Tavenner, Trustee v. Rescue Rangers, LLC, DelawareTavenner, Trustee v. Rescue Rangers, LLC, Delaware
This matter is before the Court on the motion of Jeffrey D. Katz (“Katz“), Christopher L. Young (“Young“) and JDKatz, P.C. (“JDKatz“) (collectively, the “Katz Defendants“), to compel arbitration or to dismiss Counts IX, X, XI and XII of the second amended complaint (the “Second Amended Complaint“) filed by chapter 7 trustee Bruce H. Matson (the “Trustee“).1 Alsо before the Court is the motion of Defendant George Dante Suero (“Suero“) to dismiss him as a defendant and to dismiss Counts IX and XI of the Second Amended Complaint. For the reasons set forth herein,
BACKGROUND
On June 10, 2016, Rescue Rangers, LLC, (the “Debtor“) filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code.2 Suero acted as the Debtor‘s designee and testified on its behalf at the Debtor‘s § 341 meeting of creditors. Plaintiff Bruce Matson was appointed as trustee in the Debtor‘s case.
On May 19, 2017, the Trustee filed a complaint (the “Complaint“) against the Katz Defendants, Rescue Rangers, LLC, Delaware (“Rescue Rangers Delaware“), and Office Dispatch, LLC (“Office Dispatch“), seeking to аvoid and recover transfers pursuant to
The Katz Defendants moved to dismiss Counts IX and X of the Complaint (the “Motion to Dismiss“) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, asserting that as a matter of law they could not be
On August 1, 2017, after the Court had taken the Motion to Dismiss under advisement, the Trustee amended the Complaint (the “Amended Complaint“) by adding two additional counts pursuant to
The Court granted the Amended Motion, ruling that Counts IX and X of the Amended Complaint did not sufficiently state a cause of action under
The Trustee timely filed the “Second Amended Complaint” on October 30, 2017. The Second Amended Complaint essentially includes the same first eight cоunts as the Amended Complaint but adds Suero as a defendant in Count VII, the alter ego count.5 With respect to the remaining counts, the Second Amended Complaint differs from the Amended Complaint. The remaining counts are as follows:
Count IX – Conversion. The Trustee alleges that Suero and Rescue Rangers Delaware converted the Debtor‘s assets and operations by transferring its assets and operations to Rescue Rangers Delaware and seeks an award of actual damages. Count IXA6 – Breach of Fiduciary Duty. The Trustee alleges that Suero breached his fiduciary duty to the Debtor and seeks an award of actual and punitive damages.
Count X – Aiding and Abetting Breach of Fiduciary Duty. The Trustee alleges that the Katz Defendants aided and abetted Suero‘s breach of his fiduciary duty to the Debtor and seeks an award of actual and punitive damages.
Count XI – Statutory Business Conspiracy. The Trustee alleges that Suero and the Katz Defendants conspired to injure the Debtor in its business in violation of Virginia Code §§ 18.2-499 and 18.2-500 and seeks an award of treble damages and attorney‘s fees.
Count XII – Legal Malpractice. The Trustee alleges that the Katz Defendants breached their duties to the Debtor and breached their contract with the Debtor by advising and assisting Suero in transferring the Debtor‘s assets to Rescue Rangers Delaware and seeks actual and punitive damages.
Count XIII – Avoidance of Fraudulent Transfers to JD Katz. The Trustee alleges that the payment of $43,776.25 in fees to JDKatz during the two years prior to the filing of the Debtor‘s bankruptcy case were fraudulent transfers within the mеaning of § 548(a)(1)(B) of the Bankruptcy Code and are avoidable.Count XIV – Recovery of Fraudulent Conveyance. The Trustee seeks to recover, pursuant to
11 U.S.C. § 550(a) , the fees paid to JDKatz by the Debtor, if those fees are avoided in Count XIII.
The prayer in the Second Amended Complaint also asks for an award of “costs and disbursements incurred by the Trustee” in this adversary proceeding.
On November 13, 2017, the Katz Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Counts IXA (breach of fiduciary duty), X (aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty), XI (statutory business conspiracy), and XII (legal malpractice) of the Second Amended Complaint (the “Katz Motion“). On December 4, 2017, Suero filed a motion to dismiss Counts IX (conversion) and XI (statutory business conspiracy) (the “Suero Motion” and together with the Katz Motion, the “Motions.“) The Trustee has responded to the Motions, and the Katz Defendants havе filed a supplemental response. A hearing on the
JURISDICTION
The Second Amended Complaint seeks an award of damages against Office Dispatch, Rescue Rangers Delaware, the Katz Defendants and Suero. The recovery of damages would affect the amount of property available for distribution to creditors, making the claims “related to” the Debtor‘s bankruptcy estate. Therefore, pursuant to
STANDARD OF REVIEW AND FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS
Under
To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that
allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570) (citation omitted). “[L]egal conclusions, elements of a cause of action, and bare assertions devoid of further factual enhancement” are insufficient and will not withstand a motion to dismiss. Nemet Chevrolet, Ltd. v. Consumeraffairs.com, Inc., 591 F.3d 250, 255 (4th Cir. 2009).
The following are the facts as pled in the Second Amended Complaint.
In 2008, the Debtor started a business providing roadside assistance to customers of various insurance comрanies and auto clubs. The Debtor‘s dispatchers would receive calls from customers needing services such as jump-starting car batteries, unlocking vehicles, delivering fuel and changing flat tires and would send employees of the Debtor to perform these services. The insurance companies and motor clubs would pay the Debtor a flat rate, and the Debtor would pay a portion of this amount to its roadside assistance employee who performed the service. The Debtor‘s gross receipts grew steadily and peaked at $4,300,000 in 2014.
In 2012, the Debtor‘s dispatch employees were transferred to Office Dispatch, a Virginia limited liability company with its principal place of business in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Debtor and Office Dispatch were treated as the sаme entity, with the Debtor paying substantially all of Office Dispatch‘s expenses. In addition to paying the expenses of Office Dispatch,
On November 2, 2015, a collective action suit was filed against the Debtor and Suero in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (the “Collective Action“) seeking damages for unpaid overtime wages owed to the Debtor‘s employees performing roadside assistance. On November 17, 2015, the Debtor wrote a check in the amount of $12,000 to JDKatz for “Attorney Retainer.”
In 2016, the Debtor transferred its operations to Rescue Rangers Delaware, a Delaware limited liability company with its principal place оf business in Fredericksburg, Virginia. As part of the transfer, Rescue Rangers Delaware signed new contracts with the auto clubs that previously were parties to assistance contracts with the Debtor. The Debtor directed the insurance companies and auto clubs to make future requests for roadside assistance to Rescue Rangers Delaware and to deposit future payments for services into new bank accounts in the name of Rescue Rangers Delaware. In addition, all of the Debtor‘s roadside assistance technicians were required to sign new employment agreements with Rescue Rangers Delaware. Rescue Rangers Delaware took over use of all of the Debtor‘s intellectual property, including its name and logo.
In December, 2016, Young advisеd the Debtor‘s insurance carriers that JDKatz was corporate counsel to “Rescue Rangers,” that Rescue Rangers,
On July 12, 2016, the Debtor filed its schedules and statement of financial affairs, listing total assets of $1,341.11 and total liabilities of $2,879,200.84. In Schedule E/F, the Debtor listed the Internal Revenue Service, Amex, and “Dwayne Vaughan, et al” as the only creditors. The Dеbtor did not list its contracts with the insurance companies and auto clubs on Schedule G, which requires a debtor to disclose executory contracts and unexpired leases. In an amended Schedule F, the Debtor stated that it owes Rescue Rangers Delaware $731,024.32 for “loans from Delaware, Rescue Rangers, LLC entity.”
In its statement of financial affairs, the Debtor disclosed that it had $4.2 million in revenue in 2014 and $3.2 million in 2015. The Debtor stated that it did not give any insider value in any form during the one year period prior to the petition date but disclosed that it paid $43,776.25 for attorney‘s fees to “Jeffrey David Katz, JDKATZ, P.C.” between June 2015 and June 2016.
During the Debtor‘s July 20, 2016, meeting of creditors, Suero, acting as the Debtor‘s designee, testified that the Debtor stopped operating on June 10, 2016, the petition date. At the Debtor‘s сontinued meeting of creditors on January 23, 2017, Suero testified that:
- Rescue Rangers Delaware‘s operations are the same as the Debtor‘s;
- Katz, Young, and JDKatz advised Suero to transfer the Debtor‘s assets and operations to Rescue Rangers Delaware to separate the Debtor‘s assets from its liabilities;
- Suero is the sole member of the Debtor and Rescue Rangers Delaware;
- The Debtor and Rescue Rangers Delaware have the same name for tax purposes;
- The Debtor stopped operating on January 1, 2016;
- Rescue Rangers Delaware started operating on January 1, 2016;8
- Rescue Rangers Delaware‘s 2016 revenue was $2.4 million;
- Rescue Rangers Delaware now pays Office Dispatch‘s payroll, which includes Suero‘s $80,000.00 a year salary; and
- The $731,024.32 loan identified in the Debtor‘s amended Schedule F (ECF No. 19) as being owed by the Debtor to Rescue
Rangеrs Delaware is actually an amount received by Rescue Rangers Delaware for work performed by the Debtor that Rescue Rangers Delaware owed to the Debtor.9
The transfer of the Debtor‘s assets to Rescue Rangers Delaware was accomplished by Suero to separate the Debtor‘s assets from its liabilities for tax purposes and because the Collective Action was pending in the Virginia District Court.
On June 10, 2016, the same date the Debtor filed its bankruptcy case, Suero filed an individual Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition in the Alexandria Division of this Court.10 Suero was denied a discharge, and in its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law,11 the Court found, among other things, that:
- “On December 9, 2015, [the Debtor]‘s attorneys at JD Katz, P.C., advised the insurance companies that [the Debtor] was ‘winding down,’ and requested that the insurance companies transfer the contracts to [Rescue Rangers Delaware].” (Findings at p. 2).
- “Mr. Suero wrote a check payable to his attorneys at JD Katz, P.C., in the amount of $12,000, on November 11, 2015. Pl.
Ex. 12. The letters to the insurance companies went out on December 9, 2015. Def. Exs. S. T.” (Findings at n. 2) - “It was [Suero‘s] intent to file a bankruptcy petition for [the Debtor], and to go on with his business under the banners of [Rescue Rangers Delaware] and Office Dispatch, free and clear of the [Debtor‘s] creditor‘s claims.” (Findings at p. 15).
- Suero caused the Debtor “to transfer its most valuable assets, the third party contracts with the insurance companies, to his wholly-owned company for no consideration, effective January 1, 2016.” (Findings at p. 16).
- “[A]lmost all of the badges of fraud are present: [the Debtor] had been sued by the Drivеrs in November 2015; [the Debtor‘s] counsel was requesting an additional $75,000 to $100,000 to continue to represent the company; Mr. Suero was the 100% owner of both companies and retained possession, control and use of the assets; the transfer lacked any valuable consideration; and Mr. Suero attempted to conceal the transfers and the value of the assets in the [Debtor‘s] bankruptcy proceedings.” (Findings at p. 17).
- “The Court finds that the transfer of the contracts from [the Debtor] to [Rescue Rangers Delaware] effective January 1, 2016
was a transfer made with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud [the Debtor‘s] creditors.” (Findings at p. 17).
THE KATZ MOTION
The Katz Motion seeks dismissal of four counts of the Second Amended Complaint. Those counts are Count IXA (breach of fiduciary duty), Count X (aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty), Count XI (statutory business conspiracy), and Count XII (legal malpractice). In the alternative, the Katz Motion seeks to have the Court compel arbitration and stay proceedings pending arbitration. Docket 36 at 7, n.9.
In Count IXA, the Trustee cites
In Count X, the Trustee claims that the Katz Defendants assisted Suero with the fraudulent transfer of assets from the Debtоr to Rescue Rangers Delaware. Further, the Trustee argues that the Katz Defendants, knowing of Suero‘s fiduciary obligations to the Debtor, advised Suero to transfer the assets to Rescue Rangers Delaware for the purpose of avoiding
In Count XI, the Trustee alleges that collaborative actions of Suero and the Katz Defendants in causing the transfer of the Debtor‘s assets to Rescue Rangers Delaware constituted a conspiracy in violation of
In Count XII, the Trustee alleges that the Katz Defendants, by advising and assisting Suero to fraudulently transfer Debtor‘s assets to Rescue Rangers Delaware, breached their duties to the Debtor and also breached their contract to provide legal services to the Debtor, thus causing the Debtor‘s loss of its assets. Count XII appears to base its claim both on negligence and upon breach of contract. The Trustee seeks an award of the same damages sought in Count X and also seeks an award of punitive damages, asserting that the actiоns of the Suero and the Katz Defendants were willful and wanton.
As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that Count IXA does not seek relief against the Katz Defendants. The Katz Motion requests that the count be dismissed “[t]o the extent [the Katz Defendants] are named as parties.” Although Count IXA as set forth in the Second Amended Complaint does not assert liability on the part of the Katz Defendants for breach of fiduciary duty, the prayer for relief is less clear. The prayer seeks a judgment against the Katz Defendants and Suero, jointly and severally, for “breach of fiduciary duty and aiding and abetting and [sic] breach of fiduciary duty.” However, because Count IXA itself does not allege any breach of fiduciary duty by the Katz Defendants, it fails to state a cause of action against them and must be
The Katz Defendants assert that the remaining three counts at issue should be dismissed for a lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim. Alternatively, they request that the Court compel arbitration on any counts asserted against them. In support of their position, they point to the arbitration provision of the October 1, 2014, engagement agreement (the “Engagement Agreement“) between the parties. A copy of the Engagement Agreement is attached to the Katz Motion as Exhibit 1. The Engagement Agreement consists of two parts, a retainer agreement in letter form (the “Retainer Letter“) and a document entitled “Terms of Engagement,” which was attachеd to and referenced in the Retainer Letter. The arbitration provision (the “Arbitration Provision“) is contained in the Terms of Engagement document. That provision states that:
Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration administered by Creative Dispute Resolutions, LLC, or its successor in interest, in accordance with its arbitration rules, and judgment on the award rendered by the arbitrator(s) may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof.
The Trustee counters that the Arbitration Provision is inapplicable because of the further qualification found in the Retainer Letter that “[t]he scope of this engagement does not include any representation on any other matter, trial, or any appeal, should there be any. These would also be the subject of separate engagements, should they ever become necessary.” The Trustee
While it is true that the Court may not require a party to submit to arbitration if that party has not agreed to do so,14 the Fourth Circuit has held that “we leave all questions concerning the scope of an arbitration agreement to the arbitrator, ‘unless it can be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute.‘” Winston Salem Mailers Union 133, CWA v. Mеdia Gen. Operations, Inc., 55 F. App‘x 128, 133 (4th Cir. 2003) (quoting AT & T Techs., Inc. v. CWA, 475 U.S. 643, 50 (1986). Therefore, in this instance, if the Court finds arbitration to be proper, the scope of the Arbitration Provision is properly an issue for the arbitrator to determine.
The Katz Defendants point to the strong public policy in favor of arbitration that is set forth in the Federal Arbitration Act,
In Moses v. CashCall, the Fourth Circuit found that “forcing [a debtor] to arbitrate her constitutionally core claim would inherently conflict with the purposes of the Bankruptcy Code.” Id. at 73. However, it further held that the refusal to send a non-core claim to arbitration requires more than a finding that arbitration would potentially conflict with the purposes of the Bankruptcy Code. Rather, the conflict must be inherent and “sufficient to override by implication the presumption in favor of arbitration.” Id. at 89 (quoting U.S. Lines, Inc. v. Am. S.S. Owners Mut. Prot. & Indem. Ass‘n (In re U.S. Lines), 197 F.3d 631, 640 (2d Cir. 1999)). The Fourth Circuit explained cоre and non-core claims and the role of the bankruptcy courts as to each:
Bankruptcy courts may decide core bankruptcy claims, which include the “allowance or disallowance of claims against the estate” and “counterclaims by the estate against persons filing claims against the estate.” 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(B) -(C). A bankruptcy court may also hear related non-core claims, but it cannot finally resolve them and must instead submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the district court.Id. § 157(c)(1) .The Supreme Court has modified these statutory assignments of responsibility, holding that Article III of the Constitution prohibits bankruptcy courts from issuing final orders regarding statutorily core claims unless they “stem [ ] from the bankruptcy itself or would necessarily be resolved in the claims allowance process.” Stern, 131 S. Ct. at 2618. And the Court has subsequently held that when a bankruptcy court is faced with a claim that is statutorily core but constitutionally non-core—a so-called “Stern claim“—it must treat the claim as if it were statutorily non-core, submitting proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the district court for de novo review. Exec. Benefits Ins. Agency v. Arkison, ––– U.S. ––––, 134 S. Ct. 2165, 2173, 189 L. Ed. 2d 83 (2014).
Counts X, XI, and XII here are not statutorily core claims in that jurisdiction over them does not arise under
In Moses v. CashCall, the Fourth Circuit set forth a three-part test to determine whether there is a congressional intent that would “preclude a waiver of judicial remedies for the statutory rights at issue.” 781 F.3d at 71. That intent must be discernable from “(1) the statute‘s text; (2) its legislative history; or (3) ‘an inherent conflict between arbitration and the statute‘s
The Trustee has not provided the Court any persuasive basis upon which to find that there is an irreconcilable conflict between the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code and the Arbitration Provision; he has cited to no legislative history, statutory text, or inherent conflict between the statutory provisions. Having found no overriding Congressional intention to override the Federal Arbitration Act in this situation, the Arbitration Provision must govern. The Court therefore finds that arbitration is appropriate as to Counts X, XI, and XII.
A more difficult question arises as to Counts XIII and XIV, the only other counts asserted against any of the Katz Defendants. While the Katz Motion does not seek dismissal of Counts XIII and XIV, the Katz Defendants argue that all issues alleged against them in the Second Amended Complaint are arbitrable. While Counts X, XI, and XII are non-core matters, Counts XIII and IV, asserted against JDKatz, are statutorily core under
The case of McCarthy v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (In re El-Atari), No. 1:11cv1091, 2011 WL 5828013 (E.D. Va. Nov. 18, 2011), informs the Court‘s decision in this matter. In El-Atari, the trustee in the debtor‘s chapter 7 case
The Trustee seeks a money judgment against the Katz Defendants under
At its heart, the
Accordingly, the Court grants the parties such relief from the automatic stay of the Bankruptcy Code,
THE SUERO MOTION
The Suero Motion seeks dismissal of two counts of the Second Amended Complaint. Those counts are Count IX (conversion) and Count XI (statutory business conspiracy). In Count IX, the Trustee alleges that Suero and Rescue Rangers Delaware converted the Debtor‘s assets and operations by transferring them to Rescue Rangers Delaware. The Trustee seeks an award in the amount of the value of the transferred assets and the costs of recovering those assets. The business conspiracy allegatiоns of Count XI as to Suero are the same as the allegations against the Katz Defendants that are summarized above.
In addition to his arguments as to each specific count, Suero also argues that he should be dismissed as a party defendant in this adversary proceeding. He argues that the Trustee was tardy in asserting his claims against Suero and that “myriad claims that have already been filed in this case makes filing another claim unnecessary.” The Trustee points out that Suero was a debtor in this Court until October 16, 2017, and could not have been named a defendant at the inception of the adversary proceeding because of the automatic stay of
In this instancе, the Court is of the opinion that adding Suero as a party defendant does not prejudice him in any significant way. The proceeding is not so far advanced that adding Suero at this stage will put him at a disadvantage. This is especially true because Suero was the sole owner of the Debtor and is the sole owner of Rescue Rangers Delaware. As such, he has already been involved in this adversary proceeding and will not be coming into this adversary proceeding unaware of its substance. Thus, the court finds that formally adding him as a party defendant will not be unduly prejudicial. Contrary to Suero‘s contention, the fact that the Trustee has asserted claims against other entities does not relieve Suero of potential liability. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss him as a party defendаnt will be denied.
Suero next asserts that Count IX, the conversion claim, should be dismissed against him because it seeks money damages as opposed to the return of a specific piece of property. However, Suero‘s reliance on the case of Mar Tech Mechanical, Ltd. v. Chianelli Bldg. Corp., No. L00-2234, 2001 WL 1262387 (Cir. Ct. Va. Mar. 6, 2001), is misplaced. In that case, the Virginia court was addressing a subcontractor‘s claim of conversion arising from the contractor‘s failure to pay it for work performed on a contract. The court
In Mar Tech, the Virginia court did not say that return of property was the only remedy in a conversion action, only that a conversion claim arises when a defendant has deprived a plaintiff of property to which the plaintiff had an immediate right of possession. The court found that under the facts before it, the plaintiff had stated a claim for contractual damages and not one for conversion, the defendant having not deprived the plaintiff of a specific res but rather having failed to perform under its contract.
The law in Virginia is that “the measure of damages for conversion is the ‘value of the property converted at the time and the place of conversion.‘” Marsteller v. ECS Fed., Inc., No. 1:13cv593 (JCC/JFA), 2013 WL 4781786, at *8 (E.D. Va., Sept. 5, 2013) (quoting Straley v. Fisher, 10 S.E.2d 551 (Va. 1940)). See also E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co. v. Kolon Indus., Inc., Civ. No. 3:09cv58, No. 2011 WL 4625760, at *2 (E.D. Va. Oct. 3, 2011). In Count
In Count XI, the Trustee argues that the Katz Defendants and Suero conspired, in violation of
Because it is possible that Suero and/or the Katz Defendants were not acting as agents of the Debtor, the Second Amended Complaint contains sufficient allegations to allow the Court to draw the reasonable inference that Suero is liable. This satisfies the standard set forth in Iqbal, and dismissal is not proрer. In light of the questions that exist as to the capacity in which Suero may have been acting, the Court need not yet further discuss the
Signed: March, 22, 2018
/s/ Keith L. Phillips
United States Bankruptcy Judge
Notes
Count I - the Debtor‘s transfer of its assets and operations to Rescue Rangers Delaware (the “Transfer“) was made with the intent to delay hinder or defraud its creditors and are avoidable under
Count II - the Transfer was not made for consideration deemed valuable in law and was made while the Debtor was insolvent (or rendered insolvent) and is thus avoidable pursuant to
Counts III and IV - the Transfer is avoidable pursuant to
Count V - the Trustee seeks, upon avoidance, to recover the Transfer or its value pursuant to
Count VI - Office Dispatch and Rescue Rangers should be held liable for the Debtor‘s obligations as the Debtor‘s successors in interest.
Count VII - Office Dispatch should be liable for the Debtor‘s debts as the Dеbtor‘s alter ego.
Count VIII - Rescue Rangers Delaware must turn over all of the Debtor‘s accounts receivable that it collected but which should have gone to the Debtor, including all accounts receivable collected postpetition.
The Court notes that the numbering of the counts is slightly out of order in the Second Amended Complaint.
A. Any two or more persons who combine, associate, agree, mutually undertake or concert together for the purpose of (i) willfully and maliciously injuring another in his reputation, trade, business or profession by any means whatever or (ii) willfully and maliciously compelling another to do or perform any act against his will, or preventing or hindering another from doing or performing any lawful act, shall be jointly and severally guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor. Such punishment shall be in addition to any civil relief recoverable under
B. Any person who attempts to procure the participation, cooperation, agreement or other assistance of any one or more persons to enter into any combination, association, agreement, mutual understanding or сoncert prohibited in subsection A of this section shall be guilty of a violation of this section and subject to the same penalties set out in subsection A.
C. This section shall not affect the right of employees lawfully to organize and bargain concerning wages and conditions of employment, and take other steps to protect their rights as provided under state and federal laws.