People v. RowellPeople v. Rowell
Defendant Ronald Rowell appeals from the trial court‘s order recommitting him as a sexually violent predator (an SVP). (
In an unpublished part of this opinion, we reject defendant‘s other claim of error.
FACTS**
DISCUSSION
I
The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution states in pertinent part: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury. . . .” By its express terms, the right to a jury trial extends only to criminal prosecutions.
Article I, section 16 of the California Constitution states: “Trial by jury is an inviolate right and shall bе secured to all, but in a civil cause three-fourths of the jury may render a verdict. A jury may be waived in a criminal cause by the consent of both parties expressed in open court by thе defendant and the defendant‘s counsel. In a civil cause a jury may be waived by the consent of the parties expressed as prescribed by statute.”
Thus, the right to a jury trial is afforded to bоth criminal and civil litigants under the California Constitution. However, a criminal defendant‘s right to a jury trial may be waived only by his or her express consent in open court, whereas a civil litigant‘s right may be waived in the manner prescribed by statute.
An SVP commitment proceeding is not a criminal cause; it is civil in nature. (Hubbart v. Superior Court (1999) 19 Cal.4th 1138, 1171-1172, 81 Cal.Rptr.2d 492, 969 P.2d 584.) Thus, the state and federal constitutional protection of thе right to a jury trial afforded to criminal defendants is inapplicable. Furthermore, an SVP proceeding, like other civil commitment proceedings, is a special proceeding, nоt a civil action (People v. Superior Court (Cheek) (2001) 94 Cal.App.4th 980, 988, 114 Cal.Rptr.2d 760 (hereafter Cheek); Leake v. Superior Court (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 675, 679-680, 104 Cal.Rptr.2d 767), which means there is no constitutional right to a jury trial. (People v. Fuller (1964) 226 Cal.App.2d 331, 335, 38 Cal.Rptr. 25.)
“[A]n SVPA commitment proceeding is a special proceeding of a civil nature, because it is neither an action at law nor a suit in equity, but instead is a civil commitmеnt proceeding commenced by petition independently of a pending action.” (Cheek, supra, 94 Cal.App.4th at p. 988, 114 Cal.Rptr.2d 760.) Civil commitment proceedings “are civil in nature and of a character unknown at commоn law. [Citation.]” (People v. Fuller, supra, 226 Cal.App.2d at p. 335, 38 Cal.Rptr. 25.) “And, in such civil proceedings, unknown to the common law (as distinguished from ordinary civil and criminal cases), the use of a jury is a matter of legislative grant and
In other words, contrary to defendant‘s claims, the right to a jury in SVPA proceedings is of statutory origin and character, rather than constitutional.
The statute governing the right to a jury trial in SVP cases is section 6603, which states in pеrtinent part: “(a) A person subject to this article shall be entitled to a trial by jury.... [¶] (b) The attorney petitioning for commitment under this article shall have the right to demand that the trial be before a jury. [¶] . . . [¶] (e) If the person subject to this article or the petitioning attorney does not demand a jury trial, the trial shall be before the court without a jury.”
Under section 6603, a defendant‘s right to a jury trial in аn SVP proceeding is waived by the simple failure to demand one. There is no requirement that the statutory right to a jury trial be personally waived.
In this case, defendant initially demanded a jury trial thrоugh his attorney, but thereafter defense counsel filed a written declaration under penalty of perjury stating he had spoken with defendant and defendant no longer wanted a jury trial. In civil proceedings, a jury may be waived “[b]y written consent filed with the clerk or judge” (
Defendant does not contend that defense counsel‘s declaration that defendant wished to waive a jury trial was false, or that counsel was without actual authority to waive a jury. Thus, the record supports the conclusion that the right to a jury trial on the SVP petition was validly waived. (Conservatorship of Mary K., supra, 234 Cal.App.3d at p. 271, 285 Cal.Rptr. 618.)
Defendant disagrees, relying on a number of older cases concеrning the rights afforded to defendants in civil commitment proceedings. (See, e.g., People v. Feagley (1975) 14 Cal.3d 338, 356-358, 121 Cal.Rptr. 509, 535 P.2d 373 [defendant in MDSO proceeding has right to a unanimous jury verdict]; People v. Burnick (1975) 14 Cal.3d 306, 310, 121 Cal.Rptr. 488, 535 P.2d 352 [reasonable doubt standard of proоf applies in MDSO proceedings]; In re Gary W. (1971) 5 Cal.3d 296, 306-308, 96 Cal.Rptr. 1, 486 P.2d 1201 [ward has the right to a jury trial in a proceeding to extend Youth Authority commitment]; People v. Alvas (1990) 221 Cal.App.3d 1459, 1463-1464, 271 Cal.Rptr. 131 [defendant must be advised of fundamental right to a jury trial in commitments under the Mentally Retarded Persons Law]; People v. Colvin (1981) 114 Cal.App.3d 614, 623-624, 171 Cal.Rptr. 32 [defendant must be advised of right to jury trial in MDSO proceedings]; People v. Malins (1972) 24 Cal.App.3d 812, 818-820, 101 Cal.Rptr. 270 [where jury trial has been demanded in proceedings to commit defendant as a narcotics addict, right is not waivеd by failure to appear].)
He contends these cases hold that the interests involved in civil commitment proceedings are no less fundamental than those in criminal proceеdings, and that the defendant in a commitment proceeding “‘is entitled to the full panoply of the relevant protections which due process guarantees in state criminal proсeedings.‘” (People v. Burnick, supra, 14 Cal.3d at pp. 317-318, 121 Cal.Rptr. 488, 535 P.2d 352, italics omitted.) Thus, according to defendant, a personal waiver of his right to a jury trial was required. We disagree.
“[I]n recent years, courts have reevaluated the nature of civil commitment proceedings and the application of criminal procedural safeguards in those proceedings. This reevaluation has led to the conclusion that dеfendants in civil commitment proceedings, generally, are not constitutionally entitled to the procedural safeguards afforded to defendants in criminal trials.” (People v. Beeson (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 1393, 1405, 122 Cal.Rptr.2d 384; see, e.g., Hubbart v. Superior Court, supra, 19 Cal.4th 1138, 81 Cal.Rptr.2d 492, 969 P.2d 584; Kansas v. Hendricks (1997) 521 U.S. 346, 117 S.Ct. 2072, 138 L.Ed.2d 501; Allen v. Illinois (1986) 478 U.S. 364, 372, 106 S.Ct. 2988, 2993-94, 92 L.Ed.2d 296, 306.)
In Allen v. Illinois, supra, 478 U.S. 364, 106 S.Ct. 2988, 92 L.Ed.2d 296, the United States Supremе Court expressly rejected the notion that civil commitment proceedings “requir[e] the full panoply of rights applicable” in criminal cases. (Id. at p. 372, 106 S.Ct. at pp. 2993-94, 92 L.Ed.2d at p. 306.) And both the United States and California Supreme Courts have made clear that all of the protections of a criminal case do not apply to civil commitment proceedings for sexual offenders as long as the purpose and effect of the proceeding is not punitive. (Hubbart v. Superior Court, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 1170-1179, 81 Cal.Rptr.2d 492, 969 P.2d 584; Kansas v. Hendricks, supra, 521 U.S. at pp. 368-371, 117 S.Ct. at 2086, 138 L.Ed.2d at pp. 519-521.)
Hence, the fact that the interests involved in involuntary commitment proceedings are fundamental enough to require a jury trial does not lead ineluctably to the conclusion that the waiver of a jury trial in such proceedings must be personal as in сriminal prosecutions. The fundamental right to a jury has been protected by section 6603, which grants the defendant the right to a jury trial upon demand. But the SVP commitment proceeding is a civil proceeding, not a criminal one, and the full panoply of rights applicable in criminal cases do not apply. (Allen v. Illinois, supra, 478 U.S. at p. 372, 106 S.Ct. at pp. 2993-94, 92 L.Ed.2d at p. 306 [state‘s “decision . . . to provide some of the safeguards applicable in criminal trials cannot itself turn these proceedings into criminal prosecutions requiring the full panoply of rights applicable there“].)
Acсordingly, a defendant‘s personal waiver of a jury trial in an SVP proceeding is not required, and the trial court properly accepted defense counsel‘s declaration that defendant wanted a court trial.
In any event, it is not reasonably probable that a different result would have occurred
II***
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
We concur: DAVIS and MORRISON, JJ.