THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. RAYSHON DERRICK THOMAS, Defendant and Appellant.
No. S185305
Supreme Court of California
May 3, 2012
Rehearing Denied June 27, 2012
1276
COUNSEL
Edmund G. Brown, Jr., and Kamala D. Harris, Attorneys General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Janet E. Neeley and Stephen G. Herndon, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
OPINION
LIU, J.-In general, the proper venue in which to prosecute a criminal offense is the superior court of the county in which the crime was committed. (
In the present case, defendant Rayshon Derrick Thomas lived and sold drugs in Madera County. He possessed a key and a receipt for a storage locker that was located in neighboring Fresno County. The storage locker contained drugs and a firearm. The Court of Appeal ruled that the drugs and firearm located in Fresno County did not provide a basis for prosecuting defendant in Madera County for possession for sale of a controlled substance and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. We disagree with the Court of Appeal and conclude that Madera County was a proper venue in which to prosecute defendant.
A felony complaint was filed in the Madera County Superior Court on November 7, 2001, charging defendant Rayshon Thomas with possession of cocaine for sale (
On June 17, 2002, prior to the preliminary hearing, defendant filed a “Motion to Dismiss Based on Improper Jurisdictional Territory,” claiming that the case should be prosecuted in Fresno County, “where the contraband items were located.” Defendant conceded that the Madera County Superior Court had subject matter jurisdiction over the charges, but disputed whether Madera County was a proper venue. Following an evidentiary hearing, the court denied the motion to dismiss.
A preliminary hearing was held in January 2003, at which defendant‘s parole agent, Raquel Merigian, testified that on November 2, 2001, she was riding in a patrol vehicle driven by Madera Police Officer Morrill when they saw defendant driving a red Honda Civic on Clinton Street in Madera County. (Merigian later testified at trial that this was suspicious because, the week before, defendant had declined to provide the registration for this vehicle, as required of all parolees, saying the vehicle was inoperable.) They stopped the vehicle, and a search of defendant‘s backpack revealed $12,500 in cash and a receipt from Derrel‘s Mini Storage. Defendant, who had told his parole agent he was unemployed, also had two cell phones and a pager as well as several receipts for rental cars. Madera Police Officer Robert Blehm testified that it is common for drug dealers to transport narcotics in rented vehicles and that cell phones and pagers are often used by narcotics traffickers. Madera Police Officer Jason Dilbeck, a gang liaison officer, testified that defendant was a member of the 916 Sac Town Bloods, a Madera County gang that engages in narcotics trafficking.
Although defendant had told his parole agent that he lived at 524 Adelaide Street, No. 103, in Madera County, his backpack contained several papers that bore his name and an address of 522 Adelaide Street, No. C. Merigian and Officer Morrill went to 522 Adelaide Street, No. C and discovered that a key they had seized from defendant opened the front door. The landlord confirmed that defendant resided there, and numerous bills and other mail bore defendant‘s name and that address. In the clothes dryer, Merigian found $741 in cash and two more receipts from Derrel‘s Mini Storage.
Defendant was held to answer and an information was filed on October 14, 2003, charging defendant with possession of cocaine for sale (
Defendant filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of all charged crimes and sentenced to prison for a term of 33 years to life. The Court of Appeal reversed the judgment on the ground that “the possessory crimes in this case occurred in Fresno and, thus, the appropriate venue was Fresno County.” We granted the People‘s petition for review.
DISCUSSION
In general, the proper venue for the prosecution of a criminal offense is in the superior court of the county where the crime was committed. (
The terms “venue” and “territorial jurisdiction” are synonymous, and a criminal offense generally should be prosecuted in the county in which the crime was committed. (People v. Simon (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1082, 1095-1096 [108 Cal.Rptr.2d 385, 25 P.3d 598].) (Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.)
Venue is a question of law that is governed by statute. (People v. Posey, supra, 32 Cal.4th at pp. 201, 209.) “Venue does not implicate the trial court‘s fundamental jurisdiction in the sense of personal jurisdiction, which is the authority of the court to proceed against a particular defendant in a criminal action [citation]. [Citations.] Neither does venue implicate the trial court‘s fundamental jurisdiction in the sense of subject matter jurisdiction, which is the authority of the court to consider and decide the criminal action itself [citation].” (Id. at p. 208.) ” ‘If the crime is one over which California can and does exercise its legislative jurisdiction because it was committed in whole or in part within the state‘s territorial borders, California courts have jurisdiction to try the defendant. [Citation.] Moreover, if the charge is brought in a competent court . . . , that court, no matter where located in the state, may have subject matter jurisdiction of the offense. [Citation.]’ ” (People v. Simon, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 1096.) “Venue or territorial jurisdiction establishes the proper place for trial, but . . . does not affect the power of a court to try a case. [Citations.]” (Price v. Superior Court (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1046, 1055 [108 Cal.Rptr.2d 409, 25 P.3d 618].)
“As past decisions recognize, venue provisions applicable to criminal proceedings serve a variety of purposes. First, ‘[v]enue in the place where the crime was committed promotes the convenience of both parties in obtaining evidence and securing the presence of witnesses.’ [Citation.] Second, from the perspective of a defendant, statutory enactments that provide for trial in a county that bears a reasonable relationship to an alleged criminal offense also operate as a restriction on the discretion of the prosecution to file charges in any locale within the state that it chooses, an option that, if available, would provide the prosecution with the considerable power to choose a setting that, for whatever reason, the prosecution views as favorable to its position or hostile or burdensome to the defendant‘s. As one leading criminal treatise explains: ‘The principal justification today for the venue requirement of trial in the vicinity of the crime is to “safeguard against the unfairness and hardship involved when an accused is prosecuted in a remote place.” ’ [Citations.] Finally, venue provisions also serve to protect the interests of the community in which a crime or related activity occurs, ‘vindicat[ing] the community‘s right to sit in judgment on crimes committed within its territory.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Simon, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 1095.)
” ’
The Attorney General argues that defendant committed the crimes of possessing cocaine for sale and possessing a firearm by a convicted felon “in part” in Madera County and “in part” in Fresno County because his possession of the receipts and key for the storage locker gave defendant constructive possession in Madera County of the cocaine and firearm located in the Fresno County storage locker. The Court of Appeal rejected this argument,
“It is well established that one may become criminally liable for possession for sale . . . of a controlled substance, based upon either actual or constructive possession of the substance. [Citation.] Constructive possession exists where a defendant maintains some control or right to control contraband that is in the actual possession of another. [Citation.]” (People v. Morante (1999) 20 Cal.4th 403, 417 [84 Cal.Rptr.2d 665, 975 P.2d 1071]; see U.S. v. Manzella (7th Cir. 1986) 791 F.2d 1263, 1266 [“the owner of a safe deposit box has legal possession of the contents even though the bank has actual custody“].) Although these authorities make clear that defendant constructively possessed the drugs and firearm that were found in Fresno County, the parties cite no California authority, and we are aware of none, that discusses whether the location of a defendant or the location of contraband in his or her constructive possession (or both) may establish a proper venue for prosecution. (Cf. State v. Perez (1993) 311 S.C. 542, 546 [430 S.E.2d 503] [venue was proper where the defendant had constructive possession of drugs located in a neighboring county].)
We need not decide whether constructive possession of contraband may be deemed to occur not only where the contraband is located but also wherever the defendant is located. Under
Several decisions interpreting
In addition to preparatory acts, we have also held that venue can be based on the effects of preparatory acts (what we have called “preparatory effects“). In People v. Posey, supra, 32 Cal.4th 193, a Marin County Sheriff‘s detective paged the defendant in San Francisco to arrange a drug purchase. The defendant telephoned the detective, who falsely said he was in Sonoma County when he actually was in Marin County. The defendant agreed to sell the detective cocaine base and later completed the sale in San Francisco. Some days later, the detective again paged the defendant, who telephoned the detective in Marin and agreed to another drug transaction in San Francisco. We held that the defendant could be prosecuted in Marin County for the drug sales that took place in San Francisco, reasoning that just as committing “preparatory acts” in the charging county is sufficient to establish venue under
Other cases have held that a defendant who commits a crime in one county with effects in another county that are “requisite to . . . the achievement of the [defendant‘s] unlawful purpose” may be tried in the latter county under
The court in Megladdery relied upon People v. Graves (1934) 137 Cal.App. 1 [29 P.2d 807], in which the court held that the defendant, a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, could be prosecuted in Los Angeles for receiving a bribe in San Francisco to influence his vote on a flood control issue. The Megladdery court observed that “the dishonest vote was not an essential part of the crimes charged, and the crime was complete before the vote was given, but, nevertheless, it was held, and properly so, that Los Angeles had jurisdiction-the vote was a legal effect of the corrupt agreement, and that gave Los Angeles jurisdiction.” (Megladdery, supra, 40 Cal.App.2d at p. 775.)
The court in Megladdery also relied upon People v. Boggess (1924) 194 Cal. 212 [228 P. 448], in which the defendant was convicted in Sacramento for filing a false statement in an application to sell shares of stock that was filed in the San Francisco office of the Commissioner of Corporations. The Boggess court held that the defendant could be prosecuted in Sacramento County under
The Megladdery court similarly relied upon People v. Anderson (1935) 3 Cal.App.2d 521 [40 P.2d 270], where the defendant was tried in Sacramento County for robbing a taxicab driver in Yolo County. The driver had picked up the defendant in Sacramento and taken him to Yolo County, where the defendant robbed the driver, stole the cab, and drove it back to Sacramento.
In the present case, we have no difficulty concluding that venue was proper in Madera County because defendant committed preparatory acts in Madera County and because the effects of defendant‘s unlawful possession of the drugs and firearm found in the Fresno storage locker would be felt in Madera County. The trial court reasonably concluded that defendant‘s possession for sale of the cocaine and possession of the firearm in the Fresno County storage locker was part of a larger plan to sell drugs in Madera County. Defendant‘s preparatory acts in Madera County included obtaining an apartment in addition to the residence he disclosed to his parole agent, in which cash was found hidden in a clothes dryer, and securing two cell phones and a pager.
In addition to preparatory acts, the effects of defendant‘s possession for sale of the cocaine and possession of the firearm would be felt in Madera County. The trial court found that Madera was defendant‘s “base of operations” and that he participated in gang activities there and sold drugs there. These findings implied that the court also concluded that defendant would use the firearm there. The information alleged, and the jury found, that in possessing the cocaine for sale, defendant was personally armed with the firearm discovered in the storage locker. Defendant lived in Madera and was a member of a Madera County gang that engaged in drug sales. When he was searched, defendant possessed a large amount of cash in addition to a key and the receipt for the storage locker containing the firearm and drugs. As noted above, defendant rented a second apartment that he had not disclosed to his parole agent where more cash was hidden. There was ample evidence to support the trial court‘s finding that defendant lived and sold drugs in Madera County: “The only thing absent is his inventory. And his inventory . . . is just across the county line on Herndon.”
Permitting this case to be tried in Madera County satisfies the purposes of the venue requirement. It ” ‘promotes the convenience of both parties in obtaining evidence and securing the presence of witnesses.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Simon, supra, 25 Cal.4th 1082, 1095.) Defendant lives in Madera County, and all of the witnesses lived either in Madera County or neighboring Fresno County. It “provide[s] for trial in a county that bears a reasonable relationship” to the offenses. (Ibid.) There was evidence that the drugs constructively possessed by defendant would be sold in Madera and the firearm would be used there. There was no danger that defendant would be ” ‘prosecuted in a remote place.’ ” [Citations.]” (Ibid.) And trial in Madera protected “the interests of the community in which a crime or related activity
Defendant‘s contrary arguments are unavailing. Defendant argues that “California venue statutes must be construed narrowly,” despite our pronouncements to the contrary that
Relying upon material that is outside the record on appeal, defendant argues that he was denied his right to a jury drawn from a fair cross section of the community because African Americans comprise a smaller percentage of the population in Madera County than in Fresno County. Defendant did not raise this issue in the Court of Appeal, nor did defendant seek review of the issue in this court. Accordingly, we decline to address it.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeal. We remand the matter to that court for consideration of defendant‘s remaining claims, which the Court of Appeal did not address.
Cantil-Sakauye, C. J., Kennard, J., Baxter, J., Werdegar, J., Chin, J., and Corrigan, J., concurred.
Appellant‘s petition for a rehearing was denied June 27, 2012, and the opinion was modified to read as printed above.