STATE of Arizona, Respondent, v. Knute Eckhard KOLMANN, Petitioner.
No. CR-15-0172-PR.
Supreme Court of Arizona.
March 16, 2016.
367 P.3d 61
III. CONCLUSION
¶ 21 We reverse the court of appeals’ opinion and affirm the trial court‘s denial of American‘s motion for new trial. We remand the case to the court of appeals for consideration of issues raised but not decided on appeal, including the parties’ claims for attorneys’ fees, court costs, and other expenses.
Sheila Sullivan Polk, Yavapai County Attorney, Steven A. Young (argued), Deputy County Attorney, Prescott, Attorneys for State of Arizona.
Chief Justice BALES authored the opinion of the Court, in which Vice Chief Justice PELANDER, and Justices BRUTINEL, TIMMER, and BOLICK joined.
Chief Justice BALES, opinion of the Court.
¶ 1 We affirm the trial court‘s summary dismissal of claims for post-conviction relief asserting that defense counsel was ineffective and juror misconduct occurred when the judge, without objection, replaced a juror who said she could not judge anybody‘s guilt or innocence.
I.
¶ 2 A jury in 2010 found Knute Kolmann guilty on ten counts of sexual exploitation of a minor and one count of conspiracy to commit sexual exploitation of a minor. On the sixth day of trial, after the jury had deliberated for several hours, the jury foreperson sent the trial judge a note stating that juror L.M. wanted to discuss a personal matter. The judge, in the presence of counsel, called L.M. back into the courtroom and asked, “What is your concern?” L.M. replied, “did you say [earlier] there were some things we could not talk to you about?” After cautioning L.M. not to discuss “what is going on in the jury room or anything having to do with the deliberations,” the judge asked if she had some other personal matter concerning the jury‘s reconvening the next week. L.M. responded that she did not feel qualified to be a juror, stating “I feel like I can‘t judge anybody” and that she “was wrong” in not saying so earlier.
¶ 3 Counsel declined to question L.M. further. The judge asked L.M. if there was “anything more that [she] wanted to say on this issue” and if it was “just a matter of not feeling like [she] can make a judgment in this particular case.” She reaffirmed that she could not make a judgment for personal reasons but said nothing else. Without objection by counsel, the judge excused L.M. from the jury and replaced her with an alternate juror.
¶ 4 After excusing L.M., the judge instructed the remaining eleven jurors that when they were joined by the alternate juror, who had not “had the benefit of the discussions” that had occurred “already within the jury room,” they “to some extent . . . are going to have to start over again and involve her in discussions with regard to any individual and all of the counts, generally.” When the jury reconvened five days later with the alternate juror, it deliberated about seventy minutes and returned a verdict finding Kolmann guilty on all counts. The trial court imposed consecutive sentences of imprisonment totaling 155 years, and the court of appeals affirmed the convictions and sentences on appeal. State v. Kolmann, No. 1 CA-CR 10-0378, at *1 ¶ 1, 2012 WL 988582 (Ariz.App. March 22, 2012) (mem. decision).
¶ 5 In 2013, Kolmann filed a Rule 32 petition for post-conviction relief based on a 2013 affidavit by L.M., who stated she had asked to be dismissed in 2010 by telling the judge she “did not feel competent to be a juror or to judge anyone.” Noting that this was true, L.M. added that she especially did not want to stay on the jury because she was the only one not convinced of Kolmann‘s guilt, did not want to cause a hung jury, and was overwhelmed by the grave task of determining someone‘s guilt. L.M. said that one reason she did not feel competent was that she did not “understand the law well enough” and another reason was that while she was not convinced the defendant was innocent, she also was not convinced he was guilty. She noted that when she asked to be dismissed, she would have voted “not guilty” if the jury had taken a vote then. L.M. also recounted
¶ 6 Kolmann raised three claims in his petition for post-conviction relief related to L.M.‘s dismissal from the jury: ineffective assistance of trial counsel, ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, and juror misconduct. The trial court summarily dismissed the petition for failure to state a colorable claim. The court of appeals granted review but denied relief.
¶ 7 We granted review because the standard for summary dismissal of Rule 32 petitions alleging juror misconduct is an issue of statewide importance. We have jurisdiction pursuant to
II.
¶ 8 Summary dismissal of a petition for post-conviction relief is appropriate “[i]f the court . . . determines that no . . . claim presents a material issue of fact or law which would entitle the defendant to relief under this rule and that no purpose would be served by any further proceedings.”
A.
¶ 9 First, we address Kolmann‘s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. To state a colorable claim, a petitioner must show “both that counsel‘s performance fell below objectively reasonable standards and that this deficiency prejudiced [him].” Bennett, 213 Ariz. at 567 ¶ 21, 146 P.3d at 68 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984)); see also Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. 263, 134 S.Ct. 1081, 1088-90, 188 L.Ed.2d 1 (2014) (discussing constitutional deficiency and prejudice prongs of the Strickland test). To establish deficient performance, a defendant must show that his counsel‘s assistance was not reasonable under prevailing professional norms, “considering all the circumstances.” Hinton, 134 S.Ct. at 1088 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688). To establish prejudice, a defendant must “show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel‘s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 1089 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “When a defendant challenges a conviction, the question is whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the factfinder would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt.” Id., quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695.
¶ 10 In reviewing claims of ineffective assistance, courts “indulge a strong presumption that counsel‘s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. A defendant can overcome this presumption by showing that counsel‘s decisions were not tactical or strategic in nature, but were instead the result of “ineptitude, inexperience, or lack of preparation.” State v. Goswick, 142 Ariz. 582, 586, 691 P.2d 673, 677 (1984).
¶ 11 Kolmann argues that he is entitled to an evidentiary hearing on his ineffective assistance claims. He contends his trial counsel was ineffective by: (1) waiving Kolmann‘s right to be present during the juror substitution proceedings; (2) failing to question L.M. about her reasons for requesting dismissal from the jury and not objecting to her dismissal; and (3) failing to ask the trial court to instruct the reconstituted jury to begin
¶ 12 Kolmann argues that his trial counsel erroneously waived his presence during the juror substitution proceedings. Defendants have the right, rooted in the Sixth Amendment, to be present at every stage of the trial.
¶ 13 Kolmann has failed to state a colorable claim with regard to counsel‘s waiving his presence. Even if we assume, without deciding, that counsel fell below professional standards in this respect, Kolmann has not attempted to show how his absence prejudiced him. Cf. State v. Guytan, 192 Ariz. 514, 520 ¶ 17 & n.4, 968 P.2d 587, 593 (App.1998) (noting that “[i]t is not good practice” for trial counsel to waive defendant‘s presence without consulting defendant “when issues of substance are before the court,” but harmless-error analysis applies to defendant‘s absence during juror substitution).
¶ 14 Kolmann also argues that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not questioning L.M. when she asked to be excused from the jury. This failure, Kolmann maintains, cannot be characterized as a strategic decision because it resulted from his counsel‘s acknowledged inexperience with the particular situation. Kolmann argues that if defense counsel had further questioned L.M., she would have revealed that she was seeking dismissal to avoid being the lone holdout—an improper reason for dismissal. He posits that if L.M. had remained on the panel, there is a reasonable probability that the trial would have ended with a hung jury.
¶ 15 Kolmann has not overcome the presumption that his lawyer acted within the range of reasonable professional assistance in not asking L.M. any questions. The judge properly cautioned L.M. not to discuss the jury‘s deliberations, which preserved the confidentiality of the deliberations and avoided the danger of coercing a verdict. Cf. State v. Huerstel, 206 Ariz. 93, 100 ¶¶ 19-20, 75 P.3d 698, 705 (2003) (noting that a court‘s jury instructions and knowledge of jury split are factors in assessing whether a verdict was coerced); State v. Sabala, 189 Ariz. 416, 419, 943 P.2d 776, 779 (App.1997) (noting that when a judge learns of jury impasse the, “better practice . . . is for the court to instruct jurors to refrain from revealing the numerical split and whether they are inclined to acquit or convict“). “As a general rule, no one—including the judge presiding at a trial—has a ‘right to know’ how a jury, or any individual juror, has deliberated or how a decision was reached by a jury or juror. The secrecy of deliberations is the cornerstone of [the] jury system.” United States v. Thomas, 116 F.3d 606, 618 (2d Cir.1997).
¶ 16 Given the judge‘s direction to L.M. not to reveal the jury‘s deliberations and her reaffirmation, after the judge asked if she had anything more to say, that “it was just a matter” of her not being able to judge anyone, the record does not suggest Kolmann‘s counsel acted unreasonably by not independently questioning L.M. Defense counsel, the prosecutor, and the judge discussed whether to ask L.M. any additional questions and none chose to do so. That defense counsel had no experience with a similar situation does not itself suggest a failure to meet reasonable professional standards. The trial judge noted his own unfamiliarity with a juror belatedly revealing that she was incapable of “judging anybody,” and Kolmann has not identified any facts or legal authority suggesting that defense counsel here was acting outside “the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.
¶
¶ 18 Kolmann argues that his trial counsel was also ineffective by failing to ask the judge to instruct the reconstituted jury “to begin deliberations anew” as required by
¶ 19 After the alternate juror joined the deliberations, the trial court should have instructed the entire jury to begin deliberations anew. See
¶ 20 Here, all the jurors except the alternate were instructed that, to some extent, they “were going to have to start over” by involving the alternate in discussions about each of the counts. Although the court did not strictly follow
¶ 21 Kolmann also makes no colorable claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel regarding the
B.
¶ 22 Kolmann also claims that his right to a unanimous and impartial jury was violated
¶ 23 Juror misconduct may warrant a new trial when, among other things, a juror “[p]erjures himself or herself or willfully fail[s] to respond fully to a direct question posed during the voir dire examination.”
¶ 24 Although
¶ 25 Because claims of juror misconduct can be raised on post-trial motion under
¶ 26 Whether or not precluded, the claim of juror misconduct would only entitle Kolmann to a new trial if he could show prejudice, either actual or presumed. See State v. Miller, 178 Ariz. 555, 558, 875 P.2d 788, 791 (1994). He cannot do so. L.M. consistently said she was incapable of making a decision, and that fact would have warranted excusing her from the jury irrespective of her tentative inclination to vote not guilty or the other juror‘s advice to her. Cf. United States v. Spruill, 808 F.3d 585, 595 (2d Cir. 2015) (dismissal of juror with bias was proper, even though at time she was the lone holdout in deliberations). L.M.‘s affidavit does not show that she was encouraged or coerced by the second juror or anyone else to seek to be excused. Instead, the affidavit states that when L.M. “felt overwhelmed by the task of judging someone‘s guilt,” she “decided to see if she could be replaced” by the alternate, and the second juror “gave her advice.” Kolmann‘s speculation that the second juror wanted to replace L.M. as a holdout juror does not alter the fact that the court properly dismissed her based on her expressed inability to decide anybody‘s guilt or innocence.
¶ 27 Finally, Kolmann was entitled to an impartial jury, not a particular jury. State v. Morris, 215 Ariz. 324, 334 ¶ 40, 160 P.3d 203, 213 (2007). Kolmann does not contend that the reconstituted jury was biased, and the record reflects that the alternate juror was chosen along with the regular jurors, heard all the evidence, and was instructed on the applicable law. Ultimately, Kolmann was convicted by an impartial, unanimous twelve-person jury. Thus, even if he properly raised his juror misconduct claim, he has not shown he was denied a fair trial and thereby prejudiced.
III.
¶ 28 The trial court did not abuse its discretion in summarily dismissing Kolmann‘s Rule 32 petition for post-conviction relief.
Chief Justice BALES