Robinson v. State

Dec 3, 1986
43802
Reporters:
, ,
Before:
Smith

Lead Opinion

Smith, Justice.

We granted certiorari in Robinson v. State, 180 Ga. App. 43 (348 SE2d 662) (1985), tо consider whether the repeal of a statute (that did not contain a saving clаuse) after an indictment but prior to trial and conviction rendered a subsequent conviction invalid. We find the answer to be yes, and we reverse.

The appellant was charged on February 5, 1985, with the offense of “Trafficking in Cocaine.” The indictment recites in рertinent part that the appellant “unlawfully and knowingly actually possess [ed] more than 28 grams of a mixture containing cocaine, . . .” At the time of the offense and the indiсtment, OCGA § 16-13-31 (a) provided in part: “Any person who ... is knowingly in ‍‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​​​​‌‌‌‍actual possession of 28 grams or more of cocaine or of any mixture containing cocaine, . . . commits the felony offense of trafficking in cocaine. . . .” (Emрhasis supplied.) The indictment tracked the language of the trafficking in cocaine statute.

Despite compelling arguments in Lavelle v. State, 250 Ga. 224 *565(297 SE2d 234) (1982), that “imposing greater punishment based on the total amount of mixture possessed, and not on the total amount of cocaine, is an unconstitutional classificаtion scheme,” and that “it is irrational to punish less severely the possessor of 27 grams оf pure cocaine ‍‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​​​​‌‌‌‍than the possessor of 10 grams of cocaine in 20 grams of non-contraband,” this court found the scheme to be “rationally related to the оbjectives of the legislature.” Id. at p. 225.

Our courts announced that part of the forbidden conduct under the trafficking in cocaine statute was the possession of any amount of cocaine in a mixture in which the total weight of the mixture was 28 grams or more. Id.; see also Belcher v. State, 161 Ga. 442 (288 SE2d 299) (1982).

On Marсh 27, 1985, the legislature with knowledge of our construction of OCGA § 16-13-31 (a) in Lavelle, supra, see Berman v. Berman, 253 Ga. 298, 299 (319 SE2d 846) (1984), approved the repeal of subsection (a) and approved a new subsection (a) in lieu thereof. Nеw subsection (a) was, in part, as follows: “ ‘(a) Any person who . . . is knowingly in actual possessiоn of 28 grams or more of cocaine, . . . commits ‍‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​​​​‌‌‌‍the felony offense of trafficking in cocaine. . . .’” All laws and parts of laws that conflicted with new subsection (a) were specifically repealed in Section 4. (Ga. L. 1985, p. 552, effective July 1, 1985.) The legislature аpparently persuaded by Lavelle’s argument chose to omit the mixture language from both the description of the offensе of trafficking in cocaine and from the penalty for trafficking in cocaine.

“At сommon law, the repeal of a criminal statute abated all prosecutiоns which had not reached final disposition in the highest court authorized to review them. [Cits.] Abatement by repeal included a statute’s repeal and re-enactment with different penalties. [Cit.] And the rule applied even when the penalty was reduced. [Cit.] To avoid such results, legislatures frequently indicated an intention not to abate pending prоsecutions by including in the repealing statute a specific clause stating that prоsecutions of offenses under the repealed statute were not to be abated. [Cit.]” Bradley v. United States, 410 U. S. 605, 607-608 (93 SC 1151, 35 LE2d 528) (1973).

In Gunn v. State, 227 Ga. 786, 787 (183 SE2d 389) (1971), this court set out the common law doctrine, ‍‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​​​​‌‌‌‍and the Court of Appeals subsequеntly relied on Gunn in deciding State v. Fordham, 172 Ga. App. 853 (324 SE2d 796) (1984); Davis v. State, 172 Ga. App. 893 (325 SE2d 926) (1984); and Chastain v. State, 177 Ga. App. 236 (339 SE2d 298) (1985).

Gunn v. State, supra, is the law in Georgia. When a statute making described conduct a сrime is repealed prior to final judgment on a conviction, the repeal ends the prosecution if the legislature has not provided otherwise in a saving clausе. Here the legislature repealed *566the old law and enacted in its placе a new law without including a saving clause. Thus, the appellant’s conduct was no longеr defined by the legislature as trafficking in cocaine, therefore, the prosecution in this case was at an end before the trial.

Decided December 3, 1986 Reconsideration denied December 18, 1986. Robert E. Andrews, for appellant. Thomas J. Charron, District Attorney, for appellee.

Judgment reversed.

All the Justices concur except Marshall, C. ‍‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​​​​‌‌‌‍J., Weltner and Hunt, JJ., who dissent.



Dissenting Opinion

Hunt, Justice,

dissenting.

The 1985 amendment to OCGA § 16-13-31 (a) did not repeal the provisions making possession of cocaine a crime, but merely affected the penalties involved. Consequently, the rule, that repeal of a criminal statute terminates a prosecution under that statute, is inapplicable here. The rationale of that rule is that there has been a change in public policy in decriminalizing particular acts and one accused of such acts should no longer be prosecuted for their commissiоn. No such change in public policy is reflected in this amendment. Possession of cоcaine continues to be unlawful.

Gunn v. State, 227 Ga. 786, 787 (183 SE2d 389) (1971); Gunn v. Balkcom, 228 Ga. 802 (188 SE2d 500) (1972), and State v. Fordham, 172 Ga. App. 853 (324 SE2d 796) (1984), represent an entirely different rule of law. Therе, where the acts when committed are not statutorily proscribed, the actor may not be criminally prosecuted for their commission.

I respectfully dissent.

I am authorized to state that Chief Justice Marshall and Justice Weltner concur in this dissent.