STATE OF MARYLAND v. MARCUS ANGELO BOONE
No. 20, September Term, 1978.
Court of Appeals of Maryland
Decided November 16, 1978.
Geraldine Kenney Sweeney, Assistant Public Defender, with whom was Alan H. Murrell, Public Defender, on the brief, for appellee.
ORTH, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. COLE, J., filed an opinion dissenting in part and concurring in part at page 18 infra.
On our review of the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals upon grant of the State‘s petition for the issuance of a writ of certiorari, we agree with the claim of Marcus Angelo Boone, as did the intermediate appellate court on direct appeal, that his convictions in the Circuit Court for Prince George‘s County of two offenses of receiving stolen goods resulted from an unreasonable seizure prohibited by the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.1 We therefore affirm the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals, with modification as hereinafter set forth, which reversed the judgments of the circuit court. Boone v. State, 39 Md. App. 20, 383 A. 2d 412 (1978).
I
Boone was found guilty in the circuit court2 upon two arrest warrants which, as amended, charged him with receiving stolen goods under the value of $100 as proscribed by
The Legislature has provided that “[w]henever the tenant under any lease of property, express or implied, verbal or written, shall fail to pay the rent when due and payable, it shall be lawful for the landlord to have again and repossess the premises so rented.”
Boone rented an apartment in Prince George‘s County and, upon his failure to pay the rent when due, appropriate proceedings pursuant to
Mach, accompanied by a crew of movers, went to the building in which Boone resided. After determining at the rental office that the rent due had not been paid, he went to Boone‘s “top-floor standard one-bedroom apartment,” with the movers and the resident manager. He testified: “I knocked on the door. There was no answer. We unlocked the doors and entered the apartment. I searched the premises for contraband, money, weapons, things that we normally don‘t put out on the street.” The search was thorough. It included going through closets, furniture drawers, clothing and boxes. Mach characterized such a search as “standard procedure,” but the authority for it and the limitations on its scope, if any, were not fully disclosed. Whether it was pursuant to rule, regulation, directive or direction of the Sheriff, or simply Mach‘s method of operation does not appear in the record before us. Mach indicated that there were some items which he would “hold for the owner.” He explained: “That would be handguns, jewelry,... weapons, things that you don‘t put out on the street because they would be a health hazard or dangerous.”4 Asked specifically about checks, credit cards and personal papers belonging to the occupant of the premises, he said: “If they belonged to the occupant, I would put them in a dresser drawer or a box or a bag and remove them.” They would go out on the street with the other articles in the apartment. Mach searched the bedroom last, after he had searched the living room and kitchen. He found the credit cards in a walk-in closet in the bedroom. He was not sure of the exact location of the cards. “They may have been on the
At the time Mach seized the credit cards and checkbook he did not know that they had been stolen. He subsequently called Ms. Acevedo, whose telephone number and address were listed on the checkbook, “[t]o find out if it was stolen.” Ms. Acevedo informed Mach that the checkbook had been stolen and that Lennon was the investigating officer. Mach then contacted Lennon who said he would ascertain whether there were any outstanding reports of thefts from Flynn or Masterson. It seems that Flynn had reported the thefts, but there had been no report to the police of the theft of the Masterson credit card at the time Mach seized it. Mach turned the credit cards and checkbook over to Lennon. The trial court denied the motion to suppress, and the items Mach seized were received in evidence during trial on the merits.
II
The State would invoke the doctrine of abandonment to justify the seizure of the evidence. We have recognized that “[w]ithout question, abandoned property does not fall within that category in which one has a legitimate expectation of privacy to bring it within the protection of the Fourth Amendment, but whether property is abandoned is generally a question of fact based upon evidence of a combination of act and intent.” Everhart v. State, 274 Md. 459, 483, 337 A. 2d 100 (1975). In Venner v. State, 279 Md. 47, 51-52 and 59, 367 A. 2d 949, cert. denied, 431 U. S. 932 (1977), we adopted and applied the criteria for testing the Fourth Amendment‘s applicability enunciated by Mr. Justice Harlan in his
“[T]here is a twofold requirement, first that a person have exhibited an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy and, second, that the expectation be one that society is prepared to recognize as ‘reasonable.’ Thus a man‘s home is, for most purposes, a place where he expects privacy....”
We have also noted that one of the exceptions to the general rule, that a search of private premises should be pursuant to a legally issued warrant, permits the search of a dwelling unit which has been vacated and abandoned by its former occupants. Buettner v. State, 233 Md. 235, 239, 196 A. 2d 465 (1964). In other words, “one who abandons or discards property cannot complain with effect of the later seizure of such property by the police, or of its use against him in court.” Henderson v. Warden, 237 Md. 519, 523, 206 A. 2d 793 (1965). See Matthews v. State, 237 Md. 384, 387-388, 206 A. 2d 714 (1965). The Deputy Sheriff was lawfully on the premises by virtue of the duly issued warrant of restitution. But he was there for one purpose, to enable the landlord to have the premises again. To accomplish this, the Deputy Sheriff had statutory authority to remove all the goods on the premises. His duties with respect to the goods, as far as the record before us shows, ordinarily ended when he removed them from the premises. They were simply placed on the street at the risk of the tenant. The Deputy Sheriff was concerned, however, and with sound cause, we think, about placing on the street contraband and goods which “would be a health hazard or dangerous.” In order to prevent this, it was “standard procedure” to search for such items before clearing the premises, and, apparently, when such articles were found, they would be taken into custody. We need not decide whether, in such circumstances, a search of the premises is constitutionally proscribed as unreasonable. Nor need we decide if it would be unreasonable to seize, rather than place on the street,6 contraband and articles which
III
The State claims that even if the credit cards be deemed not to have been abandoned, there was no Fourth Amendment intrusion because the actions of the Deputy Sheriff amounted to no more than the taking of an inventory. It urges us to adopt the view that the taking of an inventory by enforcement authorities under a community caretaking function is not a search to be tested under Fourth Amendment strictures.
We reviewed the law regarding the Fourth Amendment and police community caretaking functions in Duncan and Smith v. State, supra. We accepted for the purpose of decision, but expressly did not decide, that the taking of an inventory by the police under their community caretaking function is a “search.” Duncan, 281 Md. at 253, n. 1. Police caretaking functions are ordinarily with respect to automobiles; “[t]he search of an automobile is one of the class of carefully defined
IV
The State further suggests that assuming arguendo that Boone “retained a reasonable expectation of privacy in the credit cards and checkbook, that the inventory thereof constituted a Fourth Amendment intrusion, and that an inventory is not another exception to the warrant requirement, the intrusion was valid under the plain view doctrine because the credit cards and checkbook were immediately incriminating evidence.” This notion, as the Court of Special Appeals readily perceived, is laid to rest by our discussion of the “plain view doctrine” in State v. Wilson, 279 Md. 189, 367 A. 2d 1223 (1977). Noting that the “plain view” exception was enunciated in the plurality opinion in Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U. S. 443, 464-473, 91 S. Ct. 2022 (1971), we said:
“This doctrine serves to supplement a previously justified intrusion, such as a search warrant for other property, and permits a warrantless seizure. Id. at 466. The exception, on the other hand, may not be used to expand a justified, but limited, intrusion into a general exploratory search of a person‘s belongings until something incriminating at last emerges. Id. at 466-67. To confine the exception within these boundaries, the Court prohibited the use of any evidence seized outside the warrant unless (1) the police have a prior justification for the intrusion; (2) they find the evidence in plain view; (3) they find it inadvertently; and (4) it is ‘immediately apparent to the police that they have evidence before them,’ id. at 466-71.” Wilson, 279 Md. at 194-195.
Here, as in Wilson, we need look no further than the fourth requirement. We observed in Wilson that “[t]his element, in essence, amounts to a requirement that police have probable cause to believe the evidence is incriminating before they
“‘... There must, of course, be a nexus — automatically provided in the case of fruits, instrumentalities or contraband — between the item to be seized and criminal behavior. Thus in the case of “mere evidence,” probable cause must be examined in terms of cause to believe that the evidence sought will aid in a particular apprehension or conviction.‘” 279 Md. at 196.
We concluded:
“Under the Hayden formulation, so long as police have probable cause to believe that what they see is contraband, or the fruit or instrumentality of some unspecified criminal activity, they may seize the object.” Id.
Whether we regard the credit cards as the “fruit of crime” or “mere evidence,” the record fails to show that the Deputy Sheriff had probable cause to seize them. We are in full accord with the findings of the Court of Special Appeals:
“Mach clearly did not have probable cause to believe the credit cards were incriminating before he seized them. In fact, he testified that he had no knowledge that the cards were stolen. The presence of credit cards bearing several different names creates ‘no more than a mere suspicion that any of the [credit cards] were stolen.’ Like Wilson, the incriminating nature of the evidence became apparent only after the seizure.” Boone v. State, 39 Md. App. at 33. See Wilson, 279 Md. at 197-198.
We hold that the seizure of the credit cards was not justified under the plain view doctrine.
We have found no substance in the reasons advanced by the State in support of its claim that the seizure of the credit cards was not constitutionally proscribed. On the contrary, we believe it clear that the seizure was unreasonable within the contemplation of the Fourth Amendment and thus prohibited by it. It follows that our ultimate holding is that the trial court erred in denying Boone‘s motion to suppress the challenged evidence. This error, of course, was prejudicial. See Dorsey v. State, 276 Md. 638, 646-659, 350 A. 2d 665 (1976). We are, therefore, in accord with the reversal by the Court of Special Appeals of the judgments entered in the trial court.
The Court of Special Appeals precluded a retrial, citing Gray v. State, 254 Md. 385, 255 A. 2d 5 (1969), cert. denied, 397 U. S. 944 (1970). In Gray we concluded “that the practice of remanding for a new trial after reversal for insufficiency of the evidence rather than remanding for entry of a judgment of acquittal, is permissible.” Id. at 393. We spelled out certain actions to be taken by the reviewing court depending upon the state of the record before it. One was that if the record indicates that no additional probative evidence can be adduced by the State, the entry of a judgment of acquittal should be directed. Id. at 397. We said:
“[I]f the record before the Court of Special Appeals indicates that additional probative evidence of guilt can be adduced by the State at another trial necessitated by the insufficiency of the evidence, a new trial should be awarded after a reversal if the interests of justice appear to require it. If the record indicates that no additional probative evidence can be so adduced, the entry of a judgment of acquittal should be directed. If the Court of Special Appeals cannot determine from the record whether or not additional probative evidence can be produced on a retrial, and the interests of justice appear to require it, the Court should vacate the judgment and remand the case with directions to the trial court (a) to hold
a new trial if the State within a specified time can satisfy the court that it can produce additional probative evidence, or (b) to enter a judgment of acquittal if the State cannot preliminarily so satisfy the court.” Id. at 397.
Gray was decided in the frame of reference of “another trial necessitated by the insufficiency of the evidence.” We learned from Burks v. United States, 437 U. S. 1, 98 S. Ct. 2141 (1978) and Greene v. Massey, 437 U. S. 19, 98 S. Ct. 2151 (1978), that as the Supreme Court now construes the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Constitution of the United States, we were wrong. In Mackall v. State, 283 Md. 100, 114, 387 A. 2d 762 [, 770] (1978) we declared that Gray was no longer the law of this State.
In Burks the Supreme Court was squarely presented with the question whether a defendant may be tried a second time when a reviewing court has determined that in a prior trial the evidence was insufficient to sustain the verdict of the jury. 437 U. S. at 5 [, 98 S. Ct. at 2144]. It held that a defendant may not be retried in such circumstances. Recognizing that its holdings in this area were neither clear nor consistent, id. at 9 [, 98 S. Ct. at 2146], it stated that precedents to the contrary were no longer to be followed, id. at 12 [, 98 S. Ct. at 2147].7 In Greene the Court held that the standard announced in Burks was applicable to state prosecutions “[s]ince the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy is fully applicable to state criminal proceedings, Benton v. Maryland, [395 U. S. 784, 89 S. Ct. 2056 (1969)]. . . .” 437 U. S. at 24 [, 98 S. Ct. at 2154].
In reaching the determination in Burks of what it believed the Double Jeopardy Clause commands, the Court carefully distinguished between reversal for trial error and reversal
“[R]eversal for trial error, as distinguished from evidentiary insufficiency, does not constitute a decision to the effect that the government has failed to prove its case. As such it implies nothing with respect to the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Rather, it is a determination that a defendant has been convicted through a judicial process which is defective in some fundamental respect, e.g., incorrect receipt or rejection of evidence, incorrect instructions, or prosecutorial misconduct. When this occurs the accused has a strong interest in obtaining a fair readjudication of his guilt free from error, just as society maintains a valid concern for insuring that the guilty are punished.” Burks at 15 [, 98 S. Ct. at 2149].
On the other hand, when a conviction has been overturned due to a failure of proof at trial, the prosecution has had a fair chance to prove its case. “Moreover,” the Court observed, “such an appellate reversal means that the Government‘s case was so lacking that it should not have even been submitted to the jury. Since we necessarily afford absolute finality to a jury‘s verdict of acquittal — no matter how erroneous its decision — it is difficult to conceive how society has any greater interest in retrying a defendant when, on review, it is decided as a matter of law that the jury could not properly have returned a verdict of guilty.” Id. at 16 [, 98 S. Ct. at 2150].9
The point left unresolved by Burks-Greene is squarely before us. We decide it with the hope that we reach the same conclusion as that which will ultimately be reached by the Supreme Court. We find no clear direction in Burks and Greene. The Court did say in Burks that “[t]he Double Jeopardy Clause forbids a second trial for the purpose of affording the prosecution another opportunity to supply evidence which it failed to muster in the first proceeding,” and declared: “this is central to the objective of the prohibition against successive trials.” 437 U. S. at 11 [, 98 S. Ct. at 2147]. The Court iterated the substance of that statement in discussing a reversal for trial error as distinguished from
“The same cannot be said when a defendant‘s conviction has been overturned due to a failure of proof at trial, in which case the prosecution cannot complain of prejudice, for it has been given one fair opportunity to offer whatever proof it could assemble.” Id. at 16 [, 98 S. Ct. at 2149].
We think that these statements are to be fairly considered in the context of the State‘s attempting to prove its case through evidence which is not affected by a court ruling upon challenge. It is only then that the prosecution “has been given one fair opportunity to offer whatever proof it could assemble.” It is in such circumstance that the State is foreclosed from another opportunity “to supply evidence which it failed to muster in the first proceeding,” for it was satisfied, without being influenced by a ruling of the court, that the evidence it adduced was sufficient to prove the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt and was content to stand or fall on such evidence. When, however, the trial court commits error by excluding prosecution evidence, which if received, would have rebutted any claim of evidentiary insufficiency,12 we cannot conceive that the rationale of Burks would apply to prohibit a retrial. In such event, the evidentiary insufficiency would be due to trial error on the part of the court rather than by failure attributable to the prosecution to prove its case. See Burks, 437 U. S. at 16 [, 98 S. Ct. at 2149]. By the same token if the trial court erroneously admits evidence, resulting in reversal, as in the case before us, the State should not be precluded from retrial even though when such evidence is discounted there is evidentiary insufficiency. The prosecution, we believe, in proving its case is entitled to rely upon the correctness of the rulings of the court and proceed accordingly. If the evidence offered by the State is received after challenge and is legally
In short, we do not see Burks and Greene as requiring that an accused may not be retried upon a reversal predicated upon an incorrect ruling by the trial court as to the admission of evidence. This is so whether the discounting of the improperly received evidence results in evidentiary insufficiency or whether the exclusion of the improperly rejected evidence prevents evidentiary sufficiency. In the absence of a clear direction, we answer the question left open in Greene by holding, for the reasons indicated, that a retrial is not constitutionally proscribed when judgment is reversed on an appellate court‘s determination that evidence was erroneously admitted, even though without that evidence the trier of fact could not convict.
It follows that Boone may be retried. We are not privy to all the evidence available to the State, and what evidence it could possibly adduce is not reflected in the record before us. It may be that the charges can be proved without the admission of the illegally seized credit cards. In our opinion, the State, in the circumstances, is not constitutionally precluded from the opportunity to do so.
Judgment of the Court of Special Appeals modified in accordance with this opinion and as modified it is affirmed; costs to be paid by Prince George‘s County.
Cole, J., dissenting in part and concurring in part:
The appellee, Marcus Angelo Boone, was convicted on two counts of receiving stolen goods. The only evidence adduced at trial to support these convictions was illegally seized at the appellee‘s apartment. The majority holds that since the introduction of the tainted evidence constituted trial error, the case must be remanded for retrial even though the evidence remaining after deduction of the inadmissible material is legally insufficient. I disagree.
In Burks v. United States, 437 U. S. 1, 98 S. Ct. 2141 (1978), the Supreme Court held that where an appellate court rules that evidence adduced in a criminal proceeding is insufficient to convict, the Double Jeopardy Clause mandates the direction of a judgment of acquittal. Where there has been a trial error, however, the Court held that the proper remedy is remand and retrial. In holding that under the circumstances of this case the State is entitled to reprosecute the appellee, the majority has obfuscated the vital distinction between evidentiary insufficiency and trial error, and totally undermined the teachings of Burks, supra.
In distinguishing trial error1 from evidentiary insufficiency, the Supreme Court in Burks stated:
In short, reversal for trial error, as distinguished from evidentiary insufficiency, does not constitute
a decision to the effect that the government has failed to prove its case. As such, it implies nothing with respect to the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Rather, it is a determination that a defendant has been convicted through a judicial process which is defective in some fundamental respect. . . . Id.
Applying this distinction to the facts of the instant case, it is readily apparent that something more than mere trial error is involved. Here, reversal of the trial court‘s judgment necessarily constitutes “a decision to the effect that the government has failed to prove its case” because exclusion of the tainted material leaves the record virtually devoid of incriminating evidence. The proper remedy is therefore acquittal.
This result is fully consistent with any reasonable interpretation of the Burks principle. If this case involved only the erroneous admission of evidence, then under the
Moreover, the State‘s opportunity to offer proof was far more generous here than in the ordinary case where evidentiary insufficiency compels reversal. If this case had involved merely a failure of proof, the State would have had no opportunity to correct its failure because the motion for judgment of acquittal would have been made only after the close of the State‘s case. Rule 755. Here, however, the appellee‘s motion to exclude the tainted material afforded the State adequate notice of a potential flaw in its case while there was still time to produce additional evidence. In this instance, the State chose not to avail itself of this opportunity.
In an attempt to defend its position, the majority argues that a contrary result would require the State to marshall every piece of relevant and competent evidence and consider every evidentiary ruling by the trial court to be erroneous.
Finally, for all of its concern over the orderly and expeditious administration of justice, the majority has neglected to even mention the issue of fairness to the accused. The Double Jeopardy Clause embodies a fundamental principle of criminal justice. It is inconceivable that the framers of the Constitution would have intended that its proscription should be suspended for the sole purpose of permitting the introduction of additional evidence by the prosecution. The appellee here has been tried once and has successfully met the challenge demanded of him by law. The State, on the other hand, has failed to meet its burden of proof. It would be fundamentally unfair to permit the State the opportunity at this point to correct its own failure at the appellee‘s expense.
For the above stated reasons I must respectfully dissent.
Notes
“It would be a high price indeed for society to pay were every accused granted immunity from punishment because of any defect sufficient to constitute reversible error in the proceedings leading to conviction.” Burks v. United States, 437 U. S. 1, 15, 98 S. Ct. 2141 [, 2149] (1978).