Savage v. Secure First Credit Union, 107 F. Supp. 3d 1212

MEMORANDUM OPINION

WILLIAM M. ACKER, JR., District Judge.

The complaint (Doc. 1) filed by plaintiff, Karen Savage (“Savage”), against her for mer employer, defendant Secure First Credit Union-(“Secure First’-’) contains five, counts. Count One alleges racial-discrimination under Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1981. (Doc. 1 at 6-7). Count Two charges retaliation under Title VII and § 1981. (Doc. 1 at 9-10). Count Three claims discrimination under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”). (Doc. 1 at 11-12). Count Four alleges discrimination under the Américarís with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) and the ADA Amendments Act(“ADAAA”). (Doc. 1 at 12-13). Count Five alleged a violation of the Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) (Doс. i at 14-15), but on March 24, 2015, upon Savage’s motion, the court dismissed Count Five with prejudice (Doc. 14), leaving Counts One, Two, Three, and Four.

Now before the court is Secure First’s motion to dismiss Counts Two, Three, and Four. (Doc. 13). Secure First does not seek dismissal of Count One, which states a рlain vanilla claim of race discrimination and therefore only requires that race be a “motivating factor.” Secure First argues that Savage cannot proceed on her ADEA claim, her retaliation claim, or her ADA claim without alleging that one оf the said claims is the “but-for” cause of the adverse employment action she complains-of.

As it has pondered the concept of causation, “the law has long considered [it] a hybrid concept, consisting of two constituent parts; actual cause and legal cause.” Burrage v. United States, — U.S.-, 134 S-Ct. 881, 887, 187 L.Ed.2d 715 (2014) (citing H. Hart & A. Honore, Causation in the Law 104 (1959)). To arrive at the actual cause, the “ ‘but-for’ requirement is part of the common .understanding.” Burrage, 134 S.Ct. at 888. This consistent and common understanding of “but-for” causation “requires proof that the harm would not have oсcurred in the absence of — that is, but for — the defendant’s, conduct.” Burrage, 134 S.Ct. at 887-888 (quoting Univ. of Texas Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 2517, 2525, 186 L.Ed.2d 503 (2013), and Restatement op Torts § 431, Comment a (1934)): To illustrate;

Consider a baseball game in which the visiting team’s leadoff batter hits a home run'in the top of the first inning. If the visiting team goes on to win by a score of 1 to 0, eveiy person competent in the English language and familiar with the American pastime would agree that the victory' resulted from the home run. This is'so because it is natural to say that one event is the outcome or consequence of another when the former would not have occurred but for the latter. It is beside the point that the victory also resulted from a host of other necessary causes, such as skillful pitching, the coach’s decision to put the lea-doff batter in the lineup, and the league’s decision to schedule the game. By contrast, it makes little sense to say that an event resulted from or was the outcome of some earlier action if the action merely played a nonessential contributing role in producing the event. If the visiting team wound up winning 5 to 2 rather than 1 to 0, one would be surprised to read in the sports page that the victory resulted from the leadoff batter’s early, non-dispositive home run.

Burrage, 134 S.Ct. at 888.¹

Consistent interpretation “is one of the traditional background principles against which Congress legislates.” Burrage, 134 S.Ct. at 881. Therefore, “[w]here there is no textual ‍​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​‌​‌‌​​​​​‍or contextual indication to the contrary, courts regularly read phrases like ‘results from’[,] [‘because of, and ‘because’] to require but-for causality.” Id. at 888. Specifically, “interpretation of statutes that prohibit adverse employment action ‘because оf an employee’s age or complaints about unlawful workplace discrimination is instructive.” Id. In particular, the ADEA prohibits employers from discriminating “because of such individual’s age,” 29 U.S.C. § 623; Title VII prohibits employers from retaliating “because [an employeе] has made a charge ... under this subchapter,” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a); and the ADA prohibits employers from discriminating “against a qualified individual with a disability because of the disability,” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a) (emphasis added). Consistent interpretation of the virtually identical causation language in these discrimination statutеs ensures that the proscribed discriminatory act is the “strict but-for” cause ² of a plaintiffs injury. Burrage, 134 S.Ct. at 890. The Bur-rage interpretation of “but-for” causation balances the need to provide a cognizable remedy for discrimination while ensuring that “[federal courts] do not sit as a super-personnel department ... to second-guess the wisdom of an employer’s business decisions ... [n]o matter how medieval a firm’s practices, no matter how high-handed its decisional process, no matter how mistaken the firm’s managers.” Alvarez v. Royal Atl. Developers, Inc., 610 F.3d 1253, 1266 (11th Cir.2010) (Title VII retaliation); Elrod v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 939 F.2d 1466, 1470 (11th Cir.1991) (ADEA) and Turner v. United Parcel Serv., 2014 WL 4458917, at *7 (N.D.Ala. Sept. 10, 2014) (ADA).

I. ADEA

As stated above, under the ADEA “a plaintiff must prоve that age was the ‘but-for’ cause of the employer’s adversé decision.” Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 176, 129 S.Ct. 2343, 174 L.Ed.2d 119 (2009). Adopting the “but-for” cause requirement, instead of the “mixed motive” possibility, squares with “the ordinary meaning of the ADEA’s requirement that an employer took adverse action ‘becausе of age[, which] is that age was the ‘reason’ that the employer decided to act.” Gross, 557 U.S. at 176, 129 S.Ct. 2343. “Because an ADEA plaintiff must establish ‘but for’ causality, no ‘same decision’ affirmative defense can exist: the employer either acted ‘because of the plаintiffs age or it did not.” Mora v. Jackson Mem’l Found., Inc., 597 F.3d 1201, 1204 (11th Cir.2010). “The only logical ‍​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​‌​‌‌​​​​​‍inference to be drawn from Gross is that an employee cannot claim that age is a motive for the employer’s adverse conduct and simultaneously claim that there was any other proscribed motive involved.” Culver v. Birmingham, Bd. of Educ., 646 F.Supp.2d 1270, 1271-72 (N.D.Ala.2009). Therefore, “a' plaintiff must make it perfectly clear in her pleading that there are no proscribed motivations other than [the one alleged].” Montgomery v. Bd. of Trustees of the Univ. of Alabama, 2015 WL 1893471, at *5 (N.D.Ala. Apr. 27, 2015).

Savage fails to allege that her age was the “but-for” cause of her mistreat ment, and instead simply alleges that Secure First subjected her to “adverse treatment with respect to the terms and conditions of her employment, including ... demotion and constructive discharge, because of her age.” (Doc. 1 at 11-12). Despite receiving strong hints from the court, Savagе includes three “other bas[e]s for the adverse action.” Gwin v. BFI Waste Servs., LLC, 718 F.Supp.2d 1326, 1327 (N.D.Ala.2010). She alleges in Count One that Secure First took its action with the fact that plaintiff is over 40 years of age as a “substantial or motivating factor” (Doc. 1 at 7); in Count Two she alleges that she “engagfed] in a protected activity5’ against which Secure First retaliated in violation of Title VII (Doc. 1 at 9); and in Count Four she alleges that “her disability” was a cause of her mistreatment(Doc. 1 at 11). By failing to allege that her age provided the only motive for the complained of employment action, Savage fails to state a claim under the ADEA upon which relief can be granted, thereby requiring dismissal.

II. Title VII Retaliation

Borrowing logically from the analysis in Gross of the ADEA’s “because of’ language, “[t]he text, structure, and history of Title VII demonstrate that a plaintiff making a retaliation claim undеr § 2000e-3(a) must establish that his or her protected activity was a but-for cause of the alleged adverse action by the employer.” Nassar, 133 S.Ct. at 2534.³ Unlike Title VII’s proscription against race discrimination, which requires showing “only that a prohibited factor contributed to the employment decision — not that it was the but-for or sole cause,” a claim of retaliation under Title VII “must be proved according to traditional principles of but-for causation ... [thereby] requiring] proof that the unlawful retaliation would not have occurred in the absence of the alleged wrongful action or actions of the employer.” Id. at 2533, 2538; see Burrage, 134 S.Ct. at 892. If a plaintiff wants to pursue a retaliation claim she must in her complaint “indicate that retaliation was the ‘only,’ or ‘but-for’ motive for her termination [and] must make it perfectly сlear in her pleading that there are no proscribed motivations other than an intent to retaliate.” Montgomery, at *5. In other words, there can, in theory and in logic, be only one “but-for” cause. The days of bushel-basket, mixed motivation are over if a plaintiff wants to сlaim retaliation or age or disability discrimination.

In order to state a claim for retaliation after Nassar Savage must unequivocally allege that retaliation was the “but-for” cause of the adverse treatment. While failing to allege retaliation as the “but-for” causation, Savage expressly claims other motivations. Counts One, Two, Three, and Four flatly contradict ‍​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​‌​‌‌​​​​​‍any “but-for” cause for her adverse treatment. (Doc. 1 at 12-13). By failing to allege retaliation as the sole cause for her adverse treatment, Savage fails to state a claim under the retaliation provision of Title VII, thereby requiring dismissal.

III. ADA

Before the Gross and Nassar decisions, the Eleventh Circuit held that “the ‘because of component of the ADA liability standard imposes no more restrictive standard than the ordinary, everyday meaning of the words would be understood to imply ... conveying] the idea of a factor that made a difference in the outcome ... a ‘but-for’ liability standard.” McNely v. Ocala Star-Banner Corp., 99 F.3d 1068, 1077 (11th Cir.1996). While recognizing that the ADA’s statutory text requires “but-for” causation, the Court in McNely found that “but-for” causation was “not to mean ‘solely because of ... [but rather] liability whenever the prohibited motivation makes the differenсe in the employer’s decision.” Id. at 1076. However, in light of the Supreme Court’s Gross, Nassar, and Burrage decisions rejecting the mixed-motive possibilities, under statutes that employ virtually the same language, “reliance on McNely for this point is of dubious merit.” July v. Bd. of Water & Sewer Comm’rs of City of Mobile 2012 WL 5966637, at *12 (S.D.Ala. Nov. 29, 2012) (Steele, J.); Parsons v. First Quality Retail Servs., LLC, 2012 WL 174829, at *8 (M.D.Ga. Jan. 20, 2012) (Royal, J.) (“whether a mixed motive theory is cognizable under the ADA is still an open question in this circuit ... [and] [w]hile the Eleventh Circuit has not addressed the issue, several circuits have expanded the reasoning of Gross to the ADA because it contains very similar language”). When in 2012 Judge Royal of the Middle District of Georgia said that the question is open in the Eleventh Circuit, he did not have аvailable to him what the Supreme Court said 2 years later in Burrage, which eliminated any lingering doubt about whether the reasoning in Gross and Nassar applies to the ADA. The props under McNely have been removed, so that the Eleventh Circuit cannot rely on McNely. The governing jurisprudential principle is expressed as recently as April 30, 2015 by Chief Judge Carnes in Santiago-Lugo v. Warden, 785 F.3d 467, 471-72 (11th Cir.2015), in which the Eleventh Circuit recognizes that a prior precedent is only binding “unless ‍​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​‌​‌‌​​​​​‍and until it is overruled or undermined to the point of abrogation by the Supreme Court ...” (quoting United States v. Lopez, 562 F.3d 1309, 1312 (11th Cir.2009)). Like the ADEA in Gross, “the ADA renders employers liable for employment decisions made ‘because of a рerson’s disability, and Gross construes ‘because of to require a showing of but-for causation .., [therefore] a plaintiff complaining of discriminatory discharge under the ADA must show that his or her employer would not have fired him but for his actual or perceived disability.” Serwatka v. Rockwell Automation, Inc., 591 F.3d 957, 962 (7th Cir.2010) (emphasis added); see also Bolmer v. Oliveira, 594 F.3d 134 (2d Cir.2010).

Given the ADA’s “but-for” requirement, mirroring Gross and Nassar, in order to state a claim of disability discrimination Savage must specifically allege that her disability was the “but-for” cause of her adverse treatment. Not only does Savage fail to allege “but-for” causation, but affirmatively alleges that Secure First mistreated her for other proscribed reasons. Savage has not stated an ADA claim upon which relief can be granted, thereby requiring dismissal.

CONCLUSION

While Savage argues she is permitted to plead alternative and inconsistent theories of recovery (Doc. 16 at 9), there is a rеcognized distinction between the pleading of alternative theories of liability and irreconcilable contradictions and concessions as to an essential element of a particular claim. See Selby v. Goodman Mfg. Co., LP, 2014 WL 2740317, at *6 (N.D.Ala. June 17, 2014) (Proctor, J.) and Selman v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 2013 WL 838193, at *13 n. 19 (S.D.Ala. Mar. 5, 2013) (Steele, J.) (both cases distinguishing between pleading in the alternative and conceding the existence of a contract while simultaneously and inconsistently making an unjust enrichment claim).

For the reasons elaborated, Secure First’s motion will be granted unless by May 15, 2015 Savage amends her comрlaint to eliminate all claims except her ADEA claim, or to eliminate all claims except her ADA claim, or to eliminate all claims except her retaliation claim, and-to allege that “but-for” her age, or “but-for” her disability, or “but-for” defendant’s retаliatory motive, there would have been no adverse employment action. In other words, .unless Savage chooses to pursue only one of the claims contained in Counts Two, Three, and Four, as the “but-for” cause and dismisses Count One, defendant’s motion will be granted and Savage will be allowed to proceed only under Count One.

The court will by separate order conditionally grant defendant’s partial motion to dismiss Counts Two, Three, and Four. Defendant’s request for attorney’s fees will be ruled upon after plaintiff makes her election.

Notes

1 . The Supreme Court’s reasoning rejects the approach used by some courts' interpreting “but-for” causation to merely be a necessary cause. See e.g., Freeman v. Koch Foods of Alabama, 2010 WL 9461668, at '*2 (M.D.Ala. June 15, 2010) (Fuller, J.).

2 . The Supreme Court has pointed to its interpretation of “but-for” causation in the employment discrimination context for guidance in other areas of law, including the criminal context. Burrage, 134 S.Ct. at 890. When interpreting a penalty enhancement under the Controlled Substances Act, the Supreme Court rejected the Government’s permissive interpretation where "use of a drug distributed by the ‍​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​‌​‌‌​​​​​‍defendant need not be a but-for cause of death, nor even independently sufficient to cause death, so long as it contributes to an aggregate force (such as mixed-drug intoxication).” Id. at 890-91.

3 . While Savage tries to make something out of the use of the article "a” instead of the article "the” (Doc. 16 at 8), the Supreme Court used these articles interchangeably and drew no distinction between them. See e.g., Nassar, 133 S.Ct. at 2528 ("Title VII retaliation claims require proof that the desire to retaliate was the but-for cause of the challenged employment action”)(emphasis added).

Case Details

Case Name: Savage v. Secure First Credit Union

Court Name: District Court, N.D. Alabama

Date Published: May 8, 2015

Citations: 107 F. Supp. 3d 1212; 32 Am. Disabilities Cas. (BNA) 179; 2015 WL 2169135; 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60507; Civil Action No. 2:14-CV-2468-WMA

Docket Number: Civil Action No. 2:14-CV-2468-WMA

Court Abbreviation: N.D. Ala.