State v. . StewartState v. . Stewart
Thе prisoners were indicted for the murder of Leon George and Sam Lilly and upon conviction of murder in the first degree they appealed from the judgment pronounced thereon.
The State‘s theory was substantially as follows: On 29 July, 1924, between 4 and 5, afternoon, W. H. Russell saw the deceased Leon George and Sam Lilly, officers of the law, at the Chinnis store. They had a Ford touring car in which were a small whiskey still and an Airedale terrier. They took out the still, said they were on the trial of Elmer Stewart, and went away in the direction of Bob‘s Branch. Russell lived a half-mile from the Chinnis store and within fifty yards of the prisoners. After returning home he went to the Stewart house and told the prisoners what he had seen and heard. They inquired as to the still and the direction in whiсh the officers had gone. Elmer Stewart then brought up a Dodge touring car and his father, C. W. Stewart, told him the buckshot shells were in his trunk and gave him a bunch of keys. In a few minutes they passed Russell‘s home in the Dodge car going towards the place where the dead bodies of the officers were afterwards found.
The officers after leaving the Chinnis store crossed over Bob‘s Branch and later in the afternoon were seen coming back by the home of David Hooper and passing down into the branch. In a few minutes the Hoopers and Fuller McFadden heard shots together with threats and profane language. In a few minutes thereafter the dead bodies of the two officers and the dog were found a few yards from the branch. George was in the front seat of the car, the dog on the back seat, and Lilly on the ground behind the car. All the buckshot were fired from the front, but the bullet in George‘s head entered from the right. The officers’ car did not stop running until the guns fired; but after the firing had ceased another car was heard to turn around about 228 feet from the scene of the homicide. The car had U.S. cord tires and the track was followed into the Fuller McFadden road and thence to the prisoners’ garage. On the edge of the road near the Ford car at an elevation of about 7 1/2 feet and about 88 feet distant from the car was a trampled or standing place. Soon after the shots were heard the prisoners returned home, the elder carrying a gun and the younger two pistols. The buckshot found in the bodies of the deceased and the buckshot shells found on the ground where the shooting occurred were identical with those found in the Stewart garage.
After they returned home Elmer Stewart went away in a Ford truck and C. W. Stewart spent the night away from home. There was evidence that C. W. Stewart went to Amos Wallace‘s hоuse the same night and made a confession of his guilt, reciting the various circumstances which
The defense was a complete denial of the State‘s theory, and an alibi. The prisoners contended they had hidden a condenser on Fuller McFadden‘s land and on the afternoon in question had gone there to see whether it could be fitted to a certain apparatus used by Elmer Stewart in the swamp, and, finding that it could not, had left it in the woods. They denied having a gun or pistol; denied any admission or confession; and contested the truth of all the material evidence offered by the State. The exceptions are stated in the opinion. Before their arraignment the prisoners filed a plea in abatement and moved to quash the indictment on the ground that the bill had been considered, passed upon, and approved by the grand jury when only thirteen of its members were present. This body, serving for a period of six months, had been impaneled and charged at a former term; but when the indictment was found five of the number were unavoidably absent. All who were present voted to endorse and return the indictment “a true bill.” Afterwards two of the absent members came in, but took no part in finding the indictment or returning it into court.
There was no error in denying the motion to abate the prosecution. At common law the indictment was sufficient if twelve members of the grand jury assented. In Rex v. Marsh, 6 A. & E., 237 (112 Eng. Reports, 89), it is said: “It is sufficient that twelve found the bill. An indictment is `an accusation found by an inquest of twelve or more upon their oath‘; Co. Litt., 126 b. In 2 Hale‘s P. C., 154, it is stated that the sheriff, on precept to him, is to return twenty-four or more persons, out of whom the grand inquest is to be taken and sworn; and at p. 161 it is said that, `If there be thirteen or more of the grand inquest, a presentment by less than twelve ought not to be; but if there be twelve assenting, though some of the rest of their number dissent, it is a good presentment.’ In Com. Dig., indictment is said to be an accusation, `found by a proper jury of twelve men‘; and the same definition (as to number) is given in 4 Hawk, P. C., 1, book 2, ch. 25 (7th ed. by Leach). In 4 Bla. Com., 306, it is said that `to find a bill, there must at least twelve of the jury agree‘; and `no man can be
With reference to the number necessary to the finding of an indictment the common law obtains in North Carolina and is not affected by the provision that the eighteen jurors first drawn shall be a grand jury for the court.
During the progress of the trial at the request of counsel for the prisоners and with the consent of the State, the court, the jury, the prisoners and all the attorneys, except one of those representing the prisoners, went to the scene of the homicide. There the court was opened in the usual way and the prosecuting officer suggested that the position of the Ford car and the trampled spot be pointеd out by the witnesses, but the prisoners objected to the taking of any evidence. Thereupon L. R. Early, who had previously testified in the courthouse as to the position of the Ford car, the dead bodies, the place where the other car had turned around, and other circumstances, was permitted to identify the several places to which he had rеferred and certain land-marks by which he was guided; and A. A. Nelms and R. C. Fergus indicated places where shells and wadding had been found. Mattie Hooper, also was introduced as a witness for the State. She lived near the place of the homicide and testified as to what she had seen and heard at the time the shooting took place.
The prisoners have vigorously assailed this entire proceeding and have insisted that their rights were thereby impaired and their defense materially prejudiced.
After the examination of the witnesses just referred to the court returned to Southport and reconvened in the courthouse. Thereafter (the time is not definitely fixed) the judge struck from the record the entire testimony of Mattie Hоoper and directed the jury not to consider it and to disregard any impression it might have created. He also instructed them not to consider the result of their “crouching observation” from one of the places pointed out by L. R. Early.
The power of the court to withdraw incompetent evidence and to instruct the jury not to consider it has long been reсognized in this
But a graver question is raised by the exception of the prisoners to the taking of any evidence at the place of the homicide. They say their request for the jury to visit the scene resulted in the introduction of a novel mode of developing the evidence which was without warrant in criminal рrocedure and destructive to their defense.
Under the practice at common law, the power to order a view by the jury in certain civil actions rested in the sound discretion of the court, and by 4 and 5 Anne, ch. 16, it was seemingly extended to all civil actions, while in criminal actions there could be no rule for a view without mutual consent. This statute was repealed by 6 George IV, ch. 50, by which it was provided that a view should be ordered if necessary in any case, civil or criminal. The officer serving the writ was commanded to have six or more of the jurors to go to the place in question, at some convenient time before the trial; and the place was to be designated by two persons appointed by the cоurt. 1 Reeves’ His. Eng. Law, 435; Reg. v. Whalley, 61 E. C. L. R., 376; Thompson on Trials, 665. Thompson says that in criminal cases there was no warrant in the English practice for sending the jury out to make a view, except when such a course was authorized by statute. Trials, Vol. sec. 8, 895. In several of the States such statutes have been enacted; but in S. v. Perry, 121 N.C. 533, it was held that the courts have inherent authority in their search for the truth to resort to this procedure. It was held, too, that evidence should not be taken on such occasions, the object being merely to present the scene to the jury more vividly than is possible by the description of witnesses. It was suggested that, under the settled practice, “showers” should be appointed by the court to point
Chiefly upon S. v. Perry, supra, the prisoners rest their exception to the taking of the evidence at Bob‘s Branch; but that decision is applicable to cases in which the “showers” make known to the jury the scene described, and evidently was not intended to cover the facts embraced in the present record. Here there was a sharp conflict as to whether the prisoners were near the place where the Ford car was standing when the dead men were found. The car had been removed to Wilmington for storage, and it was essential to show the place where it had been found, and its distance at that time from other identified places. The prisoners requested a view of the locality, and accordingly the court, the jury, the solicitor, the prisoners, two of their attorneys, and certain witnesses went to the place where the homicide had occurred. The court held a short session there, and admitted evidence tending to identify the several disputed spots. The witnesses who testified on behalf of the State werе, of course, subject to the prisoners’ right of cross-examination. Indeed, with one exception, all these witnesses were in fact cross-examined.
The cardinal objection urged to this procedure was the asserted disregard of the statutory provision that a Superior Court shall be held by a judge thereof at the courthouse of each county.
While, under the singular circumstances of this case, we find no reversible error in permitting the witnesses to identify the place where the crime was committed, we must not be understood as commending
The prisoners excepted to the exclusion of evidence tending to show that the deceased officers had a warrant for some one other than the prisoners, and that certain persons in no way connected with the trial had made threats against these officers, or one of them, or had both an opportunity and a motive for committing the crime with which the prisoners were charged. The object was to prove that the homicide had been committed by a third party. This is not permissible under the instant faсts. A recent and learned discussion of the question by Mr. Justice Walker appears in S. v. Lane, 166 N.C. 333, 338, in which, with citation of authorities, there is a clear statement of the principle upon which the ruling is made to rest.
The exceptions presented in the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth assignments of error relate to instructions in reference to the law of conspiracy and flight; but in these instruсtions we see no ground for a new trial. As to conspiracy, the judge substantially charged the law as set forth in several decisions of this Court involving the doctrine that each party to a criminal conspiracy is the agent of all the others, so that an act done by one in furtherance of the unlawful design is the act of all. There was evidence of such conspiracy, but none of repentance or withdrawal by either party before the crime was committed. S. v. Connor, 179 N.C. 752. Flight, it is true, is not in itself an admission of guilt; but, when established, it is a fact which, together with a series of other circumstances, may be so associated with the fact in issue as, in the relation of cause and effect, to lead to a satisfactory conclusion. сonsidered in its proper setting and in its relation to other parts of the charge, the instruction complained of, as we understand it, imports only this — that the jury might consider evidence of flight in connection with other circumstances in passing upon the question whether the combined circumstances were tantamount to an implied admission of guilt, and not that flight per se constitutes such an admission or raises a presumption of guilt. When so considered, the instruction is in accord with the authorities in this jurisdiction. S. v. Tate, 161 N.C. 280; S. v. Hairston, 182 N.C. 851. His Honor took care to say that neither flight nor attempted concealment created a presumption of premeditation and deliberation. S. v. Foster, 130 N.C. 666.
The court‘s alleged refusal to give a special prayer as to the requisitеs of circumstantial evidence forms the twenty-third assignment of error. Upon this phase of the case his Honor‘s charge was in strict conformity with the law as laid down in S. v. Wilcox, 132 N.C. 1120 and other decisions, and was as favorable to the prisoners as they could reasonably demand.
The prayer set out in the twenty-fourth assignment is open to the objection that it recites an abstrаct proposition of law based upon a philosophical discussion of the difference between a confession of evidence and evidence of a confession without applying the proposition in any way to the testimony of the witnesses. The instruction, for this reason, if for no other, was properly declined. S. v. Rash, 34 N.C. 382; S. v. Murph, 60 N.C. 129; S. v. Anderson, 92 N.C. 733; S. v. Speaks, 94 N.C. 865.
Exceptions to the rеmaining prayers are so clearly without merit as to require no discussion. Assuredly, the judge would not have been justified in telling the jury there was no evidence tending to prove the guilt of Elmer Stewart; and so much of the other prayers as the prisoners were entitled to is embodied in the charge.
On Sunday morning the jury announced that they had reached a verdict, and the follоwing proceeding took place:
“The Court: Gentlemen, have you agreed on a verdict?
“The Jury: Yes, sir; we have.
“The Court: Who shall speak for you?
“The Jury: The foreman.
“The Court: Gentlemen of the jury, look upon the prisoners. What say you as to C. W. Stewart and Elmer Stewart? Are they guilty of the murder whereof they stand charged, or not guilty?
“The Foreman: Guilty, with the mercy of the court.
“The Court: Guilty of what?
“The Foreman: Guilty of murder in the first degree.
“The Court: You find them both guilty of murder in the first degree?
“The Foreman: Yes, sir, with the mercy of the court.
“Counsel for the defendants asked that the jury be polled.
“The Court: All right. Mr. Clerk, call the jury.
“And each of the jurors answered `Yes.’
“The Court: By polling the jury, it means that each one of you is asked the question as to whether or not you did find the prisoners guilty of murder in thе first degree. That is true, is it?
“All of the jurors answered `Yes.‘”
The prisoners made a motion in arrest of judgment, on the ground that the verdict was too indefinite, and a motion to correct the verdict, and excepted to the denial of each motion. In refusing these motions
After bestowing upon the record, the briefs, and the oral argument the care and reflection which the gravity of the crime demands, we perceive no error which entitles the prisoners, or either of them, to a new trial.
No error.