. Judge Nielson, who had accepted the plea, later sentenced Grundset to one year at the minimum security center in Vandalia.
Represented by new сounsel, Grundset filed motions to withdraw his guilty plea and to vacate his conviction and for release on probation. After denial of the motion for probation, a hearing was held on the motion to withdraw the plea. Grundset alleged unawareness that he might have pleaded insanity, that he was inadequately represented by counsel, that the trial court had failed properly to admonish him at the time he pleaded, and that his plea was coerced by threat of a stiffer sentence if he were charged with attempted murder. At the hearing on his motion to withdraw the plea, Grundset testified that to his knowledge the judge had not discussed the consequences of the guilty plea with him. He admitted, however, that he could not recall exactly what had transpired at the plea proceeding which had been held almost a year earlier. The prosecutor called no witnesses nor offered any argument. He did, however, cross-examine Grundset. Judge Nielson stated that it was his habit to inform defendants of their rights before accepting a plea of guilty and that he was sure “in [his] own mind” that he so informed Grundset. The judge denied the
The Illinois Appellate Court affirmed the conviction but reduced Grundset‘s sentence to 364 days, the maximum allowed under Illinois law for a Class A misdemeanor. Grundset had argued on appeal that his constitutional rights were violated by denial of a verbatim transcript. He also claimed that his plea was involuntary because the police threatened to charge him with attempted murder if he again went near his victim. The appellate court found neither a constitutional nor a statutory right1 to a transcript of the guilty plea proceeding. The court also noted that Grundset had not taken advantage of
Grundset then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the federal district court, alleging that lack of a verbatim transcript gave rise to various constitutional violations. Judge Roszkowski granted Grundset‘s motion for summary judgment. He relied on Mayer v. City of Chicago, 404 U.S. 189, 194, 92 S.Ct. 410, 414, 30 L.Ed.2d 372 (1971), which held that the State must provide an indigent a ” ‘record of sufficient completeness’ ” to ” ‘place bеfore the appellate court an equivalent record of the events at trial from which the appellant‘s contentions arise’ ” and several Illinois cases which had held that the record must affirmatively show the trial judge‘s compliance with
II. JURISDICTION AND MOOTNESS
A preliminary question is whether this dispute is moot. The analysis is a two-part one, requiring an examination whether the district court had jurisdiction at the time Grundset filed his petition and, if so, whether there remains any relief that this court can grant. Harrison v. Indiana, 597 F.2d 115, 118 (7th Cir. 1979).
Grundset was released on bail shortly after his arraignment and remained free on bail until December 24, 1979. On that date the Governor of Illinois commuted his sentence from 364 days to time served. Grundset filed his petition for a writ of habeas corpus on May 2, 1979.
For jurisdiction to exist in the district court, a petitioner must be “in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.”
The question before this court is what collateral consequences, if any, follow from Grundset‘s misdemeanor conviction and whether they are significant enough to overcome a holding of mootness in this case. The standard which governs is stated in Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 57, 88 S.Ct. 1889, 1899, 20 L.Ed.2d 917 (1968): “a criminal case is moot only if it is shown that there is no possibility that any collateral legal consequences will be imposed on the basis of the challenged conviction” (emphasis added).
It is possible that the conviction for aggravated assault would lead to a stiffer sentence if Grundset again encounterеd difficulties with the law, see
III. DISCUSSION
The respondent-appellant contends that the petitioner‘s constitutional rights were not denied but that even if his rights under Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969), were abridged, the district court should have held an evidentiary hearing rather than granting Grundset‘s motion for summary judgment.
Grundset points to a number of grounds which in his view justify the district court‘s grant of summary judgment. For purposes of discussion, we will group his arguments as follows: (1) the felony/misdemeanor categorization embodied in
This organization differs from that of both the district court opinion and the briefs submitted to this court in which the right to appeal argument and the Boykin argument were treated as one. As discussed infra, the presumption against a waiver of constitutional rights, see Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387, 402-04, 97 S.Ct. 1232, 1241-1242, 51 L.Ed.2d 424 (1977), which is pertinent to a Boykin claim, necessitates that the State carry the burden of showing that Grundset‘s plea was knowing and voluntary. It is not clear, however, that the burden is similarly shifted to the State when a petitioner alleges an abrogation of his right to appeal. We therefore are convinced that clarity demands separate treatment of these arguments.
We note at the outset that a grant of summary judgment is appropriate only where there exists no genuine issue of material fact,
A. Equal Protection
The State‘s limitation of its requirement for verbatim transcripts of guilty plea proceedings to cases in which a penitentiary
Grundset argues that the Rule 402(e) distinction is violative of the equal protection clause primarily on the basis of Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969), and Mayer v. City of Chicago, 404 U.S. 189, 92 S.Ct. 410, 30 L.Ed.2d 372 (1971). The considerations raised by Boykin, which we do not find relevant to an equal protection analysis, are discussed in Section III(C), infra. We find little support in Mayer for Grundset‘s contention.3
In Mayer, an indigent defendant sought a free transcript in order to perfect his appeal. The Illinois Supreme Court rejected his request because Illinois Supreme Court Rule 607(b), as it then existed, provided indigents with transcripts only in felony cases. The United States Supreme Court held the Rule unconstitutional, stating:
The distinction between felony and nonfelony offenses drawn by Rule 607(b) can no more satisfy the requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment than could the like distinction in the Wisconsin law, held invalid in Groppi v. Wisconsin, 400 U.S. 505 [91 S.Ct. 490, 27 L.Ed.2d 571] (1971), which permitted a change of venue in felony but not in misdemeanor trials. The size of the defendant‘s pocketbook bears no more relationship to his guilt or innocence in a nonfelony than in a felony case.
404 U.S. at 195-96, 92 S.Ct. at 415. The Court required that the State furnish Mayer a record of “sufficient completeness,” id. at 198, 92 S.Ct. at 416, but stated that a verbаtim transcript was necessary only if it were required “to assure the indigent as effective an appeal as would be available to the defendant with resources to pay his own way,” id. at 195, 92 S.Ct. at 415. If the grounds of the appeal state a “colorable need” for a verbatim transcript, the burden must be placed on the State to show that an ” ‘alternative’ will suffice for an effective appeal.” Id.
Mayer clearly involves both due process and equal protection considerations. The question critical to Grundset‘s equal protection argument is what force Mayer has in a case where indigency is not a factor. Mayer has frequently been cited in cases involving the rights of indigents, see Davis v. Page, 618 F.2d 374, 383 (5th Cir. 1980); United States v. Decoster, 624 F.2d 196, 265 n.8 (D.C.Cir.1979) (en banc) (MacKinnon, J., concurring in result); Hanson v. Circuit Court of First Judicial District, 591 F.2d 404, 405 (7th Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 907, 100 S.Ct. 220, 62 L.Ed.2d 143. Our attention has not been callеd to a single case, however, in which a distinction between felons and misdemeanants that affected rich and poor alike has been analyzed by reference to Mayer. We further note that in Adams v. Daniel, 356 F.Supp. 1109, 1110 (E.D.Tenn.1972), aff‘d mem., 473 F.2d 911 (6th Cir. 1973), the district court explicitly rejected the habeas petitioner‘s reliance on Mayer in a case not involving indigency.4
In considering whether the felony/misdemeanor categorization of Rule 402(e) is reasonable, we first note that Rule 402(a) accords the same protection to the rights of misdemeanants as it does to the rights of felons. We recognize that the misdemeanor cases excluded from the subsection (e) transcript requirement vary greatly in severity and in the likelihood of generating an appeal. In light of these considerations, we think that Illinois has acted reasonably in not requiring that, as a matter of course, a verbatim transcript be made of all misdemeanor guilty plea proceedings.
B. Right to Effective Counsel and Right to Appeal
It is well established that if a State provides for appellate review, such proceedings must comport with due process. Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12, 18, 76 S.Ct. 585, 590, 100 L.Ed. 891 (1956). Grundset argues that due process mandates a verbatim transcript for purposes of appeal, at least where the defendant is represented by new counsel on appeal. We find little support for this argument.
First, as Grundset concеdes, the principal case on which he relies, Hardy v. United States, 375 U.S. 277, 84 S.Ct. 424, 11 L.Ed.2d 331 (1964), was decided pursuant to
Second, even if these cases had been decided on constitutional grounds, they would be distinguishable from the instant case in that they involved trials rather than guilty plea proceedings. Grundset quotes Justice Goldberg‘s concurring opinion in Hardy for the proposition that:
As any effective advocate will attest, the most basic and fundamental tool of his profession is the complete trial transcript, through which his trained finger may leaf and his trained eyes may roam in search of an error, a lead to an error, or even a basis upon which to urge a change in an established and hitherto accepted principle of law.
375 U.S. at 288, 84 S.Ct. at 431 (footnote omitted). It is evident that the opportunities to which Justice Goldberg refers are greater when an entire trial rather than a brief proceeding has been held. Contrary to the view of the district judge, we also find Mayer v. City of Chicago, 404 U.S. 189, 92 S.Ct. 410, 30 L.Ed.2d 372 (1971), distinguishable on this ground.
Third, in cases where an indigent has been denied a free transcript, the Supreme Court has held that a verbatim transcript is not always required. Mayer v. City of Chicago, 404 U.S. 189, 195, 92 S.Ct. 410, 415, 30 L.Ed.2d 372 (1971); Draper v. Washington, 372 U.S. 487, 495-96, 83 S.Ct. 774, 778-779, 9 L.Ed.2d 899 (1963); see Britt v. North Carolina, 404 U.S. 226, 92 S.Ct. 431, 30 L.Ed.2d 400 (1971). If a full transcript is not constitutionally required in these cases that require scrutiny pursuant to the equal protection clause as well as the due process clause, we cannot conclude that the Illinois procedurе which affects rich and poor alike is unconstitutional.
Mayer did state however that “where the grounds of appeal . . . make out a colorable need for a complete transcript, the burden is on the State to show that only a portion of the transcript or an ‘alternative’ will suffice for an effective appeal on those grounds.” 404 U.S. at 195, 92 S.Ct. at 415 (citing Draper v. Washington, 372 U.S. 487, 495-96, 83 S.Ct. 774, 778-779, 9 L.Ed.2d 899 (1963)). If
Because the case at bar involves neither indigency nor a full trial, it is not clear to us that Mayer requires the State to prove the adequacy of the Rule 323(c) procedure in this case. The disposition in Groppi v. Wisconsin, 400 U.S. 505, 91 S.Ct. 490, 27 L.Ed.2d 571 (1971), suggests the burden might remain with Grundset to show the inadequacy of this alternative. Groppi involved a Wisconsin statute which the Wisconsin Supreme Court had interpreted as precluding a change of venue in misdemeanor cases. Like
It seems most plausible to us that the allocation of the burden in Mayer reflects the added concern of that Court with the defendаnt‘s equal protection rights and would therefore be inapplicable in this case. We do not feel compelled to decide this issue, however, because we are not convinced that Grundset‘s allegations established a “colorable need,” Mayer, 404 U.S. at 195, 92 S.Ct. at 415, for a verbatim transcript.
A verbatim transcript would shed no light on whether Grundset was aware that he might have pleaded insanity or whether the police had indicated that he would be charged with attempted murder if he again went near his victim. The only purpose that would be served by a full record of the guilty plea proceeding is as clarification whether Judge Nielson informed Grundset of the constitutional waivers implicit in a pleа of guilty as required by
We conclude therefore that neither Grundset‘s right to appeal nor his right to effective assistance of counsel on appeal was abrogated in this case by the State‘s failure to provide a verbatim transcript of the guilty plea proceeding.
C. Affirmative Showing of Voluntary and Intelligent Plea
The district court relied in part on Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969), in granting Grundset‘s petition. The Boykin Court held that the gravity of the waivers implicit in a guilty plea necessitated an affirmative showing on the record that the plea was knowing and voluntary. Id. at 243-44, 89 S.Ct. at 1712.7
Despite this secondary purpose, a year after Boykin was decided, the Supreme Court upheld a plea of guilty as voluntary and intelligent even though the defendant had not been specifically advised of the constitutional rights discussed in Boykin. North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31, 91 S.Ct. 160, 164, 27 L.Ed.2d 162 (1970). The Alford Court stated that in determining the validity of guilty pleas the “standard was and remains whether the plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action open to the defendant.” Id. at 31, 91 S.Ct. at 164 (dicta). Alford made clear that lack of a verbatim transcript demonstrating that the trial judge admonished the defendant in a manner consistent with Boykin is not constitutionally required.8
As the Fifth Circuit noted in Clayton v. Blackburn, 578 F.2d 117, 120 (5th Cir. 1978) (per curiam), the mandate of Boykin is best satisfied when a verbatim transcript of the guilty plea proceeding is available on review. The Clayton court held, however, that failure to provide such a transcript does not in itself establish a constitutional violation. We agree with the Clayton court on both of these propositions.
The fact that Boykin does not require a verbatim transcript is not dispositive of this case. Some affirmative showing on the record that the defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his constitutional rights is required.9 We must determine whether there exists any question of material fact that such a waiver was present.
The inquiry required of a district judge on a petition for habeas when the record of the guilty plea proceeding is inadequate has been discussed by several courts of appeals. First, the district judge must examine the entire record of state proceedings to determine (1) whether the petitioner raised a prima facie case of a constitutional violation, e.g., Clayton v. Blackburn, 578 F.2d 117, 120 (5th Cir. 1978) (per curiam); Todd v. Lockhart, 490 F.2d 626, 628-29 (8th Cir. 1974) (per curiam), and if so, (2) whether the Boykin defect was cured in the course of post-conviction proceedings by a demonstration that the plea was made voluntarily and with knowledge of its consequences, e.g., Gardner v. Pogue, 568 F.2d 648 (9th Cir. 1978); Todd v. Lockhart, 490 F.2d at 627-28; McChesney v. Henderson, 482 F.2d 1101, 1107 (5th Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1146, 94 S.Ct. 901, 39 L.Ed.2d 102 (1974).10 In examining the state record, the
Grundset contends that resort to an evidentiary hearing is inconsistent with Boykin. We disagree. The question raised by Grundset‘s Boykin claim is primarily one of fact: whether he was aware of the constitutional rights waived by his plea of guilty. The reliancе of other courts on the “full and fair hearing” standard of Townsend demonstrates that they too recognize the factual nature of the Boykin inquiry. An evidentiary hearing is necessary when such a factual claim remains unresolved. See
Applying these rules of law to the instant case, we conclude that the grаnt of summary judgment was inappropriate. We do not think that Grundset‘s right to appeal was abrogated by the State‘s failure to provide a more substantial written record disclosing whether Grundset waived the constitutional rights critical in Boykin. The proper inquiry in this case was, first, whether Grundset raised a prima facie case of a constitutional violation before the state courts and, if he did, whether the State carried its burden of proving the voluntariness of the plea.
This inquiry calls for the application of law to fact. In such a situation, a federal appellate court must scrutinize the facts that allegedly support a waiver of constitutional rights. Brookhart v. Janis, 384 U.S. 1, 4 & n.4, 86 S.Ct. 1245, 1247 & n.4, 16 L.Ed.2d 314 (1966). We find several portions of the state record relevant. First, Grundset had signed an explicit waiver of
We do not read the district court opinion as challenging any of the factual findings in the state record. Similarly, we are bound to accord them a presumption of correctness.
Whether these facts constitute an affirmative showing of Grundset‘s voluntary and knowing waiver of his constitutional rights is, of course, a question of federal law. Brookhart v. Janis, 384 U.S. at 4, 86 S.Ct. at 1246. We need not afford purely legal conclusions of state tribunals regarding federal law the same presumption of correctness; however, principlеs of federalism compel us to recognize that Grundset‘s claim of involuntariness has been clearly rejected by both the state trial and appellate courts.
Neither Judge Nielson‘s disposition of Grundset‘s motion to vacate his plea nor the appellate court resolution stated explicitly whether the ruling adverse to Grundset was premised on his failure to state a prima facie case or on the State‘s success in meeting its burden of proving voluntariness. We would be inclined to hold that the State did demonstrate voluntariness when it elicited from Grundset, on cross-examination before Judge Nielson, the fact that he had known he was entitled to a jury trial and that, by pleading guilty, he gave up the right to any trial.
We need not decide this question, however, because we do not think that Grundset satisfied his preliminary burden of demonstrating a prima facie case under Boykin. In Boykin, a record of the guilty plea proceeding did exist and it affirmatively demonstrated that the consequences of the defendant‘s plea had not been brought to his attention. Further, an analogous Fifth Circuit case, Clayton v. Blackburn, 578 F.2d 117 (5th Cir. 1978) (per curiam), is persuasive support for our conclusion.
In Clayton, a convicted defendant first raised the issue whether he was afforded his rights under Boykin in a state habeas proceeding. No transcript of the guilty plea proceeding was available. An evidentiary hearing was held before the same judge who had prеsided at the entry of Clayton‘s guilty plea. During the hearing, Clayton testified that he could not remember whether the trial judge had questioned him in a manner consistent with Boykin. The court reporter who had been present at the guilty plea proceeding also testified. The reporter could not find his notes from that proceeding and had no specific recollection of what had transpired. He testified, however, that he “did not remember any guilty plea proceeding before [the judge in question] in which a defendant was not ‘Boykinized.’ ” 578 F.2d at 118 (footnote omitted). The trial judge offered his own statement for the record, indicating that he had no specific recollection of the petitioner‘s case but that it was his policy to advise defendants of their rights in guilty plea proceedings. The judge denied the state application for habeas.
The defendant then petitioned the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana for habeas relief. The magistrate to whom the case was assigned recommended that a writ of habeas corpus be granted and that the district court hold an evidentiary hearing to assess the credibility of those who testified at the state
Our conclusion that Grundset failed to meet his preliminary burden is also consistent with the appellate court‘s resolution in which the court stated that Grundset‘s objections failed to raise any serious issues of due process.
We do not believe that an evidentiary hearing is necessary in this case. If such a hearing were held, the initial burden would be on the petitioner. Grundset, however, has repeatedly asserted that he is unable to offer any additional evidence as to what transpired at his guilty plea proceeding. In the absence of convincing indeрendent evidence that Grundset was not admonished in accordance with Boykin, his petition for habeas relief must be denied. The decision of the district court is therefore
Reversed.
CUDAHY, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
Unfortunately, this case cannot be satisfactorily dispatched through analysis only of the petitioner‘s claimed failure to receive required warnings when pleading guilty. Among other things, the majority mentions but fails adequately to resolve the petitioner‘s allegations that his plea was involuntary in that he was unaware of his right to pursue an insanity defense, and in that he was coerced by the state‘s threat to file more serious charges against him. With respect tо insanity, the Supreme Court has squarely held that a plea is involuntary unless a defendant understands the nature of the offense charged, including its essential elements. Henderson v. Morgan, 426 U.S. 637, 96 S.Ct. 2253, 49 L.Ed.2d 108 (1976). Moreover, with respect to coercion,
As the majority points out, it is the duty of the district court, on a petition for habeas when the record of the guilty plea proceeding is inadequate, to examine the record of state proceedings and to determine “whether the state tribunal provided a ‘full and fair hearing’ on the voluntariness of the plea.” Ante at 877-878. I agree with the majority that Judge Roszkowski‘s grant of summary judgment was improper, but I believe it is equally improper for this court, in effect, to sweep under the rug issues of fact which no one has yet adequаtely addressed.
I therefore, while approving reversal, respectfully dissent from the majority‘s holding that no evidentiary hearing is necessary in this case.