SELECTIVE INSURANCE COMPANY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TARGET CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 16-1669
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued November 4, 2016. Decided December 29, 2016. Amended January 25, 2017.
263
Garrett L. Boehm, Jr., Robert M. Burke, Peter R. Ryndak, Attorneys, Johnson & Bell, Ltd., Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellee.
MAGNUS-STINSON, District Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellant Selective Insurance Company of South Carolina (“Selective“) filed a declaratory judgment action, asking the district court to declare that it owed no duty to defend or indemnify Defendant-Appellee Target Corporation (“Target“) in a lawsuit initiated by customer Angela Brown, who sued Target after a fitting room door fell on her. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Target, finding that Target was an additional insured on a commercial general liability insurance policy (the “Policy“) that the door supplier, Harbor Industries, Inc. (“Harbor“), had with Selective. The district court further held that Selective had both a duty to defend and indemnify Target for the entire cost Target incurred settling the Brown litigation. Selective appealed the district court‘s decision and, for the reasons that follow, we affirm.
I. Background
On December 17, 2011, Angela Brown was injured at a Target store in Gurnee, Illinois, when a fitting room door came off its hinges and fell on her. She sued Target in Illinois state court on February 14, 2012, and Target removed the case to federal court. In her complaint, Ms. Brown alleged that Target was negligent for failing to maintain and repair the fitting room door and failing to warn her that the fitting room door was in an unreasonably dangerous and hazardous condition. Target filed a third-party complaint against Harbor—the company that Target had contracted to supply the fitting rooms at the Gurnee store—seeking contribution and indemnification. Discovery during the Brown litigation revealed that the same fitting room door fell on another Target customer approximately one week before it fell on Ms. Brown. Ultimately, both Target and Harbor settled with Ms. Brown.
Target tendered its defense of Ms. Brown‘s lawsuit to Selective on May 7, 2012, claiming that it was an additional insured on Harbor‘s Policy with Selective because of a contract with Harbor. On July 30, 2013, Selective filed the underlying declaratory judgment action against Target in Illinois state court, and Target removed it to federal court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction.
The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, and the district court granted summary judgment to Target after finding in its favor on three issues. First, the district court found that Target was an additional insured on Harbor‘s Policy with Selective because of the interaction between a Supplier Qualification Agreement (“Supplier Agreement“) that required Harbor to designate Target as an additional insured and their Program Agreement for the fitting rooms. Second, the district court found that Selective had a duty to defend Target because Ms. Brown‘s allegations fell within the scope of the Policy, since they could reasonably be read to assert a bodily injury caused in whole or in part by Harbor‘s product. Third, the district court found that Target had settled the lawsuit with Ms. Brown in reasonable anticipation of liability and, thus, Selective had a duty to indemnify Target for costs incurred defending and settling the Brown litigation. Final judgment was entered in favor of Target in the total amount of $714,450.24. Selective now appeals.
II. Analysis
Summary judgment is appropriate where there are no genuine issues of mate-
* Of the Southern District of Indiana, sitting by designation.
Our subject matter jurisdiction over this dispute is based on the parties’ diversity of citizenship.
A. The Contracts at Issue
Three contracts are relevant to addressing the parties’ arguments—Target and Harbor‘s Supplier Agreement, which was executed in April 2007; Target and Harbor‘s Program Agreement for the fitting rooms, which was executed in April 2009; and Harbor and Selective‘s Policy, which was in effect when Ms. Brown was injured on December 17, 2011.
Target and Harbor executed the Supplier Agreement in April 2007. It provides, in relevant part, that it
shall apply to and control and shall be deemed incorporated into all agreements relating to the purchase of non-retail (not for resale) goods and/or services from [Harbor] by Target, including, but not limited to, any program agreement (or other agreement specific to the goods or services to be provided) entered into by the parties (Program Agreement).... In the event of any conflict between this Agreement and the specific Order or Program Agreement, the terms of the Order or Program Agreement shall govern.
The Supplier Agreement requires Harbor to maintain commercial general liability (“CGL“) insurance “in full force and effect during the term of this Agreement” and to “designate Target as an additional insured by endorsement acceptable to Target.” The Supplier Agreement provides that it “shall remain in effect until terminated as provided herein.” It is undisputed that neither Target nor Harbor has terminated the Supplier Agreement pursuant to that provision.
In April 2009, Target and Harbor entered into the Program Agreement for Harbor to supply fitting rooms to Target. The Program Agreement incorporates the terms and conditions of the Supplier Agreement and provides that as long as Harbor complies with certain criteria, “Target agrees to purchase from [Harbor] all of Target‘s needed supply of the Goods [Fitting Rooms] during the Term of this Program Agreement.” It identifies specific parts to be provided, including fitting room doors. It further provides that “[t]his Pro-
Harbor‘s Policy with Selective that was in effect on the date of Ms. Brown‘s injury provides, in relevant part, that Selective “will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ to which this insurance applies.” The Policy specifically provides “[p]roducts-completed operations hazard” coverage that “[i]ncludes all ‘bodily injury’ and ‘property damage’ occurring away from premises you own or rent and arising out of ‘your product.‘” An endorsement to the Policy provides as follows:
WHO IS AN INSURED is amended to include as an additional insured any person or organization whom you have agreed in a written contract, written agreement or written permit to add as an additional insured on your policy. Such person or organization is an additional insured only with respect to liability for “bodily injury” or “property damage” or “personal and advertising injury” caused, in whole or in part, by ... “your product“....
B. The Additional Insured Provision of the Selective Policy
The parties dispute whether Target was an additional insured on Harbor‘s Policy with Selective. Specifically, the parties dispute the interaction between Target and Harbor‘s Supplier Agreement and Program Agreement and whether the term provisions in those contracts conflict.
Under Illinois law, the goal of contract interpretation is to ascertain the parties’ intent and, in doing so, we first look to “the plain and ordinary meaning” of the contract language. Aeroground, Inc. v. CenterPoint Properties Trust, 738 F.3d 810, 813 (7th Cir. 2013) (quoting Gallagher v. Lenart, 226 Ill.2d 208, 314 Ill.Dec. 133, 874 N.E.2d 43, 58 (2007)). We must construe the contract “as a whole, viewing each part in light of the others.” Aeroground, 738 F.3d at 813 (citing Gallagher, 314 Ill.Dec. 133, 874 N.E.2d at 58). We also must seek to give effect to each clause and word used, without rendering any terms meaningless. Aeroground, 738 F.3d at 813 (citing Hufford v. Balk, 113 Ill.2d 168, 100 Ill.Dec. 564, 497 N.E.2d 742, 744 (1986)).
There is no dispute that the Program Agreement for Harbor to supply Target with the fitting rooms terminated in July 2010 before Ms. Brown‘s injury. The parties dispute, however, whether the Supplier Agreement remained in effect when Ms. Brown was injured, such that it could be a “written contract” rendering Target an additional insured on Harbor‘s Policy with Selective. Selective argues that although the term of the Supplier Agreement was open ended, that provision directly conflicts with the Program Agreement‘s July 2010 termination date, and the Supplier Agreement expressly states that the Program Agreement controls if there is a conflict. Target disagrees with this interpretation, emphasizing that the Supplier Agreement was a broad agreement that even now has not been terminated.
We agree with the district court that applying the plain and ordinary meaning of the contract language, the Supplier Agreement is a broad agreement governing the overarching relationship between Target and Harbor. It contemplates discrete purchases by Target from Harbor to be governed by the provisions set forth in future program agreements. One of those future agreements was the Program Agreement executed by Target and Harbor two years after the Supplier Agreement. That Program Agreement required
But the inquiry does not end there. The Policy specifically limits additional insured coverage such that, in relevant part, Target is “an additional insured only with respect to liability for ‘bodily injury’ ... caused, in whole or in part, by ... [Harbor‘s] product‘....” Accordingly, we must also determine whether liability for Ms. Brown‘s claim was caused by Harbor‘s product before we can conclude that Target was an additional insured.
It is beyond dispute that the fitting room door that fell on Ms. Brown was Harbor‘s product. The Program Agreement between Harbor and Target explicitly states that the “product” at issue in the agreement is “fitting rooms,” and it specifically identifies “fitting room door” as a component to be purchased.2 Ms. Brown‘s complaint alleged that she sustained bodily injury after being struck by a fitting room door that was in “an unreasonably hazardous and dangerous condition.” We readily conclude that Ms. Brown‘s claim for “bodily injury” was “caused, in whole or in part,” by Harbor‘s “product.” (Emphasis added.) Thus, we agree with the district court that Target was an additional insured under the Selective Policy.
C. Selective‘s Duty to Defend Target
The parties dispute whether Selective owed Target a duty to defend it in the Brown litigation. Specifically, the parties dispute whether the allegations in Ms. Brown‘s complaint against Target were sufficient to trigger Selective‘s duty to de-
The duty to defend is broader than the duty to indemnify. Health Care Indus. Liab. Ins. Program v. Momence Meadows Nursing Ctr., Inc., 566 F.3d 689, 693 (7th Cir. 2009). As a general rule under Illinois law, the duty of an insurance company to defend against a suit “is determined by the allegations of the complaint in that suit rather than by what is actually proved.” Nat‘l Am. Ins. Co. v. Artisan & Truckers Cas. Co., 796 F.3d 717, 724 (7th Cir. 2015). To determine whether an insurer has a duty to defend, we compare the factual allegations of the underlying complaint to the language of the insurance policy. Amerisure Mut. Ins. Co. v. Microplastics, Inc., 622 F.3d 806, 810 (7th Cir. 2010). If the facts alleged fall within or potentially within the policy‘s coverage, the insurer‘s duty to defend arises. Id. “Both the policy terms and the allegations in the underlying complaint are liberally construed in favor of the insured, and any doubts and ambiguities are resolved against the insurer.” Id. at 811 (citations omitted). The general rules that favor the insured, however, must “yield to the paramount rule of reasonable construction which guides all contract interpretations.” Id.
When an insurer tries to deny coverage without seeking a declaratory judgment or defending under a reservation of rights, our inquiry is necessarily limited to the allegations in the underlying complaint. See Landmark Am. Ins. Co. v. Hilger, 838 F.3d 821, 824 (7th Cir. 2016) (citing MFA Mut. Ins. Co. v. Crowther, Inc., 120 Ill.App.3d 387, 75 Ill.Dec. 903, 458 N.E.2d 71, 73 (1983) (“An insurer may not justifiably refuse to defend an action against its insured unless it is clear from the face of the complaint that the allegations fail to state facts which bring the claim within, or potentially within, the policy‘s coverage.“)). When an insurer seeks a declaratory judgment, however, that limitation does not apply. Landmark Am., 838 F.3d at 824. In fact, the Illinois Supreme Court has emphasized that “[t]he trial court should be able to consider all the relevant facts contained in the pleadings, including a third-party complaint, to determine whether there is a duty to defend. After all, the trial court need not wear judicial blinders and may look beyond the complaint at other evidence appropriate to a motion for summary judgment.” Pekin Ins. Co. v. Wilson, 237 Ill.2d 446, 341 Ill.Dec. 497, 930 N.E.2d 1011, 1020 (2010) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Am. Econ. Ins. Co. v. Holabird & Root, 382 Ill.App.3d 1017, 320 Ill.Dec. 97, 886 N.E.2d 1166, 1179 (2008)). “The only time such evidence should not be permitted is when it tends to determine an issue crucial to the determination of the underlying lawsuit.” Pekin Ins., 341 Ill.Dec. 497, 930 N.E.2d at 1020 (citation omitted); see also Landmark Am., 838 F.3d at 824-25 (“[W]hen an insurer has elected to either defend under a reservation of rights or file a declaratory judgment action, the insurer may present evidence beyond the underlying complaint, so long as it does not tend to determine an ultimate issue in the underlying proceeding.“) (citation omitted). A crucial issue is “one that would collaterally estop the plaintiff in the underlying lawsuit from raising a theory of recovery or be crucial to the insured‘s liability.” Landmark Am., 838 F.3d at 825.
Bearing in mind that we must construe the Policy liberally in favor of coverage when determining the duty to defend, we agree with the district court that the allegations in Ms. Brown‘s com-
As we have concluded, Target is an additional insured on the Policy because the allegations in Ms. Brown‘s complaint can reasonably be read to fall within the Policy‘s coverage for bodily injury caused in whole or in part by Harbor‘s product. The parties do not dispute that the Policy provides liability coverage for bodily injury arising out of Harbor‘s product within the “products-completed operations hazard” provision. This triggered Selective‘s duty to defend. See Amerisure, 622 F.3d at 810 (“If the facts alleged in the underlying complaint fall within, or potentially within, the policy‘s coverage, the insurer‘s duty to defend arises.“). Illinois law rejects Selective‘s argument that it can avoid this duty simply because of legal labels Ms. Brown used in her complaint. See Santa‘s Best, 611 F.3d at 346 (citing Lexmark, 260 Ill.Dec. 658, 761 N.E.2d at 1221).
Alternatively, even if the facts alleged in Ms. Brown‘s complaint were insufficient to trigger Selective‘s duty to defend, the allegations in Target‘s third-party complaint against Harbor certainly were enough. We can consider the allegations of Target‘s third-party complaint because Selective sought a declaratory judgment and does not argue that considering them will determine an issue crucial to the determination of the underlying lawsuit. Landmark Am., 838 F.3d at 824. In its third-party complaint, Target alleged that it contracted with Harbor for Harbor to design and provide materials for the construction of the Gurnee fitting rooms. Target also alleged that Harbor‘s negligence in doing so caused Ms. Brown‘s injuries. Again, these allegations squarely fall within the Policy‘s coverage. Thus, we agree with the district court that Selective had a duty to defend Target in the Brown litigation.
D. Selective‘s Duty to Indemnify Target
The parties disagree whether Selective had a duty to indemnify Target for costs it incurred while defending and settling the lawsuit with Ms. Brown. On appeal, Selective emphasizes that it is impossible to reasonably conclude that Target‘s entire settlement payment represented damages for a covered loss.3
The duty to indemnify “is determined once liability has been affixed.” Nat‘l Am. Ins. Co. v. Artisan & Truckers Cas. Co., 796 F.3d 717, 724 (7th Cir. 2015). If an insured settles an underlying claim before trial, “it must show that it settled an otherwise covered loss in reasonable anticipation of liability” for the duty to indemnify to apply. Caterpillar, Inc. v. Great Am. Ins. Co., 62 F.3d 955, 966-67 (7th Cir. 1995) (citing United States Gypsum Co. v. Admiral Ins. Co., 268 Ill.App.3d 598, 205 Ill.Dec. 619, 643 N.E.2d 1226, 1244 (1994)); see also Rosalind
There is no evidence in the record that Target allocated its settlement with Ms. Brown into covered and uncovered claims. We have previously predicted how Illinois courts would handle this situation in the context of the duty to indemnify:
Consistent with the Illinois policy that a coverage action should not require the insureds to conclusively establish their own liability in the interest of promoting settlement, we think the proper inquiry is whether the claims were not even potentially covered by the insurance policy. A competing policy interest is equity—it is inequitable to require an insurer to pay for a settlement that is clearly not within the terms of its policy. Consequently, our prediction is that Illinois courts, in cases in which it is possible that none of the settlement was attributable to the dismissal of claims for damage covered by the insurer‘s policy, would evaluate whether a “primary focus” of the claims that were settled was a potentially covered loss (burden on the insured). Conversely, if it can be established that the claims were not even potentially covered (burden on the insurer), then the insurer is not required to reimburse the settlement.
Santa‘s Best, 611 F.3d at 351-52. After Santa‘s Best, the Illinois Appellate Court followed our predicted approach. See Rosalind, 380 Ill.Dec. 89, 8 N.E.3d at 40 (“In cases where an insured enters into a settlement that disposes of both covered and non-covered claims, the insurer‘s duty to indemnify encompasses the entire settlement if the covered claims were ‘a primary focus of the litigation.‘“) (citing Santa‘s Best, 611 F.3d at 352).
Based on this precedent, the first question is whether Target settled an otherwise covered loss in reasonable anticipation of liability. If so, the second question is whether the covered claims were a primary focus of the litigation.
We conclude that Target settled an otherwise covered loss in reasonable anticipation of liability in the Brown litigation. Ms. Brown testified that she carried an article of clothing into Target‘s fitting room, she closed the fitting room door behind her and latched it, she tried on the clothing, and then she unlatched the fitting room door and it fell on her. Discovery in that case revealed that the same fitting room door fell on another Target patron on December 9, 2011—approximately one week before it fell on Ms. Brown. This establishes a covered loss because it shows that Ms. Brown sought damages from Target for a bodily injury “arising out of” Harbor‘s “product“—the fitting room door. Thus, we conclude that Target settled an otherwise covered loss in reasonable anticipation of liability to Ms. Brown.4
Turning to the second question, Selective argues that it does not have a duty to indemnify Target for the entire amount of its settlement because at least some of Ms. Brown‘s claims against Target were based on premises liability, which would not be covered by the Policy. This argument requires us to determine wheth-
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we