CHRISTIAN LEE RUSHING v. COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
Record No. 111569
Supreme Court of Virginia
June 7, 2012
PRESENT: Kinser, C.J., Lemons, Goodwyn, Millette, and Mims, JJ., and Russell and Koontz, S.JJ. OPINION BY SENIOR JUSTICE CHARLES S. RUSSELL
This appeal presents questions concerning the admissibility and sufficiency of the evidence offered to support a conviction of criminal street gang participation in violation of
Facts and Proceedings
At a jury trial in the Circuit Court of the City of Hampton, Christian Lee Rushing was convicted of aggravated malicious wounding, use of a firearm while committing aggravated malicious wounding, burglary while armed, use of a firearm while committing burglary, and participation in a criminal street gang. On March 12, 2010, the circuit court sentenced him to a total of 51 years incarceration for those offenses, with 32 years suspended. Only two of those offenses are before this Court on appeal, criminal gang participation and use of a firearm in commission of burglary.
In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial. On August 1, 2008,
The house was occupied by 75-year-old Benjamin O‘Dell, who was not a drug dealer and who lived there alone. O‘Dell was at the top of a flight of four steps that descended from the living room level to the lower level where the front door was located. Newton and Rushing appeared below him, having come through another room on the lower level. Both Newton and Rushing were carrying handguns. Newton fired a shot at O‘Dell that missed and hit the ceiling. O‘Dell heard one of them say: “let‘s get out of here; we [have] got the wrong house.” Rushing fled but Newton remained long enough to fire two more shots, both of which struck O‘Dell in the side, penetrating his abdomen. O‘Dell suffered injuries requiring extensive surgery that included removal of a kidney and repair of the duodenum. He remained in a hospital more than a month, followed by a period
Rushing and Newton were both arrested by Newport News police officers and their homes were searched pursuant to search warrants. The two handguns the defendants had used were the property of Newton‘s grandfather, who identified them as his. Newton at first denied involvement but later, after being shown the handguns, admitted that it was he, and not Rushing, who had shot O‘Dell. The search of Rushing‘s home produced nothing of consequence, but a search of his person incident to his arrest produced brass knuckles, bandannas, and a straight razor. The search of Newton‘s home produced, in addition to the handguns, numerous indicia of gang membership including notebooks, drawings, writings, and bandannas.
Newton and Rushing were tried together. The Commonwealth presented the testimony of Detective Ernest Corey Sales, the officer in charge of the “gang unit” of the Hampton police. The court admitted his testimony as an expert witness on the subjects of gang identification and gang ideologies. He testified extensively as to the origins, alliances, rivalries, insignia, traditions, and lore of various street gangs extant throughout the country. Detective Sales opined that both Rushing and Newton were members of a gang originating in Chicago known as “Gangsta Disciples” (GD), who sometimes referred to
The detective testified that his opinion of Rushing‘s affiliation with GD was based primarily on two things. First was a photograph of Rushing making a GD recognition hand signal called “throwing up a pitchfork.” The second was Rushing‘s participation with Newton in committing the crimes against O‘Dell.1 The photographer did not testify, nor did any witness identify the photograph as a fair representation of the scene it portrayed or describe the circumstances existing when it was taken. The court admitted the photograph in evidence over Rushing‘s objection that it lacked any foundation.
The statutory definition of “criminal street gang” contained in
The second conviction order indicated that Deanthony Clark pleaded guilty in the Circuit Court of the City of Hampton to carjacking and the use of a firearm. Detective Sales opined that Clark was a member of GD because he had once observed Clark, sitting in a chair in a school office, wearing black and blue beads. Sales testified that black and blue beads are insignia worn by GD members.
Rushing objected to the admission of these orders on the ground that there was no indication of any connection between Rushing and either Lollis or Clark, and on grounds of relevancy and hearsay. The court held that the orders were relevant as proof of predicate offenses required to establish an element of the crimes: that GD was a criminal street gang.
Rushing appealed his convictions to the Court of Appeals. A single judge denied his petition and he requested review by a three-judge panel. The panel granted the appeal as to a single
The circuit court erred by finding the evidence sufficient to convict appellant of gang participation because of insufficient evidence, because prior felony convictions of alleged gang members were improperly admitted, and a photo of appellant allegedly making a gang sign was improperly admitted.
By a published opinion, a divided panel affirmed the convictions. Rushing v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 594, 712 S.E.2d 41 (2011). The panel majority noted that Rushing had not asked for a new trial, which would be his remedy if evidence were to be held improperly admitted, but rather had asked that the gang participation conviction be reversed and the charge dismissed because the evidence was insufficient to support it. The panel majority therefore declined to address the issues of admissibility of evidence. The majority held that on appellate review of the sufficiency of the evidence, all the evidence must be considered, whether improperly admitted or not. Thus, including the challenged evidence of the photograph and the orders of conviction, the majority found the evidence sufficient to support the conviction and affirmed. Id. at 602-03, 712 S.E.2d at 45-46. One judge dissented on the ground that the majority had erred in refusing to consider Rushing‘s challenge
Analysis
A. Gang Participation
“Criminal street gang” means any ongoing organization, association, or group of three or more persons, whether formal or informal, (i) which has as one of its primary objectives or activities the commission of one or more criminal activities; (ii) which has an identifiable name or identifying sign or symbol; and (iii) whose members individually or collectively have engaged in the commission of, attempt to commit, conspiracy to commit, or solicitation of two or more predicate criminal acts, at least one of which is an act of violence, provided such acts were not part of a common act or transaction.
“Predicate criminal act” means (i) an act of violence; (ii) any violation of [listing 29 specified sections of the Code of Virginia]; (iii) a second or subsequent felony violation of subsection C of
§ 18.2-248 or of§ 18.2-248.1 ; (iv) any violation of a local ordinance adopted pursuant to§ 15.2-1812.2 ; or (v) any substantially similar offense under the laws of another state or territory of the United States, the District of Columbia, or the United States.
A. Any person who actively participates in or is a member of a criminal street gang and who knowingly and willfully participates in any predicate criminal act committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with any criminal street gang shall be guilty of a Class 5 felony. . . .
Rushing contends that the Commonwealth‘s evidence was insufficient to prove the latter two of those elements. Specifically, he argues that Deanthony Clark‘s conviction order should not have been admitted in evidence because it was not shown to be relevant. Rushing points out that there was no evidence that he knew or had any relationship with Clark, and that the conviction order would only have been relevant if it had some tendency to show that Clark was a member of GD when Clark committed his crime.
We agree with Rushing‘s conclusion. Detective Sales expressed his opinion that Clark was a member of GD. Generally, expert opinion is only admissible in a criminal case if it is based on facts in evidence. Simpson v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 557, 565, 318 S.E.2d 386, 391 (1984). The only factual basis Sales had for that opinion was that he had once seen Clark, on an unspecified date, sitting in a chair in a school office,
Further, because Sales’ observation of Clark‘s beads was not related in time to Clark‘s commission of his crime in Norfolk, it does not support the conclusion that he committed it as a member of the gang. Participation in the gang‘s activities, without more, is not sufficient to characterize an actor as a gang member in one of the two offenses prerequisite to proof of a criminal street gang‘s existence. A defendant charged with gang participation, although not an actual member of the gang, may be convicted upon a showing that he participated in a gang-related crime. The statute, however,
We do not agree with Rushing‘s contention that proof of a personal connection between Rushing and Clark was necessary to make Clark‘s conviction relevant. The last sentence of
Rushing also contends that the circuit court erred in admitting a photograph of his making what was described by Detective Sales as a GD hand signal. The photographer did not testify, nor did any other witness identify or authenticate the photograph, describe the circumstances existing when it was taken, or testify that it fairly represented the scene it appeared to portray. The circuit court therefore erred in admitting it into evidence without any foundation. See Charles
As stated above, the Court of Appeals declined to address errors in the admission of evidence because Rushing had, in his assignment of error, described the improper admission of the photograph, along with the Clark and Lollis conviction orders, as the basis for his contention that, without them, the evidence was insufficient to support the conviction. It is certainly better appellate practice to put the appellant‘s finger on the precise error complained of by assigning errors separately when both evidentiary error and sufficiency questions are appealed.
We do not, however agree with the Court of Appeals’ holding that review of an evidentiary error is precluded by giving it as the reason the evidence was insufficient. Put differently, an appellant may properly contend (1) that evidence was entered erroneously and (2) without that error the record would not contain evidence sufficient to support the conviction. An appellate court, in those circumstances, cannot adjudicate the question of sufficiency without first deciding whether the evidence should have been admitted. If the evidence is determined to have been admitted in error, and the error has
The Court of Appeals cited Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33 (1988), for the proposition that, on appellate review for sufficiency of the evidence, all evidence in the record, whether erroneously admitted or not, is to be considered. We have adopted a different standard of appellate review in Virginia.4 In Crawford v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 84, 111-12, 704 S.E.2d 107, 123-24 (2011), we held that, on appellate review of the sufficiency of the evidence, “an appellate court may not consider evidence illegally admitted at trial. To hold otherwise would circumvent on appeal the Constitutional
Applying that standard, we hold that if the record is considered without the erroneously admitted evidence of Deanthony Clark‘s conviction, the Commonwealth proved only one predicate crime committed by a gang member rather than the two required by the statute. Therefore, the Commonwealth failed to prove an essential element of the crime and the Court of Appeals erred in affirming Rushing‘s conviction for gang participation. Because this holding requires reversal and final judgment for Rushing, we do not reach the effect of the erroneous admission of the photograph.6
B. Use of a Firearm in Commission of Burglary
The Commonwealth concedes on brief that, in light of this Court‘s decision in Rowland v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 396, 402,
Conclusion
For the reasons stated, we will reverse and dismiss Rushing‘s convictions for gang participation and for use of a firearm in the commission of burglary, entering final judgment here. Rushing‘s other convictions are unaffected by this appeal.
Reversed and final judgment.