KIMBERLY THEIDON, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. HARVARD UNIVERSITY; PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, Defendants, Appellees.
No. 18-1279
United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit
January 31, 2020
Hon. Leo T. Sorokin, U.S. District Judge
Before Torruella, Lynch, and Thompson, Circuit Judges.
Lauren A. Khouri, with whom Linda M. Correia, Correia & Puth, PLLC, Philip J. Gordon, Elizabeth A. Rodgers, and Gordon Law Group, LLP were on brief, for appellant.
Martin F. Murphy, with whom Michael P. Boudett, Samuel C. Bauer, and Foley Hoag LLP were on brief, for appellees.
January 31, 2020
THOMPSON, Circuit Judge.
OVERVIEW
We consider here whether Harvard University and the President and Fellows of Harvard College (collectively, “Harvard“) denied Kimberly Theidon a tenured position within Harvard‘s Anthropology Department on the basis of sex discrimination and retaliation for engaging in protected conduct in violation of federal and state antidiscrimination laws, including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,
GETTING OUR FACTUAL BEARINGS
The undisputed material facts of this case are recounted here in the light most favorable to Theidon, the non-moving party, consistent with our mandate when reviewing an order granting summary judgment.1 Given the district court‘s impressively detailed recitation of the facts, we need not repeat the whole story again here; rather, we focus on those facts germane to Theidon‘s claims and our analysis of them (which are nonetheless extensive, but important to detail in order to get a big-picture understanding of just what happened, so we beg the reader‘s patience). Also, given the numerous cast of characters and the roles they play in this narrative, we will periodically drop a reminder of who‘s who.
Theidon is an anthropologist and scholar of Latin American studies who has conducted
The Early Years at Harvard
Theidon received her undergraduate degree in Latin American Studies from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1991. She went on to receive three graduate-level degrees from the University of California, Berkeley, including a Ph.D. in Medical Anthropology in 2002. In 2004, Harvard hired Theidon as an Assistant Professor within the Anthropology Department of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.2 That same year, the Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, a prestigious Peruvian academic press, published Theidon‘s first book, Entre prójimos: el conflicto armado interno y la política de la reconciliación en el Perú (”Entre prójimos“), a Spanish-language text examining Theidon‘s research and fieldwork on reconciliation following violent internal conflict in Peru‘s Ayacucho region. Entre prójimos attracted considerable critical acclaim, winning the Premio Iberoamericano Book Award Honorable Mention from the Latin American Studies Association for outstanding book in Spanish or Portuguese in the social sciences. It also served as the inspiration for the 2010 Oscar-nominated film “The Milk of Sorrow.”
By June 2008, Harvard had promoted Theidon to Associate Professor with “unanimously positive” support from leading scholars in the fields of social anthropology and Latin American studies. In a letter confirming Theidon‘s promotion, then Acting Chair of the Anthropology Department, Mary Steedly, praised Theidon for “outstanding” performance in many areas of evaluation, including ability to secure external funding for research projects, teaching and advising, and Theidon‘s exemplary service to Harvard. In addition to the accolades, Steedly also penned the following “specific recommendations” to strengthen Theidon‘s case for tenure down the road: (1) publish Intimate Enemies, the draft manuscript that would eventually become Theidon‘s second book concerning her research and fieldwork on violence and reconciliation in Peru, in a timely manner so that it can be “reviewed in major journals in the fields of socio-cultural anthropology and Latin American studies“; (2) publish “articles in a set of journals that are recognized аs the top outlets for social anthropology research“; and (3) have a “second project substantially underway, not only in terms of a book manuscript but also significant articles published or in press.”3 Steedly also cautioned
Six years after she began at Harvard, on August 25, 2010, the Dean of Harvard‘s Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Michael D. Smith, notified Theidon that she was being appointed to the position of “John L. Loeb Associate Professor of the Social Sciences,” “one of a small number of endowed positions for [Harvard‘s] most distinguished tenure-track faculty.” Dean Smith commended Theidon on an “honor richly deserved,” one which “recognizes outstanding achievement in teaching, research, and departmental citizenship.”
Theidon Criticizes the Anthropology Department
Relevant to Theidon‘s claims, less than a week after being elevated to John L. Loeb Associate Professor, Theidon met with Judith Singer, Senior Vice Provost for Faculty Development and Diversity at Harvard, to express concerns about gender disparities in the Anthropology Department.5 According to Singer‘s handwritten notes from the meeting and an email recap she sent two years later (more on the email in a few), Theidon complained that women were given the “lion‘s share of the undergrad teaching load,” and that there was only one senior, tenured female professor within the Anthropology Department, at the time, Mary Steedly, who had been counseling Theidon in ways that were “totally inappropriate,” including by suggesting Theidon downplay her intelligence and warning that Theidon would be “evaluated by a higher standard.” On at least one occasion early on in Theidon‘s career, Steedly told Theidon she needed to be a “dutiful daughter” to succeed in the Department. A “dutiful dаughter,” according to Steedly, is a woman who “doesn‘t complain about the extra workload” and “expectations placed on female faculty members that are not placed on male faculty members.”
On August 30, 2010, Singer reached out to Marten Liander, Associate Secretary in Harvard‘s Office of the Governing Boards, to find a time to discuss Theidon‘s concerns. At the time, Liander was tasked with organizing the upcoming Visiting Committee from Harvard‘s Board of Governors (“Visiting Committee“). The Visiting Committee convened in November 2010 to evaluate diversity at Harvard, including within the Anthropology Department. The Visiting Committee released a report on March 15, 2011, concluding (in relevant part) that the Anthropology Department
Singer‘s notes from the 2010 meeting surfaced again in September 2012, when Theidon‘s tenure review process was ongoing. This time, Singer emailed her notes and a recap of the meeting to Dean of Social Science Peter Marsden and Assistant Dean of Social Science Christopher Kruegler, who had asked Singer to provide background information about “issues between [Theidon] and her department” so they could be as “heads-up” as possible while Theidon‘s tenure review was underway.6 In the body of her email, Singer described the then extant Anthropology Department as “dysfunctional” and questioned the mentoring Theidon had received, including by Steedly.
The Road to Tenure
Before turning to the tenure case at issue here, we take a detour to discuss the tenure review process at Harvard more generally. As with most institutions of higher learning, tenure appointments at Harvard are lifelong. Harvard views tenure as a privilege reserved for “scholars of the first order of eminence who have demonstrated excellence in teaching and research and who have the capacity to make significant and lasting contributions to the department(s) that рroposes the appointment.” The tenure review process is rigorous to say the least. Here are the steps:
- Shortly before or during the penultimate year of a tenure candidate‘s appointment as an associate professor, the candidate is instructed to submit a dossier to her academic department for inclusion in the candidate‘s tenure file, including a curriculum vitae (“CV“), copies of all publications (including any forthcoming publications) or other scholarly materials, teaching and advising materials (i.e., a list of student theses supervised by the candidate, graduate students for whom the candidate had primary responsibility, representative course syllabi, and any evidence of teaching effectiveness), a teaching statement, and a research statement.
- A committee composed of tenured faculty within the candidate‘s academic department reviews the tenure file and determines whether to proceed to the next step.
- The relevant department chair solicits twelve to fifteen external letters from external scholars who are charged with assessing the candidate‘s scholarly achievements as compared to her contemporaries in the field.7
- The review committee prepares a draft case statement, which is basically a list of the candidate‘s pros and cons that is shared with tenured members of the department who, in turn, vote on whether to recommend the candidate‘s promotion to tenured professor.
- Assuming a favorable vote from the candidate‘s department, the next step is for tenured faculty members to write confidential letters to the
Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences for inclusion in the candidate‘s tenure file. - The chair and the review committee finalize the candidate‘s case statement and add it to the tenure file.
- The Faculty of Arts and Sciences Committee on Appointments and Promotions reviews the tenure file and proposes next steps to the Dean of the Fаculty of Arts and Sciences, including submitting the case to Harvard‘s President for a final decision or (as is relevant here) the optional step of recommending further review by an ad hoc committee.8
- As was the case for Theidon, an ad hoc committee of external scholars and Harvard professors reviews the case and makes a recommendation regarding whether the candidate should receive tenure.
- Finally, the ad hoc committee‘s recommendation (along with the candidate‘s tenure file) is forwarded to and reviewed by Harvard‘s President, who then renders a final decision on the candidate‘s tenure application.
With the process delineated, we turn back to the controversy at hand. Theidon became eligible for tenure the summer after her seventh year at Harvard, but in March 2011 Theidon asked Harvard to postpone her tenure review process for a year. Theidon explained to her superiors that if given such an extension she could “come up for tenure review with: two published books [i.e., her Peru-related research] . . . and a complete draft of [her] third book, Pasts Imperfect: Working with Former Combatants in Colombia.” Dean Marsden (Dean of Social Science) granted Theidon‘s request. She then spent the 2011-2012 academic year as a fellow at Princeton University, a time away from Harvard‘s campus she later described as an opportunity to “get to write . . . [and] finish a polished draft of [her] third book.” As we later learn, Theidon never delivered on the promised third book, which would have covered a new area of research for her. She nevertheless returned to Harvard in June 2012 and took her first steps on the road to tenure.9
Steps 1 and 2: The Dossier and the Review Committee
Theidon learned in late June that Harvard had approved her tenure review committee, which included four tenured professors from Harvard‘s Anthropology Department:
- Gary Urton, Anthropology Department Chair
-
Mary Steedly, Review Committee Chair (Previous Acting Department Chair) - Professor 1
- Professor 2
In August 2012, Theidon submitted her dossier to Harvard, which would then compile a tenure file.10 Theidon‘s dossier included her CV, teaching and research statements, ten syllabi from the courses she taught at Harvard, a list of recommended scholars for her external evaluations, a list of her student advisees, and the following of Theidon‘s publications: Entre prójimos (her first book), a draft manuscript of Theidon‘s forthcoming second book Intimate Enemies,11 five published journal articles concerning Theidon‘s new research on gender, violence, and transitional justice in Colombia, and thirteen of what Theidon described at the time as “miscellaneous articles,” which we presume from context concerned her research and fieldwork in Peru.12
Theidon‘s dossier failed to reflect progress in areas recommended to her by Harvard in the 2008 promotion letter. In particular, Theidon had as yet failed to publish Intimate Enemies in time for its merits to be assessed and reviewed by major anthropology journals before her tenure review process began; the dossier was devoid of articles published in the major anthropology journals that were listed in Harvard‘s letter; and Theidon did not have a second research project “substantially underway” in terms of producing a draft manuscript or significant articles published or in press concerning that research.
Step 3: External Evaluations
Next, the review committee solicited assessments of Theidon‘s qualifications and recommendations on her tenure case from twenty-five external scholars.13 Seventeen of the scholars Harvard contacted agreed to submit letters evaluating Theidon‘s tenure prospects. Prior to circulating Theidon‘s materials to these external scholars, Steedly encouraged Theidon to update her website by adding recent publications since external scholars would likely review it as part of their evaluations.
In October 2012, Harvard sent the external scholars who had agreed to evaluate Theidon a copy of her CV, teaching and research statements, a PDF copy of the draft manuscript for Intimate Enemies, a link to her website (noting that it may include a “current [CV] and papers“), additional
Theidon received mostly positive feedback from the sixteen scholars who submitted letters.17 External scholars described Theidon as a “first-rate, brilliant and original scholar,” “whose name came to the top of the list of young scholars who will soon be shaping the field.” Notwithstanding the encomium, even the most positive reviews came with commentary on Theidon‘s productivity. Scholars described Intimate Enemies, which was published after her tenure review started and eight years after Entre prójimos, as “overdue” and “long-awaited,” and one scholar went so far as to recommend tenure with “hesitancy” because (among other things) Theidon‘s record of journal publications was “on the low side for a tenured appointment” in terms of numbers and range; the scholar did not see a “pattern of growth” between Theidon‘s first and second books, and Theidon had failed to engage the broader anthropological community in her work.
Another scholar who at first supported tenure, later retracted her positive letter about Theidon‘s scholarship and, instead, recommended against tenure. This scholar had initially praised Theidon for Intimate Enemies and enthusiastically supported the case for tenure, noting at the time that she had not read Theidon‘s first book, Entre prójimos, and thus could not comment on how it “departs from or overlaps with [Intimate Enemies].” But after eventually reading Entre prójimos, the scholar emailed the Anthropology Department‘s Chair and tenure review committee member Urton explaining that she would have written a “different” letter had she realized Theidon‘s first book was “substantially similar in theme and content to Intimate Enemies” given hеr belief that “the second book of a candidate for full professor should mark a clear departure from previous research projects.” After consulting review committee chair Steedly and Dean Kruegler (Assistant Dean of Social Science), Urton offered the external scholar the opportunity to revise her prior letter and recommendation on Theidon‘s tenure case. In a second letter, the external scholar
Step 4: Draft Case Statement and Department Vote
With the external scholars’ letters collected, members of the review committee began preparing Theidon‘s case statement — an important document referenced by evaluators along the lengthy tenure review chain — setting forth the pros and cons of Theidon‘s tenure bid. Steedly was tasked to serve as the case statement‘s lead drafter, and in that role received, throughout the drafting process, much feedback from the review committee and senior members of Harvard‘s administration. The case statement saw several iterations before the final version reached the ultimate round of reviewers and the President.19
Early in the drafting process, review committee members offered competing opinions on how best to describe Theidon‘s scholarship and contributions to the field of anthropology in the case statement. Her level of productivity and breadth of research within the field of anthropology surfaced from the start as issues needing to be addressed. Initiating a back and forth exchange, Urton, in a February 17, 2013 email to Steedly, observed that although Theidon had come up for tenure with two published books, Entre prójimos and Intimate Enemies, those books “pertain to the same research project and substantially to the same body of fieldwork.”20 Urton, an archaeologist who specializes in pre-Colombian studies, was one of a few professors in the Anthropology Department fluent in Spanish; he was the only member of the review committee to read Theidon‘s first book (written entirely in Spanish) and her second book in tandem. In response to Urton‘s observation, Steedly proposed that the case statement would frame Theidon‘s Peru-based scholarship in “terms of [research] projects rather than books” and, in so doing, the statement would describe Theidon‘s Colombia-related research, which had generated the five published articles Theidon submitted as part of her dossier, as her “‘true’ second research project.” Steedly also reminded Urton
that Harvard did not require tenure applicants to produce a completed second book; rather, what Harvard valued was a
Then, on February 19, 2013, after Steedly circulated the first draft case statement to the review committee, committee member Professor 2 surfaced another concern: she disagreed with language which suggested Theidon‘s total body of work essentially excused the need for her to have published in major anthropology journals, as Harvard had recommended in Theidon‘s 2008 promotion letter. Instead, Professor 2 proposed replacing the draft‘s “more than ma[d]e up for” language with a sentence stating that Theidon‘s publications in other journals “help to compensate” for her relative absence from leading anthropology journals. Eventually, reflecting a review committee compromise about its two chief concerns over Theidon‘s publication history, the February Draft (1) describes the research overlap problem between Theidon‘s two books as “alleviated” by Theidon‘s second resеarch project on Colombia; and (2) states that Theidon‘s publication in human rights journals “compensat[es]” for her failure to meet the specific recommendation of publishing in peer-reviewed major anthropology journals. Pertinent to Theidon‘s claims, the February Draft concludes by describing Theidon‘s retention as a “matter of importance” for the Anthropology Department and Harvard as a whole.
The draft case statement was eventually circulated to the Anthropology Department‘s senior faculty members, who mostly voted in favor of promoting Theidon to tenured professor.21
Step 5: Confidential Faculty Letters
Next, tenured faculty members of the Anthropology Department submitted confidential letters to the review committee. In all but two of the confidential letters, Theidon received unequivocal support from her colleagues. One letter, from Professor 2, did express her ongoing concerns over whether Theidon would be a leading figure in the field of anthropology given the similarity between Theidon‘s books and her failure to publish in top, peer-reviewed journals in the field. A second letter of import here, from Urton, reiterated his apprehension about the similarity between Theidon‘s two books and the research underlying them. Although Urton remained positive on Theidon‘s prospects, he queried whether she would play a vital role in the intellectual life of the Anthropology Department and recommended referral of Theidon‘s case for consideration and recommendation by an ad hoc committee (Step 8), the optional step in the review process right before Theidon‘s case was to reach Harvard‘s President at the time, Drew Gilpin Faust, for a final determination.
Step 6: Finalizing the Case Statement
By early March 2013, Steedly was hard at work, incorporating the feedback from Theidon‘s external evaluations and departmental vote into another iteration of the case statement in preparation for the next step in the tenure process: review of Theidon‘s tenure application by thе Faculty of Arts and Sciences Committee on Appointments and Promotions (“CAP“). On March 9, 2013, she received an email from Urton spelling out Dean (of Social Science) Marsden‘s proposed revisions to the February
But, as Dean Marsden pointed out, there was no such rule or procedure barring the review committee from sending Theidon‘s Colombia-related articles, in particular, to external reviewers and the failure to do so was in his words a “major mistake.” Therefore, he proposed edits to Theidon‘s case statement that deleted references to the mischaracterization of Harvard‘s rules and eliminated language speculating about the potential impact of the Colombia materials on Theidon‘s external evaluations given that (as mentioned before) some of these materials were clearly available on Theidon‘s website, and many external scholars did factor Theidon‘s Colombia-related research and articles into their evaluations.23 Dean Marsden, according to Urton‘s email, also proposed that “substantive comments on and evaluations” of the Colombia-related articles and research be included in Theidon‘s tenure file. Stеedly‘s March Draft circulated to CAP on March 12, 2013 reflected Dean Marsden‘s recommended edits, and the tenure file CAP received included hard copies of Theidon‘s Colombia-related articles and other articles concerning her fieldwork in Peru.24
Step 7: CAP Recommendation and Preparation for the Ad Hoc
After evaluating Theidon‘s case statement, confidential faculty letters, letters from the external scholars, and other documents in her tenure file, CAP (like Urton) recommended that Theidon‘s tenure bid proceed to ad hoc review. With this recommendation adopted came additional and final proposed tweaks to the case statement by the review committee. The April Draft, incorporating CAP‘s suggestions, included more information on how Theidon‘s tenure would support the work of and vision for the Anthropology Department, a section explaining how Theidon ranked among other scholars in her field, and other minor edits. Perhaps most importantly here (at least for purposes of Theidon‘s
Step 8: The Ad Hoc Committee Convenes
Theidon‘s tenure case eventually got handed over to an ad hoc committee comprised of three social and/or medical anthropology professors from outside universities: External Ad Hoc Member 1 frоm University A, External Ad Hoc Member 2 from University B, and External Ad Hoc Member 3 from University C. Harvard also invited the participation of two Harvard professors from other departments: Internal Ad Hoc Member 1 and Internal Ad Hoc Member 2. Provost Alan Garber, Harvard‘s chief academic officer, presided over the ad hoc committee and Singer (Senior Vice Provost for Faculty Development and Diversity), Dean Marsden (Dean of Social Science), and Dean Smith (Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences) attended the committee meeting as ex officio members.
The ad hoc committee assembled on May 23, 2013. In advance of the meeting, each committee member had received “a copy of Intimate Enemies, the selected publications from [Theidon‘s] dossier (including articles on Colombia), . . . research and teaching statements, and internal and external letters,” as well as the review committee‘s case statement (albeit not the final draft). This is how the meeting progressed. The committee first heard testimony from four departmental witnesses: Urton kicked things off followed by Steedly, Professor 2, and lastly Professor 3, the latter being a member of the Anthropology Department who submitted a positive internal letter in support of Theidon. Surprised by the unenthusiastic tenor of Urton‘s opening comments, Singer, who observes forty to fifty tenure decisions per year and “rarely take[s] notes during [an ad hoc] meeting -- and certainly not during the testimony,” felt compelled to take notes this time around.26 In them, Singer described Urton‘s testimony as “ambivalent.” Later, in an email to President Faust, following the ad hoc committee meeting, Singer explained that Urton “self-present[ed] much more negatively [to the ad hoc committee] than his [departmental] letter (by his own admission).” Like Urton, Professor 2, according to Singer‘s notes, also expressed reservations
After the oral presentations concluded, the ad hoc committee privately discussed Theidon‘s tenure case. Per Singer‘s notes and email recap, when asked if Theidon was a “rising star” in the field of anthropology, the three external anthropologists on the committee said “no.” The committee ultimately recommended Theidon‘s tenure application be denied. Provost Garber shared the ad hoc committee‘s vote with President Faust.
Step 9: Harvard‘s President Denies Theidon Tenure
On May 24, 2013, President Faust emailed Provost Garber “a bit bewildered” about the disparity between Theidon‘s tenure file and the ad hoc committee‘s recommendation, asking “[w]hat is going on here?” Provost Garber explained, in part, that although Theidon‘s book, Intimate Enemies, was “wonderful,” there were questions about its basis in anthropological theory and Theidon‘s overall productivity. He concluded that Theidon “sounds like a great person in many ways but not an anthropologist who would make a mark on the field.” After her conversation with Provost Garber, President Faust reached out to Singer about the adverse recommendation. Singer noted that the “substantive negatives” of Theidon‘s application included: (1) concerns that Intimate Enemies “is certainly not a completely second book” from Entre prójimos; (2) although Steedly and Professor 3 argued that Intimate Enemies made a contribution to anthropology, the external ad hoc committee members wondered whether “the book would be setting the agenda in the field“; (3) there were “serious concerns about [Theidon] not publishing in major anthropology journals,” especially given that her Peru-based books comprised only one research project; (4) the committee worried that Theidon‘s Colombia-related research was “essentially more of the same“; and (5) Theidon was not “seen as a rising star in the anthro[pology] community writ large, the Latin American anthro[pology] community, or the medical anthro[pology] community.” Singer concluded that she “so wanted this to go through,” but that after the ad hoc committee discussion, she supported the decision to recommend against tenure. After her discussions with Singer and Provost Garber, President Faust accepted the ad hoc committee‘s recommendation and denied Theidon tenure. When asked to state her reasoning, President Faust explained in deposition testimony: “I determined that Kimberly Theidon was not a scholar of anthropology of the first rank; that her accomplishments included a book that was not seen as making an advance in the field of anthropology; and that there was not evidence that she would be a leading scholar of anthropology of the sort that we would wish to have at Harvard for the future.” President Faust opined further that Theidon‘s scholarship did not result in major contributions to discourse occurring within the field of anthropology, she was not likely to advance the field given the level and quality of her work, and her productivity was lacking as evidenced by her two published books, which were essentially
Theidon‘s Response to Alleged Sexual Misconduct at Harvard
Additionally relevant to her retaliation claims, Theidon says that, preceding and simultaneous to her tenure review, she observed and opposed multiple times a toxic culture of gender discrimination and sexual misconduct on Harvard‘s campus. We‘ve already discussed Theidon‘s complaints about the lack of gender diversity within the Anthropology Department and Steedly‘s invocation of the dumb-down and “dutiful daughter” guide to success as a female faculty member. We consider now the undisputed material facts concerning Theidon‘s involvement in the debate around and complaints regarding sexual misconduct on Harvard‘s campus.
Theidon was a vocal supporter of efforts to improve Harvard‘s response to sexual misconduct allegations. In Fall 2012 and Spring 2013, Theidon presented at conferences and on panels before Harvard faculty and students regarding comparative studies of gender and violence. After her panel in Spring 2013, she responded to questions about sexual assault on Harvard‘s campus. Theidon regularly tweeted and blogged about sexual assault, including on Harvard‘s campus. And at the conclusion of one particular class period, she permitted a student to distribute leaflets on sexual assault and make verbal announcements on behalf of the group “Our Harvard Can Do Better.” Theidon has acknowledged, however, that she did not receive any criticism from any source at Harvard in response to the aforementioned conduct.
On March 7, 2013, Harvard‘s student paper, the Harvard Crimson (the “Crimson“), published an article titled “Sexual Assault at Harvard.” After internet trolls posted incendiary comments in response to the article on the Crimson‘s online platform, Theidon jumped to the defense of survivors of sexual assault and those working to address the issues highlighted in the article. Of note here, Theidon posted the following comment online: “I want to lend a voice of support for the many people -- men, women and other genders -- who work with great commitment on the Harvard campus to insure that everyone receives equal, respectful and dignified treatment.” Although Theidon made these comments while her tenure review was ongoing, there is no evidence in the record stating that the members of Theidon‘s ad hoc committee or President Faust were aware of them.
On March 27, 2013, Theidon spoke with a former graduate student who accused a professor within the Anthropology Department of inappropriate behavior. Theidon directed this individual to Urton and Steedly -- the formal channels for reporting misconduct. During a meeting with Urton, on April 26, 2013, the former graduate student explained that Theidon had suggested she reach out to Urton. At the meeting, Urton told the graduate student not to involve Theidon any further, stating “I can take care of this” and that Theidon had “enough on her plate” with her tenure review. Around the same time, Theidon‘s tenure application was referred to the ad hoc committee for review, but there is no indication the ad hoc committee or President
Aftermath
Theidon filed an internal grievance shortly after being denied tenure in 2013. On May 23, 2014, Dean Smith denied the same based on the findings of a newly-assembled, ad hoc grievance panel. Later that year, Theidon left Harvard to join Tufts University (where she remains) as an Associate Professor of Human Security in the Fletcher School of International Affairs.
In 2014, Theidon filed a complaint against Harvard with the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination (“MCAD“), alleging that she was denied tenure because of her gender and in retaliation for her advocacy relating to sexual misconduct on campus. MCAD denied her grievance. Having exhausted her administrative options, Theidon filed this civil suit against Harvard on March 12, 2015.
With discovery complete and all dispositive motions teed up for resolution, the district court dismissed Theidon‘s claims on summary judgment on February 28, 2018. One day prior to the district court‘s order, The Chronicle of Higher Education (“The Chronicle“) published an article, detailing sexual misconduct allegations against Jorge Domínguez. Domínguez was a prominent Harvard professor of Latin American studies in the Government Department, who gave Theidon career advice during her time at Harvard, but had no vote or say in her tenure bid. After the story broke, multiple women came forward accusing Domínguez of sexual assault.28 Theidon, in turn, filed a
OUR TAKE
That brings us to the present, with Theidon appealing the district court‘s grant of summary judgment on all claims and its denial of Theidon‘s
The Standard of Review
Our review of the grant of summary judgment is de novo. Johnson v. Univ. of P.R., 714 F.3d 48, 52 (1st Cir. 2013). Summary judgment is warranted if the record, construed in the light most flattering to the nonmovant, presents “no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. When a plaintiff opposes summary judgment, she bears “the burden of producing specific facts sufficient to deflect the swing of the summary judgment scythe.” Mulvihill v. Top-Flite Golf Co., 335 F.3d 15, 19 (1st Cir. 2003). For this purpose, she cannot rely on “conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, acrimonious invective, or rank speculation.” Ahern v. Shinseki, 629 F.3d 49, 54 (1st Cir. 2010).
Analysis
In a capsule, Theidon brings federal and state law antidiscrimination claims against Harvard. She alleges that Harvard denied her application for tenure because of sex discrimination in violation of
Sex Discrimination
Before jumping into the fray, a brief primer on
Under the McDonnell Douglas framework employed by this court in assessing adverse tenure decisions, Theidon at step one can make out a prima facie case of discrimination by showing: (1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) “she was a candidate for tenure and was qualified under [Harvard‘s] standards, practices or customs“; (3) “despite her qualifications she was rejected“; and (4) “tenure positions in the Department of [Anthropology] at [Harvard] were open at the time [she] was denied tenure, in the sense that others were granted tenure in the department during a period relatively near to the time [Theidon] was denied tenure.” Fields v. Clark Univ., 966 F.2d 49, 53 (1st Cir. 1992). At step two in the analysis, “the burden of production -- but not the burden of persuasion -- shifts to [Harvard], who must articulate a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason” for denying Theidon tenure. Johnson, 714 F.3d at 53-54 (quoting Lockridge v. Univ. of Me. Sys., 597 F.3d 464, 470 (1st Cir. 2010)). If Harvard provides such a reason, “the McDonnell Douglas framework ‘disappears’ and the sole remaining issue is ‘discrimination vel non.‘” Ray v. Ropes & Gray LLP, 799 F.3d 99, 113 (1st Cir. 2015) (quoting Cham v. Station Operators, Inc., 685 F.3d 87, 93 (1st Cir. 2012)). At step three, to avoid summary judgment, Theidon must “show by a preponderance of the evidence that [Harvard‘s] proffered reason is pretextual and that the actual reason for the adverse employment action is discriminatory.”29 Johnson, 714 F.3d at 54.
We proceed with caution and restraint when considering summary judgment motions where, as here, issues of motive and intent must be resolved. See Oliver v. Digital Equip. Corp., 846 F.2d 103, 109 (1st Cir. 1988) (emphasizing the importance of judicial caution and restraint in reviewing employment discrimination claims but nonetheless affirming district court‘s dismissal of such claims on summary judgment as warranted). “Nevertheless, ‘[e]ven in cases where elusive concepts such as motive or intent are at issue, summary judgment may be appropriate if the nonmoving party rests merely upon conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, and unsupported speculation.‘” Coll v. PB Diagnostic Sys., Inc., 50 F.3d 1115, 1121 (1st Cir. 1995) (alteration in original) (quoting Medina–Muñoz v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 896 F.2d 5, 8 (1st Cir. 1990)).
Transitioning from the general to the specific, we apply McDonnell Douglas to the case at hand. With respect to step one, the prima facie case, there is no dispute that Theidon is a member of a protected class (i.e., women) who was denied tenure when such positions were available in the Anthropology Department. Theidon, therefore, needed only show that she was qualified for tenure which we favorably assume she did, thereby shifting the burden of production to Harvard to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for denying her tenure. To satisfy its step two burden, Harvard relies upon the testimony of final tenure decisionmaker, President Faust, who considered the recommendation of the ad hoc committee and reviewed Theidon‘s tenure file, and concluded (among other things) that due to Theidon‘s failure to make major contributions to the field of anthropology and her lack of publication productivity she did not meet Harvard‘s standard for promotion to full professor with tenure. Harvard having articulated a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for denying Theidon tenure, the pendulum swings back to Theidon to prove Harvard‘s stated reason for denying her tenure is pretext covering its discriminatory animus toward her. For purposes of our analysis, we focus our attention on step three, the pretext inquiry, as we find it dispositive of Theidon‘s sex discrimination claim.
the evidence on the record in the light most favorable to Theidon, she has raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Harvard‘s stated reason for denying her tenure -- that Theidon did not meet Harvard‘s standard -- was merely pretext for discrimination. To meet this burden, Theidon “must offer ‘some minimally sufficient evidence, direct or indirect, both of pretext and of [Harvard‘s] discriminatory animus.‘” Pearson v. Mass. Bay Transp. Auth., 723 F.3d 36, 40 (1st Cir. 2013) (emphasis in original) (quoting Acevedo-Parrilla v. Novartis Ex-Lax, Inc., 696 F.3d 128, 140 (1st Cir. 2012)); see Garcia v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 535 F.3d 23, 31 (1st Cir. 2008). “[M]ere questions regarding the employer‘s business judgment are insufficient to raise a triable issue as to pretext.” Pearson, 723 F.3d at 40 (alteration in original) (quoting Acevedo-Parrilla, 696 F.3d at 140) (affirming grant of summary judgment where employer‘s “merely questionable behavior” did not constitute minimally sufficient evidence of pretext for discrimination). By contrast, “[p]retext can be shown by such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, оr contradictions in the employer‘s proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable factfinder could rationally find them unworthy of credence and hence infer that the employer did not act for the asserted non-discriminatory reasons.” Adamson v. Walgreens Co., 750 F.3d 73, 79 (1st Cir. 2014) (quoting Gomez-Gonzalez v. Rural Opportunities Inc., 626 F.3d 654, 662-63 (1st Cir. 2010)). “[I]n assessing pretext, a court‘s focus must be on the perception of the decisionmaker, that is, whether the employer believed its stated reason to be credible.” Velez, 585 F.3d at 452 (quoting Azimi v. Jordan‘s Meats, Inc., 456 F.3d 228, 246 (1st Cir. 2006)). “We understand that it is not enough for a plaintiff merely to impugn the veracity of the employer‘s justification; [s]he must elucidate specific facts which would enable a jury to find that the reason given is not only a sham, but a sham intended to cover up the employer‘s real and unlawful motive of discrimination.” Id. (cleaned up).
Below and on appeal, Theidon first points to four perceived irregularities in her tenure review process in attempting to meet her burden of showing Harvard‘s stated reason was merely pretext for discrimination. From the district court‘s vantage, the irregularities Theidon claimed, to the extent they were supported by the record, were insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Harvard‘s decision to deny Theidon tenure served as pretext for discrimination. Mindful of her protestation that the district court erred (badly) by drawing inferences in Harvard‘s favor, we tackle each of Theidon‘s claims of irregularity in turn.
A. Procedural Irregularities
1. The Publication Sample Sent to External Evaluators
As Theidon tells it, Harvard deviated from standard procedure and sabotaged her tenure prospects by failing to send out a sampling of her publications to external scholars tasked with evaluating her contributions to the field of anthropology at Step 3 of her tenure review process. Theidon complains, in particular, that external scholars should have received PDF copies of at least some of the published articles she submitted to Harvard as part of her dossier, including five Colombia-related journal articles and thirteen articles conсerning her Peru-based research. In her view, the omission of journal articles from her external review tenure file,
As spelled out in Harvard‘s handbook, the purpose of external review is to aid the various tenure review bodies at Harvard in evaluating a candidate‘s scholarly footprint as compared to other scholars in their field. The handbook goes on to explain that external scholars’ views on a candidate‘s “scholarly impact” and “future trajectory” help internal stakeholders at Harvard determine whether a candidate‘s work has met the standard for tenure. To assist with this process, Harvard sends external scholars a comparison list of academics in the relevant field or subfield as well as a copy of the candidate‘s CV, “a sampling of [the candidate‘s] work” from the publications and other materials submitted by the candidate as part of their tenure dossier, research and teaching statements, significant reviews of the candidate‘s work, and a link to the candidate‘s website. The handbook establishes neither a floor nor ceiling for the sampling of publications from a candidate‘s dossier that must be circulated as part of the candidate‘s tenure file. Here, external scholars received the draft manuscript for Intimate Enemies, Theidon‘s then-forthcoming four-hundred-page book based on her research and fieldwork in Peru; her website‘s URL, which included links to some of her other scholarship, including three journal articles concerning Theidon‘s Colombia-related researсh and other articles concerning Peru;30 and Theidon‘s research and teaching statements and CV, which describe Theidon‘s Colombia-related and Peru-related research.
That said, on appeal, even Harvard appears to recognize a snafu in its circulation of Theidon‘s external review tenure file. Harvard acknowledges that the review committee erred when it failed to send external reviewers Theidon‘s Colombia-related articles and stated in an early draft of Theidon‘s case statement that a Faculty of Arts and Sciences rule prevented the circulation of these materials.31 Upon review of the draft case statement at issue, Dean Marsden pointed out that Harvard‘s standard tenure procedures did not prohibit the review committee from sending external scholars Theidon‘s articles and suggested revisions to the case statement in line with this correction. In response, Steedly deleted the mischaracterization of Harvard‘s procedures from the case statement, and later explained via email to Urton that the error was the result of a miscommunication. At subsequent steps in Theidon‘s tenure review, Harvard circulated PDF copies of the Colombia-related articles and other scholarship as part of Theidon‘s tenure file.
Moreover, “the totality of the circumstances, rather than proving [Theidon‘s] pretextual argument, instead show a lack of foundation for [Theidon‘s] claim.” Rodriguez-Cardi, 936 F.3d at 51. Theidon‘s suggestion that we infer pretext from the review committee‘s behavior at the external evaluation juncture is especially dubious since there is no indication that this perceived procedural irregularity was relevant to or had any bearing on Harvard‘s evaluation of her tenure prospects. The materials circulated by Theidon‘s tenure review committee (e.g., link to Theidon‘s website, research and teaching statements, and CV) provided significant information about her Colombia-related research to allow the external scholars (who, let us not forget, nearly unanimously recommended Theidon be given tenure) to provide their takе on it. After reviewing these materials, over half of Theidon‘s external evaluators submitted letters expressly mentioning her other scholarship. One such external letter includes a lengthy discussion of Pasts Imperfect, one of the Colombia-related publications that Theidon complains was neither in the materials Harvard sent to external scholars nor linked to Theidon‘s website. The record also establishes (and we consider as part of our “totality of the circumstances” approach) that after the external scholar review process Harvard holistically evaluated Theidon based on her full body of work, including in tenured faculty letters from the Anthropology Department, in multiple iterations of the case statement, during the CAP evaluation, in the ad hoc committee review, and before final decisionmaker, President Faust. In sum, viewing the record as a whole, no reasonable jury could infer pretext and discriminatory animus from Harvard‘s fumbling during the external evaluation process.
Theidon also contends that Harvard treated her differently than the Anthropology Department‘s male candidates up for tenure. With respect to her “sampling-gate” theory, Theidon argues only that Harvard sent external evaluators a more robust selection of her comparators’ work, purportedly sending a “full set of materials” to evaluators for a male candidate in 2011 and circulating a “zip link with multiple publications” for a male candidate in 2013. Theidon points to nothing in the record that helps us compare the file Harvard sent her external reviewers to the “sampling” of publications Harvard circulated on behalf of male comparators. We do not have before us, for example, the list of publications comparators compiled for their dossiers.32 But even if Theidon could show she was treated differently, she has not overcome the additional hurdle of establishing situational similarity with any such comparators. There are relevant differences between Theidon and her male comparators that cannot be ignored simply because they were all up for tenure at some point in one of two wings forming Harvard‘s Anthropology Department. See Garcia, 535 F.3d at 31 (explaining that “a plaintiff must show ‘that others similarly situated to [her] in all relevant respects
2. The Battle of the Draft Case Statements
Theidon‘s nеxt irregularity gripe is that Harvard deviated from procedure by circulating the penultimate draft of her tenure case statement (as opposed to a later, slightly revised draft) to the ad hoc committee and President Faust. Recall that, despite Urton‘s email to a Harvard administrative coordinator attaching the final, April Draft, the March Draft was sent to evaluators and President Faust instead. In Theidon‘s view, the key difference warranting our consideration is this: the circulated draft described Theidon‘s retention as a “matter of importance” and the final draft that never saw the light of day described Theidon‘s retention as a “matter of necessity.” As an initial matter, Theidon has not identified here a procedure from which Harvard has deviated (though it stands to reason that the review committee‘s final report would best reflect its most considered recommendation). And assuming arguendo that Harvard‘s circulation of the penultimate draft was not an inadvertent, clerical error, we nevertheless struggle to understand how the circulation of the notably praiseworthy, even if slightly less laudable earlier draft recommending tenure, adds heft to Theidon‘s claim of sex discrimination. This is especially the case given our review of the notes from the ad hoc committee‘s deliberation, which suggest the recommendation to deny tenure had little to do with the case statement‘s conclusionary verbiage and a whole lot to do with the external committee members’ professional determination that Theidon had not made a substantial contribution to her field either in terms of publications in leading journals or progress on a second major research project. As such, Theidon‘s “failure to circulate” theory would not lead a reasonable jury to conclude Harvard‘s stated reason for denying her tenure was pretextual.
Theidon also argues that Harvard improperly inserted her complaints about sex discrimination into the tenure review process. We mentioned earlier that in 2010 Theidon complained to Singer about the lack оf gender diversity among tenured faculty within the Anthropology Department and certain comments suggesting (among other things) that Theidon needed to be a “dutiful daughter” to succeed there. Singer shared her notes from the meeting with Kruegler and Dean Marsden, who participated at various stages in Theidon‘s tenure review. It is not immediately apparent whether reference to this alleged deviation is meant to support Theidon‘s burden of proof as to her discrimination claims or retaliation claims. This argument is nonetheless meritless since there is no evidence that the voting members of the ad hoc committee were aware of Theidon‘s complaints prior to recommending the denial of tenure.33 Nor is there suggestion from Singer‘s notes outlining the ad hoc committee‘s deliberation that Theidon‘s complaints (known by two persons in attendance at the meeting, i.e., Singer and Dean Marsden, and not mentioned in any circulated tenure file) were weighed against her case. In a long email that Singer admits provided “much more detail” than warranted, Singer summarized the ad hoc committee‘s reasoning for President Faust. Absent from this email (and, more generally, from the record concerning the ad hoc committee‘s deliberation) is any mention of Theidon‘s complaints about gender disparities or sex discrimination.34 And Theidon has not pointed to anything in the record that would suggest President Faust was aware of Theidon‘s complaints and, even if aware, she points to nothing suggesting President Faust factored this knowledge into her final deliberation. Although this court is required to make all reasonable inferences in Theidon‘s favor from evidence which could be viewed as supporting pretext, we cannot accept “conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, and unsupported speculation.” Benoit v. Tech. Mfg. Corp., 331 F.3d 166, 173 (1st Cir. 2003) (quoting Feliciano de la Cruz v. El Conquistador Resort & Country Club, 218 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2000)).
4. The “Two-Book” Standard
Theidon‘s final claim of procedural irregularity is that Harvard implemented a stricter publication requirement during her tenure review than was required by the tenure procedures or imposed upon male comparators who received tenure in the Anthropology Deрartment in 2011, 2012, and 2014. Specifically, Theidon contends Harvard erroneously led the ad hoc committee to believe candidates needed a second published book for tenure at Harvard (despite the fact there was no such requirement at Harvard) and thus the committee recommended to President Faust that Theidon be denied tenure because they believed her two books were too similar to be considered separate texts. For support, Theidon cites to the deposition testimony of one ad hoc committee member who explained that anthropology scholars at her university must have a second book and a second research project
Harvard, on the other hand, argues that it never prompted the ad hoc committee to impose a two-book standard and the committee never did so; rather, it concluded Theidon lacked substantial progress on a second research project in her field, as was recommended in the 2008 promotion letter. According to Harvard, the ad hoc committee determined Theidon‘s two books comprised only “one project” and, after evaluating the Colombia-related articles, decided they too did not represent substantial progress on a second research project. As such, Theidon simply fell short of meeting its overall quality criteria to merit tenure.
In her challenge, Theidon can point to no instance of Harvard espousing a two-book policy in any communications with the committee or during the ad hoc committee‘s deliberation. At best, Theidon‘s argument is that Harvard should have corrected any external ad hoc member‘s possible misconception of Harvard‘s policy. But even assuming any one ad hoc committee member mistakenly hаrbored such a belief that Harvard was aware of but failed to clarify (though the record does not support such an inference here), Theidon‘s scholarly productivity was only one of many factors that informed the ad hoc committee‘s recommendation. Crucially and unrebutted by Theidon, the three external scholars and two Harvard professors on the committee also raised “serious concern” about Theidon‘s failure to publish in major anthropology journals and about the quality of the various human rights journals in which Theidon‘s work was published instead; they expressed doubts as to Theidon‘s sustained contribution to the field of anthropology based on their review of Intimate Enemies; and they believed Theidon was unlikely to grow as a scholar given their criticism that her Colombia-related research and new research on Peru constituted “more of the same.”
At the end of the tenure review process, President Faust, the final decisionmaker, considered the ad hoc committee‘s recommendation, reviewed Theidon‘s file, and concluded she was not a leading contributor to the advancement of the field and her work, including (as President Faust described it) “two books that were . . . essentially one project,” which had not made a major contribution to the discourse of the field. Although reasonable people could differ, and did differ, on the quality and quantity of Theidon‘s academic work and on whether Theidon was deserving or not of tenure, unless the evidence is sufficient to support a finding that a decisionmaker‘s doubts about the “scholarly merits of [a] [tenure] candidate‘s academic work . . . are influenced by forbidden considerations such as sex or race, universities are free to establish departmental priorities, to set their own required levels of academic potential and achievements and to act upon the good faith judgments of their departmental faculties or reviewing authorities.” Villanueva v. Wellesley Coll., 930 F.2d 124, 131 (1st Cir. 1991) (quoting Zahorik v. Cornell Univ., 729 F.2d 85, 94 (2d Cir. 1984)). And where, as here, absent such
B. The Hail Mary Evidence
But we‘re not done. Aside from the purported procedural irregularities Theidon claims tainted her review process, Theidon also points to the Anthropology Department‘s alleged discriminatory work environment as evidence she contends would permit a reasonable jury to infer pretext and discriminatory animus. Here, Theidon argues that Steedly‘s fascination with the “dutiful daughter” method of advancement and Steedly‘s other unsolicited strategies for success, coupled with the Anthropology Department‘s “lack-of-diversity” criticism leveled by Singer and the Visiting Committee, provide circumstantial evidence of discrimination. We address these in turn.
First, Steedly‘s remarks, made years before Theidon‘s tenure decision, are insufficient to satisfy Theidon‘s burden of proof on the pretext and animus prong of the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting analysis. See Ray, 799 F.3d at 116 (explaining the “probative value” of stray discriminatory remarks is “circumscribed if they were made in a situation temporally remote
from the date of the employment decision in question, or if they . . . were made by nondecisionmakers” (quoting Bonefont–Igaravidez v. Int‘l Shipping Corp., 659 F.3d 120, 125 (1st Cir. 2011))). And notwithstanding Steedly‘s early on ill-advised mentoring advice to Theidon, she proved to be a zealous advocate for Theidon‘s tenure case throughout the process of drafting multiple iterations of the case statement (diligently correcting the case statement‘s mistakes and holes early on), in her confidential faculty letter, and during testimony before the
Even if this evidence, together with the perceived procedural irregularities dispensed with earlier, “raise doubts about the wisdom of [Harvard‘s] tenure decisions[,] . . . ‘[m]erely casting doubt on the employer‘s articulated reason does not suffice to meet [Theidon‘s] burden of demonstrating discriminatory intent.‘” Villanueva, 930 F.2d at 131 (quoting Menard v. First Sec. Servs. Corp., 848 F.2d 281, 287 (1st Cir. 1988)). In sum, the undisputed material facts do not support Theidon‘s claims of sex discrimination under Title VII.
State Law Discrimination
As for Theidon‘s state law discrimination claim under 151B, similarly it, too, fails. “Massachusetts law also makes use of the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework.” Ray, 799 F.3d at 113 n.8. However, because “Massachusetts is a pretext only jurisdiction,” a plaintiff “need only present evidence from which a reasonable jury could infer that ‘the [employer‘s] facially proper reasons given for its action against [her] were not the real reasons for that action‘” to survive summary judgment.39 Bulwer v. Mount Auburn Hosp., 46 N.E.3d 24, 33 (Mass. 2016) (quoting Wheelock Coll. v. Mass. Comm‘n Against Discrimination, 355 N.E.2d 309, 315 (Mass. 1976)). For the reasons already explained, Theidon‘s proffered evidence of pretext cannot satisfy her burden.
Retaliation
We again look to McDonnell Douglas to assess Theidon‘s retaliation claims under Title IX. See Frazier v. Fairhaven Sch. Comm., 276 F.3d 52, 67 (1st Cir. 2002) (“[T]he jurisprudence of Title VII supplies an applicable legal framework [for Title IX claims].“). To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, Theidon must prove: “(1) she engaged in protected conduct; (2) she was subjected to an adverse employment action; and (3) the adverse employment action is causally linked to the protected conduct.” Rivera-Rivera, 898 F.3d at 94. With respect to causation, Theidon must show that Harvard‘s “desire to retaliate was the but-for cause of the challenged employment action.” Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 339 (2013).
To begin, Theidon identifies two instances of protected activity on appeal that purportedly caused Harvard to retaliate against her by denying her tenure. First, on March 7, 2013, Theidon commented on the online version of an article in the Crimson, Harvard‘s student paper, that criticized Harvard‘s response to complaints
Since there‘s no dispute that Theidon suffered an adverse employment decision under prong two of the prima facie analysis, we instead focus our energy on causation. The district court did not find sufficient evidence that retaliation played a substantial or a motivating factor in Harvard‘s denial of tenure. In so doing, the district court acknowledged that six years ago, the Supreme Court in Nassar held that “a plaintiff making a retaliation claim under [Title VII] must establish that his or her protected activity was a but-for cause of the alleged adverse action by the employer.” Nassar, 570 U.S. at 362. Neither the Supreme Court nor our court has resolved the question of whether Nassar‘s holding on causation extends to Title IX retaliation claims given the import of Title VII to the adjudication of such claims. See Frazier, 276 F.3d at 67 (acknowledging the “jurisprudence of Title VII supplies an applicable legal framework [for Title IX claims]“). We need not resolve that issue today because, as the district court concluded below, Theidon has not established a causal link between her protected activity and the denial of tenure under either a “but for” or a “substantial or motivating” factor standard of causation.
As an initial matter, there is no evidence in the record from which a jury could reasonably conclude that the voting members of the
Theidon contends that Urton, who served on her tenure review committee and recommended her for tenure along with other senior faculty in the Anthropology Department, provided increasingly negative feedback on Theidon‘s tenure case in close proximity to her protected activity. For example, Theidon points to Urton‘s confidential faculty letter, which was submitted after the Anthropology Department vote and which postdated Theidon‘s comments on the Crimson article by three days. There, Urton stated that he “remain[ed] positive” on her case with a few reservations, including his concern that Entre prójimos and Intimate Enemies “deal in all respects . . . with the same project” and that Theidon‘s “work has not made a significant and meaningful impact in the general fields of Latin American or Andean anthropological studies.” However, no fact on the record (disputed or otherwise) indicates that Urton was aware of the Crimson article or Theidon‘s comments on the online version of the same. Moreover, any inferences that can be derived from the temporal proximity of these events are incapacitated by the fact that Urton‘s letter merely echoed concerns added to Theidon‘s file well before the protected activity, including views expressed by external reviewers, a tenured member of the Anthropology Department who abstained from the departmental vote, Professor 2, and by Urton himself in October 2012 and February 2013, when he criticized Theidon‘s books for amounting to “the same research project and substantially to the same body of field work.”
Theidon‘s reliance on Urton‘s presentation before the
Cat‘s paw liability requires at a minimum that the act motivated by retaliation be the “proximate cause of the ultimate employment action.” Staub, 562 U.S. at 422. Here, by contrast, Urton was one of many voices in a chorus cautioning President Faust against promoting Theidon to tenured faculty.44 Thus, on this record, it cannot be plausibly inferred that the final decision to deny Theidon tenure was tainted by retaliatory animus. Since Theidon cannot establish (directly or via the cat‘s paw) a causal link between her protected activity and the adverse employment decision, her Title IX retaliation claim must fail.
State Law Retaliation
We affirm the district court‘s grant of summary judgment as to Theidоn‘s state law retaliation claim under 151B for the same reasons. See Verdrager v. Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky & Popeo, P.C., 50 N.E.3d 778, 793 (Mass. 2016) (employing the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework and analysis in evaluating a prima facie case of retaliation under 151B, § 4).
Rule 59(e)
With the antidiscrimination claims wrapped up, we now turn to the district court‘s denial of Theidon‘s
Here, Theidon contends that sexual misconduct allegations against her former mentor, Domínguez, constituted new evidence requiring the reopening of discovery. Theidon admits that, prior to publication of the article describing Domínguez‘s sexual misconduct over four decades, she was aware of an allegation against Domínguez from 1983. Theidon nevertheless suggests that Domínguez‘s proclivity for sexual harassment prior to and around the time of her tenure review (as described in greater detail in The Chronicle article) may have motivated him to retaliate as backlash against Theidon‘s support of work bringing light to sexual misconduct on Harvard‘s campus. Replacing Urton with Domínguez, however, falls short of breathing new life into Theidon‘s specter of a cat‘s paw theory of retaliation. If anything, with Domínguez at the helm, the causal connection between Theidon‘s protected activity and the adverse employment decision at issue becomes more tenuous and less tethered to a reasonable inference of retaliation. This is because Domínguez played virtually no role in Theidon‘s tenure review process. To the contrary, Theidon admits that Domínguez did not want to be involved.
Theidon directs the court to an email pursuant to which Singer reaches out to Domínguez prior to the
Domínguez‘s deplorable behavior has no bearing on the case before us. Theidon has not, therefore, “point[ed] to newly discovered evidence of sufficient consequence to make a difference” in her case. Franchina, 881 F.3d at 56. Accordingly, we see no reason to disturb the district court‘s order denying Theidon‘s
WRAP UP
Having worked our way through the issues, we affirm the district court‘s grant of summary judgment and denial of the
Each side to bear their own costs.
Notes
- (archaeologist one): one published book and a second book in “prеparation” that captures research not covered in the prior book, and numerous peer-reviewed journal articles;
- (archaeologist two): three major research projects and author or co-author of nearly thirty articles in peer-reviewed journals; and
- (visual and sensory anthropologist): a co-authored book, two full-length feature films on distinct subject matter described as the “equivalent of major books,” shorter video pieces and photography, and described as having an “anomalous CV in that his major accomplishments are films rather than books.”