Steward v. StateSteward v. State
- Was the evidence presented at appellant‘s trial sufficient to support appellant‘s conviction for driving with a suspended license?
- Did the trial court commit plain error in instructing the jury regarding the elements of the charged offense?
- Did the performance of appellant‘s trial attorney constitute ineffective assistance of counsel?
Discerning no error of law or abuse of discretion sufficient to compel us to undertake plain error review, we shall affirm the determinations of the circuit court.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
I
At trial, appellant did not contest the fact that she was driving a vehicle on February 22, 2012, or that her MVA
Preliminarily, we note that appellant‘s sufficiency argument was not properly preserved for appellate review.
A defendant may move for judgment of acquittal on one or more counts ... at the close of the evidence offered by the State and, in a jury trial, at the close of all the evidence. The defendant shall state with particularity all reasons why the motion should be granted.
In this case, defense counsel made a motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of the State‘s case, asserting that the State had failed to produce any evidence that appellant had any knowledge that her license was suspended. Appellant then testified on her own behalf, effectively withdrawing the motion for judgment of acquittal. See Warfield v. State, 315 Md. 474, 487, 554 A.2d 1238 (1989)(“When a defendant offers evidence on his own behalf after his motion for acquittal is denied, the motion is withdrawn and not subject to review.“). Defense counsel then made a motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of all evidence, but did not make any particularized argument in support of the motion, and did not expressly renew, submit, or otherwise adopt the arguments he had previously raised.
It is clear from the record that the trial court assumed that defense counsel‘s motion at the close of all evidence was intended to incorporate and renew the arguments he had presented in support of his previous motion, and the court addressed those arguments in rendering its determination. Because defense counsel did not make any particularized
II
When a question before this Court requires our review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we consider, “‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.‘” Bordley v. State, 205 Md.App. 692, 716, 46 A.3d 1204 (2012) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)); accord Smith v. State, 415 Md. 174, 184, 999 A.2d 986 (2010); see also Breakfield v. State, 195 Md.App. 377, 392-393, 6 A.3d 381 (2010) (opining that the limited question before this Court is not “whether the evidence should have or probably would have persuaded the majority of fact finders but only whether it possibly could have persuaded any rational fact finder.“) (citation omitted) (emphasis in original).
This Court defers to the “unique opportunity” of the fact-finder to “view the evidence and to observe first-hand the demeanor and to assess the credibility of witnesses.” Bordley, 205 Md.App. at 717, 46 A.3d 1204 (citing Smith, 415 Md. at 185, 999 A.2d 986). We further decline to second guess any reasonable inferences drawn by the fact-finder, or to reweigh the fact-finder‘s resolution of conflicting evidence. Id. “If the evidence ‘either showed directly, or circumstantially, or supported a rational inference of facts which could fairly convince a trier of fact of the defendant‘s guilt of the offenses charged beyond a reasonable doubt,’ then we will affirm the conviction.” Bible v. State, 411 Md. 138, 156, 982 A.2d 348 (2009) (quoting State v. Stanley, 351 Md. 733, 750, 720 A.2d 323 (1998)).
We independently assess the evidence presented in the instant case to determine, de novo, whether it was legally sufficient to sustain appellant‘s convictions. See, e.g., Walker v. State, 206 Md.App. 13, 41, 47 A.3d 590 (2012)(quoting Polk v. State, 183 Md.App. 299, 306, 961 A.2d 603 (2008), for the proposition, “[a]n assessment of the legal sufficiency of the evidence is not an evidentiary issue but a substantive issue, with respect to which an appellate court makes its own independent judgment, as a matter of law.“).
III
The Maryland MVA tracks drivers’ violations of the motor vehicle laws through a points system.
Driving with a suspended license is a statutory offense proscribed by
Knowledge is an essential element of driving with a suspended license. See State v. McCallum, 321 Md. 451, 457, 583 A.2d 250 (1991) (“[M]ens rea is required for the charge of driving while suspended.“). In order to prove that an individual had the requisite mens rea at the time of the offense, the State must present evidence that the defendant either had actual knowledge that his or her drivers’ license was suspended, or that the defendant was deliberately ignorant or willfully blind to the suspension. Rice, 136 Md.App. at 604, 766 A.2d 663 (adopting the analysis set forth in McCallum, 321 Md. at 458, 583 A.2d 250 (Chasnow, J., concurring)). Actual knowledge exists when a person has “an actual awareness or an actual belief that a fact exists.” Id. at 601, 766 A.2d 663 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting McCallum, 321 Md. at 458, 583 A.2d 250 (Chasnow, J., concurring)). Deliberate ignorance, on the other hand, exists when a person “believes it is probable that something is a fact but deliberately shuts his or her eyes or avoids making reasonable inquiry with a conscious purpose to avoid learning the truth.” Id.
A driver is statutorily required to inform the MVA of any changes in their mailing address within thirty days of moving from the address shown on his or her license.
In the instant case, the record indicates that appellant‘s driver‘s license was previously suspended in May of 1998 after appellant failed to appear at a hearing in the District Court to contest a citation for driving without a license. In July of 2009 the MVA reinstated appellant‘s license after appellant paid the outstanding ticket and accepted the assessment of five points against her drivers’ license. Because five points had been assessed against appellant‘s drivers’ license in less than two years, in August of 2009, at the direction of the MVA, appellant attended a point system conference.2
Appellant‘s drivers’ license was again suspended in December of 2010 after she failed to appear in the district court to contest a speeding ticket. That suspension was lifted on January 3, 2011, after appellant appeared at the courthouse and paid the outstanding fine. The speeding citation resulted in the assessment of another point against appellant‘s driver‘s license, as a result of which the MVA directed her to attend a driver improvement program. Appellant‘s failure to attend the required driver improvement program led to the third suspension of appellant‘s license in February of 2011, which remained in effect at the time she was pulled over on February 22, 2012.
At her trial, appellant testified that she did not know that her drivers’ license had been suspended until she was informed of that fact by the officer who pulled her over on February 22, 2012. Appellant explained that she was evicted from her apartment on January 4, 2011, and did not obtain another permanent residence until January of 2012, and therefore, she never received the MVA notices stating that she was required to attend a driver improvement program or that her license was suspended as a result of her failure to attend the
After appellant was cited for driving on a suspended license on February 22, 2012, she contacted the MVA and made arrangements to complete the required driver improvement program, which she did, on March 7, 2012. On March 8, 2012, appellant notified the MVA of her new address. Also on March 8, 2012, the suspension on appellant‘s drivers’ license was withdrawn and her license was reinstated.
Based on the evidence presented regarding the previous suspensions of appellant‘s drivers’ license and her attendance at a point system conference in August of 2009, a jury could reasonably infer that appellant knew that if she acquired any more points on her license within a two year period, she would be required to attend a driver improvement program. The jury could also infer that appellant knew that her drivers’ license would be suspended if she failed to attend the required program. Based on evidence that on January 3, 2011, appellant appeared at the courthouse and paid the speeding ticket she had received on July 4, 2010, the jury could conclude that appellant knew that an additional point had been assessed against her drivers’ license. Based on appellant‘s failure to notify the MVA regarding her change in address for more than a year, the jury could infer that appellant was deliberately avoiding contact with the MVA.
Once appellant paid the fine and had the additional point assessed against her, she had reason to believe that the MVA would take action, first to require her attendance at a driver improvement program, and should she fail to do so, to suspend her driving privilege. Appellant‘s intervening homelessness does not negate her knowledge that there would be conse-
We acknowledge that appellant‘s favored interpretation of the evidence is also reasonable, i.e., that because of her eviction and subsequent homelessness, appellant had not received any of the notices sent by the MVA and therefore, had no knowledge that she was required to attend a driver improvement program and that failure to do so would result in the suspension of her drivers’ license. See Neal v. State, 191 Md.App. 297, 991 A.2d 159 (2010) (” ‘Generally, if there are evidentiary facts sufficiently supporting the inference made by the trial court, the appellate court defers to the fact-finder.... ‘“). Indeed, defense counsel appropriately made arguments supporting appellant‘s interpretation of the evidence to the jury in his closing statement. Subsequently, the jury deliberated and made factual determinations that were contrary to appellant‘s favored interpretation, ultimately concluding that appellant was guilty of the charged offense. It is axiomatic that such factual determinations are best left to the jury. See, e.g., Smith, 415 Md. at 185, 999 A.2d 986 (“Because the fact-finder possesses the unique opportunity to view the evidence and to observe first-hand the demeanor and to assess the credibility of witnesses during their live testimony, we do not re-weigh the credibility of witnesses or attempt to resolve any conflicts in the evidence.“). “Although the jury could have
JURY INSTRUCTION REGARDING KNOWLEDGE ELEMENT OF OFFENSE
I
At the close of all evidence, the trial court instructed the jury on the law applicable in the case. As part of the jury instructions, the court gave the following jury instruction regarding the elements of the offense of driving with a suspended license:
The defendant is charged with driving a motor vehicle on a suspended license and privilege.
I will now describe the elements of this crime, and your function is to determine whether the elements of this crime have been proved to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt, and a Verdict Sheet will be provided to aid you in your deliberations.
For this offense, in order to convict a person of driving while the person‘s license to drive is suspended, the State must prove the following things:
(One) that the person who is charged was driving a motor vehicle.
(Two) that the person‘s license to drive was suspended at the time of the incident; and
(Three) that the person had actual knowledge or should have known of the suspension.
Neither appellant nor her attorney raised any objection to the instruction at trial and appellant concedes in her appeal that this issue was not properly preserved for appellate review. See
Appellant, nonetheless, urges this Court to exercise our discretion and review the instruction provided by the trial court for plain error. See
II
It is well established that “[a]n improper, objectionable instruction includes one that serves to relieve the state of its burden to prove a defendant‘s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Stabb v. State, 423 Md. 454, 464, 31 A.3d 922 (2011) (citing State v. Evans, 278 Md. 197, 207, 362 A.2d 629 (1976)). We review a trial court‘s decision to give or refuse to give an instruction under the abuse of discretion standard. Stabb, 423 Md. at 465, 31 A.3d 922. When deciding whether a trial court abused its discretion, we consider whether the requested instruction was a correct statement of the law, whether it was applicable under the facts of the case, and whether it was fairly covered in the instructions actually given. Id. (and cases cited therein).
Plain error is error that is “so material to the rights of the accused as to amount to the kind of prejudice which precluded an impartial trial.” Diggs v. State, 409 Md. 260, 286, 973 A.2d 796 (2009). An appellate court possesses “plenary discretion to notice plain error material to the rights of a defendant, even if the matter was not raised in the trial court.” Danna v. State, 91 Md.App. 443, 450, 605 A.2d 150, cert. denied, 327 Md. 627, 612 A.2d 257 (1992). See also
Even if an appellant is able to satisfy the threshold burden of proving a plain and material error, the Court need not recognize the error. Sine v. State, 40 Md.App. 628, 632, 394 A.2d 1206 (1978), cert. denied, 284 Md. 748 (1979). The Court will exercise its discretion to recognize plain error only when it is “compelling, extraordinary, exceptional or fundamental to assure the defendant a fair trial.” Brown v. State, 169 Md.App. 442, 457, 901 A.2d 846 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). In deciding whether an error is sufficiently compelling to justify plain error review, several pertinent factors are to be considered. They include: the opportunity to use an unpreserved contention as a vehicle for illuminating an area of law; the egregiousness of the trial court‘s error; the impact of the error on the defendant; and the degree of lawyerly diligence or dereliction. Morris v. State, 153 Md.App. 480, 518-24, 837 A.2d 248 (2003), cert. denied, 380 Md. 618, 846 A.2d 402 (2004). “In that regard, we review the materiality of the error in the context in which it arose, giving due regard to whether the error was purely technical, the product of conscious design or trial tactics or the result of bald inattention.” Alford v. State, 202 Md.App. 582, 617, 33 A.3d 1004 (2011).
Because of the difficulty of demonstrating facts that are sufficiently compelling to invoke plain error review, it remains “a rare, rare, phenomenon,” especially when the alleged error involves a missing or erroneous jury instruction. Morris, 153 Md.App. at 507, 837 A.2d 248. See also Martin v. State, 165 Md.App. 189, 196, 885 A.2d 339 (2005), cert. denied, 391 Md. 115, 892 A.2d 478 (2006) (The plain error hurdle,
III
Having reviewed the transcripts of appellant‘s trial and the applicable law, we agree with appellant that jury instruction that was provided by the trial court inaccurately stated the applicable law. Though no Maryland Court has specifically considered this issue in the context of a suspended drivers’ license, we are persuaded that generally, evidence that an individual “should have known” a fact is not sufficient to prove that the individual either had actual knowledge of the fact or was deliberately ignorant of the fact. See McCallum, 321 Md. at 461, 583 A.2d 250 (“Deliberate ignorance requires a conscious purpose to avoid enlightenment; a showing of mere negligence or mistake is not sufficient. Also, ‘deliberate ignorance’ is a form of knowledge, not a substitute for knowledge. Therefore, if [the defendant] actually believed that his driver‘s license was not suspended, he could not be guilty of the offense.” (Chasanow, J., concurring)); see also One 1988 Jeep Cherokee VIN No. 1JCMT7898JT159481 v. City of Salisbury, 98 Md.App. 676, 682, 635 A.2d 21 (1994) (distinguishing the subjective standard of actual knowledge, which requires a specific awareness, from the more objective “should have known” standard, which queries what a reasonable person would have known under similar circumstances (citing J. Chasanow‘s concurring opinion in McCallum, 321 Md. 451, 583 A.2d 250, in the accompanying footnote); see also United States v. Campbell, 977 F.2d 854, 857 (4th Cir.1992) (opining that where the statute requires actual subjective knowledge or “willful blindness,” evidence of what an individual objectively should have known was not sufficient to support conviction).3
In order to be “extraordinary,” and thus cognizable on review, an error must be more than prejudicial, indeed, more than merely reversible, had the error been properly preserved. Morris, 153 Md.App. at 511, 837 A.2d 248. Having reviewed the record and the arguments of the parties, we are not persuaded that the trial court‘s error in the instant case was either so obvious or so egregious as to require plain error review.
We note that there is no pattern jury instruction for the statutory offense of driving with a suspended license. The plain language of the statute proscribing driving with a suspended license does not include knowledge of the suspension as an element of the offense.
In the instant case, the record does not include copies of any jury instructions that were requested by either party. The transcript of appellant‘s trial does not include any discussion that may have occurred between the court and counsel regarding the content of the jury instructions. Neither party raised any objection to the jury instructions that were provided. Nor do any other recorded comments of counsel or the judge provide much insight regarding those individuals’ knowledge of the applicable law. It is not clear, therefore, what references the court consulted to craft the language of the jury instruction regarding the elements of the offense with which appellant was charged.
Because judges are presumed to know the law, we infer that the trial court‘s error was the result of the court‘s effort to make the instructions easier for the jury to understand by substituting the commonly used phrase “knew or should have known” for the more legally accurate standard requiring either actual knowledge or deliberate ignorance. The trial court did clearly instruct the jury that the State was required to prove every element of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. We discern nothing in the challenged jury instruction regarding the elements of the offense that negated the State‘s burden to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that appellant had some knowledge, either actual or constructive, of the suspension. Moreover, during the State‘s closing argument, the prosecutor clarified that knowledge could be manifested as either actual knowledge or deliberate ignorance. Thus, the jury was informed about the correct legal standard, albeit not in the instructions from the court.
While we acknowledge the subtle legal distinction between the jury‘s consideration of whether an individual “should have known” a fact or whether a person was “willfully ignorant” of a fact, we are not persuaded that the outcome of the instant case would have been any different had the jury been accurately instructed by the trial court about the knowledge
In light of the nature of the case, the limited guidance available to assist the trial court in crafting its jury instructions as to the elements of the offense, and the absence of any timely objection from either party which would have notified the court regarding its easily corrected error, we conclude that the trial court‘s misstatement of the knowledge element of the offense of driving with a suspended license was not so egregious or extraordinary that this Court is compelled to undertake plain error review.
INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
I
Conceding that defense counsel failed to object to the erroneous jury instruction, appellant next urges this Court to consider whether defense counsel‘s failure to properly preserve her argument at trial constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Generally, absent any “objective, uncontroverted, or conceded error,” the issue of defense counsel‘s effectiveness is raised most appropriately in a post-conviction proceeding. Haile v. State, 431 Md. 448, 473, 66 A.3d 600 (2013). This is so, because “ordinarily, the trial record does not illuminate the basis for the challenged acts or omissions of counsel.” In re Parris W., 363 Md. 717, 726, 770 A.2d 202 (2001).
An appellant asserting ineffective assistance of counsel must show (1) “that counsel‘s performance was deficient,” and, (2) “that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). To prove deficient performance, an appellant must identify acts or omissions of his attorney that were objectively unreasonable in comparison to prevailing professional norms. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (“[T]he defendant must show that counsel‘s representa-
The record in this case does not include any information regarding what sources the court consulted or what input counsel might have had in crafting the language of the erroneous jury instruction. We note that though neither attorney raised any objection to the instruction and both attorneys adopted the same incorrect language in their closing arguments, it is clear from the record that the prosecutor, as least, knew that the State was required to prove either actual knowledge or deliberate ignorance on the part of appellant in order to support a conviction. Whether defense counsel‘s failure to object to the erroneous jury instruction arose from strategy, distraction, mistake, or ignorance cannot be discerned from the record before us.
Appellant asserts that there is no “sound trial strategy” that would explain defense counsel‘s failure to properly preserve appellant‘s argument regarding the erroneous jury instruction for appellate review. The record clearly indicates, however, that appellant‘s attorney was aware that what facts were within appellant‘s knowledge at the time she was cited was a question of fact for the jury. Throughout appellant‘s trial, defense counsel argued that due to her eviction and subsequent homelessness, there was no way appellant could have known about the suspension of her license. The State, in response, asserted that any ignorance on the part of appellant regarding her license status was the result of her own failure to properly notify the MVA about her change in address in a timely manner. Defense counsel might have strategically declined to object to the erroneous instruction believing that a sympathetic jury, while unable to escape the fact that appellant had not informed the MVA of her new address in a timely manner, would be unlikely to conclude that appellant, who was
This is not a case like Testerman v. State, 170 Md.App. 324, 335, 340, 907 A.2d 294 (2006), where the undisputed facts were clearly insufficient to establish a required element of the offense, and none of the hundreds of cases considering similar issues would have supported the defendant‘s conviction. In this case, several key facts were in dispute and had to be resolved by the jury. Further, as we noted above, the question addressed in this case is not a well-settled matter of law. There have been few published cases addressing the judicially appended knowledge element of the statutory offense of driving with a suspended license and none have required the Court to consider the instructions that were provided to the jury regarding the elements of that offense. McCallum, 321 Md. at 457, 583 A.2d 250; Rice, 136 Md.App. at 604, 766 A.2d 663. Compare Testerman, 170 Md.App. at 340, 907 A.2d 294 (noting that not one of the “hundreds” of reported cases from any state would support the defendant‘s conviction on the basis of the critical facts, which were not in dispute). Because neither the facts nor the law in the instant case were so conclusively established as to be immutable upon subsequent review, we are unable to decide appellant‘s ineffective assistance claim at this time.
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR HARFORD COUNTY AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.
Notes
Campbell, 977 F.2d at 857.I caution you that the willful blindness charge does not authorize you to find that the defendant acted knowingly because she should have known what was occurring ..., or that in the exercise of hindsight she should have known what was occurring or because she was negligent in failing to recognize what was occurring or even because she was reckless or foolish in failing to recognize what was occurring. Instead, the Government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant purposely and deliberately contrived to avoid learning all of the facts.