ANNAMARIE TROMBETTA, Plaintiff, v. NORB NOVOCIN, MARIE NOVOCIN, ESTATE AUCTIONS, INC., Defendant.
No. 18-CV-993 (RA)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
October 2, 2019
RONNIE ABRAMS, United States District Judge
USDC-SDNY DOCUMENT ELECTRONICALLY FILED DOC#: DATE FILED: 10/2/19
MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER
RONNIE ABRAMS, United States District Judge:
Plaintiff
BACKGROUND1
Trombetta is an artist who exhibits her works, which include paintings, in New York City. In August 2015, Trombetta discovered on the website Worthpoint.com, which catalogs advertisements and sales of art, that Defendant Estate Auctions, Inc. (“Estate“) had advertised and sold an oil painting on eBay entitled “Man with a Red Umbrella” (“the painting“). Estate‘s eBay advertisement, as re-posted on Worthpoint.com, described the painting as “shabby chic” and noted that the canvas had a tear 5/8 inches long. Compl. ¶ 4. The advertisement further asserted that the painting was “signed on the bottom but on the back it has written in red on the stretcher, Annamarie Trombetta ‘Gifted’ 1977, Painted 1972.” Id. The advertisement also included a copy of Trombetta‘s biography
According to Trombetta, in 1972, she “was nine years old and was not painting at all.” Id. ¶ 3. In fact, she “did not paint in oil until 1981.” Id. ¶ 4. She thus alleges that Estate, which is owned and operated by the individual defendants, falsely attributed her as the creator of the painting, and that she “never gave” Estate “the right to use [her] name nor to use the content of [her] biography.” Id. ¶ 8.
Upon her discovery of the Worthpoint.com post, Trombetta informed an employee of Worthpoint.com that she was not the artist that created the painting. Another Worthpoint.com employee subsequently gave Trombetta a “removal ticket” and the website post eventually disappeared. Id. ¶ 16. In December 2016, however, the post re-appeared on the website. This time, Trombetta contacted Estate, and left a voicemail with Defendant Marie Novocin (“Ms. Novocin“). When Defendant Norb Novocin (“Mr. Novocin“) returned her call, Trombetta told him that she did not create the painting. Trombetta alleges that Mr. Novocin responded that if she wanted to hire an attorney she should “GO FOR IT.” Id. ¶ 17. In January 2017, Trombetta contacted the CEO of Worthpoint.com to have the second posting removed from the website.
Trombetta then arranged for an attorney to send Defendants a letter for settlement purposes in August or September of 2017. Ms. Novocin acknowledged receipt of the letter but did not respond to it. In October 2017, Trombetta sent a complaint to the Delaware Better Business Bureau about her experiences with Defendants. Trombetta alleges that Ms. Novocin responded to the complaint by letter, stating that Defendants’ attorney had “assured [them] that [they] did nothing wrong,” that they should “not ... respond to the demand letter,” and that Trombetta‘s “contention that we used information from her website is incorrect.” Id. ¶ 20.
On February 5, 2018, Trombetta filed a Complaint against Defendants asserting federal claims under the
On May 22, 2018, Defendants filed the instant motion to dismiss. On January 17, 2019, Trombetta filed a letter attaching a certificate of registration of her website from the U.S. Copyright Office. The Court thereafter held a status conference after which it stayed the case pending the parties’ settlement efforts. A settlement conference was held on April 25, 2019, which was unsuccessful. Prior to the settlement conference, Trombetta filed a supplemental letter in further opposition to Defendants’ motion to dismiss to which Defendants did not respond.
To survive a motion to dismiss under
DISCUSSION
As an initial matter, Defendants contend that Trombetta has not alleged that they had any control or influence over the listings on Worthpoint.com. But Trombetta‘s claims are premised on Defendants’ alleged conduct in creating the eBay advertisement that she discovered in its reposting on Worthpoint.com. See Complaint at 6-8. Thus, even if the Court concluded that Defendants had no control or influence over Worthpoint.com, this would not dispose of her claims.
A. Trademark Infringement
Trombetta argues that Defendants’ use of her name in connection with the painting states a claim for false designation of origin under the Section 43 of the Lanham Act,
To prevail on a claim under Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, “a plaintiff must show that[] (1) it has a valid trademark or trade name entitled to protection, and (2) the defendant‘s use of a similar name is likely to cause confusion among consumers as to the origin of the goods or services.” Morgans Grp. LLC v. John Doe Co., No. 10 CV 5225 KMW HBP, 2012 WL 1098276, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2012) (citing Malletier v. Dooney & Burke, Inc., 454 F.3d 108, 115 (2d Cir. 2005)).2 Here, Trombetta fails to demonstrate that her name is a valid trademark or is otherwise entitled to trademark protection.
A trademark is protectable with respect to a § 43 claim if it is “either validly registered or a qualifying unregistered trademark.” Prof‘l Sound Servs., Inc. v. Guzzi, 349 F. Supp. 2d 722, 730 (S.D.N.Y. 2004), aff‘d, 159 F. App‘x 270 (2d Cir. 2005). Because Trombetta does not allege that her name is a registered trademark, she must plausibly allege that her name qualifies as an unregistered trademark. An unregistered mark is protectable if it would qualify for protection as a registered trademark under § 2 of the Lanham Act,
Although “determining whether a descriptive mark has acquired secondary meaning is a fact-intensive inquiry,” and should thus not generally be decided on a motion to dismiss, A.V.E.L.A., Inc. v. Estate of Marilyn Monroe, LLC, 131 F. Supp. 3d 196, 213 (S.D.N.Y. 2015), the Complaint here does not state any of the necessary facts to plausibly allege that Trombetta‘s name has acquired secondary meaning. Trombetta has, accordingly, failed to demonstrate that her name is entitled to trademark protection, and her claim for false designation of origin is, therefore, dismissed. See Einhorn v. Mergatroyd Produs., 426 F. Supp. 2d 189, 195 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (dismissing trademark infringement claim where plaintiff failed to allege that his personal name had acquired secondary meaning).
B. Copyright Infringement
The Court also dismisses Trombetta‘s claim for copyright infringement based on Defendants’ alleged copying of her website biography. “A properly pleaded copyright infringement claim must allege [i] which specific original works are the subject of the copyright claim, [ii] that plaintiff owns the copyrights in those works, [iii] that the copyrights have been registered in accordance with the statute, and [iv] by what acts during what time the defendant infringed the copyright.” Lefkowitz v. McGraw-Hill Glob. Educ. Holdings, LLC, 23 F. Supp. 3d 344, 352 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (alterations in original).
As an initial matter, Defendants’ contention that Trombetta “has not alleged ownership of any specific original works that have been infringed” is incorrect. Def‘s Mem. Opp. at 5. To the contrary, Trombetta alleges that she owns a copyright in the contents of an original website, such as the text comprising her personal biography, and that Defendants infringed the purported copyright by copying her personal biography onto Estate‘s advertisement of the painting, which she includes in the Complaint. Trombetta has thus pled three of the four required elements of her copyright claim. See Lefkowitz, 23 F. Supp. 3d at 352–353 (finding plaintiff adequately alleged that they owned a copyright in certain images and that defendants infringed plaintiff‘s copyrights by including a list of the images in the complaint and identifying some of defendants’ publications in which the images appeared).
C. Visual Artists Rights Act
Trombetta‘s claim under the
VARA was enacted as an amendment to the
Trombetta‘s allegations that Defendants have attributed her name as the artist who painted the painting at issue are plausible. She has attached to her Complaint an advertisement,
D. New York Artist‘s Authorship Rights Act
Trombetta, however, cannot state a claim for damages for the “unauthorized use of her name” pursuant to
Relevant here, section 14.03 provides:
[N]o person other than ... a person acting with the artist‘s consent shall knowingly display in a place accessible to the public ... a work of fine art ... by that artist or a reproduction thereof in an altered, defaced, mutilated or modified form if the work is displayed, published or reproduced as being the work of the artist ... and damage to the artist‘s reputation is reasonably likely to result therefrom.
The statute further provides that “the artist shall retain at all times the right to claim authorship, or . . . to disclaim authorship of such work,”
Here, however, Trombetta does not allege that Defendants “altered, defaced, mutilated or modified” her work. But the statute plainly gives a right of action to artists only with respect to damage caused by others to the artist‘s work. The Court thus holds that the statute, as a matter of law, does not cover the conduct at issue in this case. Trombetta‘s AARA claim is thus dismissed.4
E. New York Civil Rights Law
Trombetta‘s claim that Defendants violated her right of publicity under
Finally, Trombetta requests that the Court declare that she did not create the painting and that she did not sign it. To the extent Trombetta seeks to assert an independent cause of action for a declaratory judgment, it is dismissed because “[a] declaratory judgment is a remedy, not a cause of action.” Trodale Holdings LLC v. Bristol Healthcare Investors, L.P., No. 16 Civ. 4254 (KPF), 2017 WL 5905574, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 2017) (citing In re Joint Eastern & Southern Dist. Asbestos Litig., 14 F.3d 726, 731 (2d Cir. 1993)). The Court will consider Trombetta‘s request for declaratory relief if she is ultimately successful on any claims.
G. Leave to Amend
“Generally, leave to amend should be freely given, and a pro se litigant in particular should be afforded every reasonable opportunity to demonstrate that [s]he has a valid claim.” Nielsen v. Rabin, 746 F.3d 58, 62 (2d Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). Nevertheless, “leave to amend is not warranted where it would be futile.” Boone v. Codispoti & Assocs. P.C., No. 15-CV-1391 (LGS), 2015 WL 5853843, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2015). Amendment is futile when “[t]he problem with [a plaintiff‘s] causes of action is substantive” and “better pleading will not cure it.” Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d 99, 112 (2d Cir. 2000). Such is the case for Trombetta‘s claims under the NYCRL and AARA—better pleading cannot cure the fact that the asserted provision of AARA does not cover Defendants’ alleged conduct and that the NYCRL claims are time-barred. Nor, for the reasons discussed above, will better pleading save Plaintiff‘s claim for trademark infringement. All of these claims are thus dismissed with prejudice.
The Court will, however, permit Trombetta to file a motion seeking leave to amend her complaint, which must include a proposed amended complaint, in order to replead her copyright infringement claim. Trombetta is advised that she should reference her certificate of copyright registration in the allegations of her proposed Amended Complaint and that she should attach it thereto.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Trombetta‘s state law claims under
The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to lift the stay of this case, to terminate the motion pending at Dkt. 3, and to mail a copy of this order to Trombetta.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: October 2, 2019
New York, New York
Ronnie Abrams
United States District Judge