THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. SCOTT LAWRENCE RELKIN, Defendant and Appellant.
No. C078628
Court of Appeal, Third District, California
Dec. 22, 2016
6 Cal. App. 5th 1188
Peter Dodd, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Julie A. Hokans and John A. Bachman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
NICHOLSON, Acting P. J.—Defendant Scott Lawrence Relkin appeals his sentence following entry of pleas in cases Nos. CM040863 and CM041966. He contends the sentence exceeds the maximum to which he specifically agreed. He further contends the trial court erred by imposing certain conditions of mandatory supervision that are vague, overbroad, unconstitutional, and unrelated to rehabilitation. We will remand the matter to the trial court to modify probation condition No. 13. We will also modify the judgment to correct an unauthorized sentence on count 2 in case No. CM041966, and affirm the judgment as modified.
FACTUAL SUMMARY
A detailed recitation of the facts underlying defendant‘s convictions is not necessary for the resolution of this appeal. Thus, the facts are briefly summarized as follows.
Case No. CM040863
On January 30, 2014, narcotics task force agents executed a search warrant at defendant‘s apartment and discovered approximately 15 grams of methamphetamine, a digital scale, and drug paraphernalia, as well as messages on defendant‘s cell phone consistent with sales of narcotics.
Case No. CM041966
On November 2, 2014, narcotics task force agents conducted a traffic stop of a vehicle in which defendant was a passenger. At the time, defendant had been released from custody on his own recognizance in case No. CM040863 and was subject to search in a third pending case (case No. CM041821). A search of defendant‘s person revealed 11.6 grams of methamphetamine, 15 hydromorphone pills, and a wallet containing $455. A baggie containing a small amount of methamphetamine was also found during a search of the vehicle.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Case No. CM040863
Defendant was charged by complaint, deemed the information, with possession for sale of a controlled substance (
On June 12, 2014, defendant entered a negotiated plea of no contest to possession of methamphetamine for sale as charged and admitted a prior conviction for possession of methamphetamine for sale in exchange for dismissal of all remaining enhancements and special allegations and the prosecution‘s agreement not to file a pending unfiled felony case. Defendant waived time for sentencing.
On August 28, 2014, defendant was released on his own recognizance subject to warrantless search for items including controlled substances and drug paraphernalia.
Case No. CM041966
On October 6, 2014, defendant was charged by criminal complaint with possession of hydromorphone (
On January 15, 2015, defendant entered a negotiated plea of no contest to all three counts, admitted three prior convictions for possession of methamphetamine for sale, two prior prison terms, and that he committed an offense while released on bail or his own recognizance in exchange for dismissal of his third case, No. CM041821, and a stipulated judgment for forfeiture of assets. The written plea agreement reflects a maximum possible sentence of 17 years in county prison.
Sentencing in Cases Nos. CM040863 and CM041966
On February 19, 2015, the trial court sentenced defendant to an aggregate term of 17 years eight months in county prison as follows:
In case No. CM041966, the court sentenced defendant to the upper term of four years on count 3, plus a consecutive term of eight months (one-third the middle term) on count 2 stayed pursuant to
In case No. CM040863, the court sentenced defendant to a consecutive term of eight months (one-third the middle term) and stayed the remaining enhancement pursuant to
The court ordered defendant to serve the first 3,650 days of his sentence in the county jail and the remaining 2,798 days on mandatory supervision (
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal. The trial court denied his request for a certificate of probable cause.
DISCUSSION
I
Enforcement of Plea Agreement*
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II
Conditions of Mandatory Supervision
Defendant contends the trial court erred in imposing mandatory supervision condition Nos. 6 and 13 because those conditions are not related to rehabilitation, and are vague and overbroad, and unconstitutional. He contends his claim raises issues of constitutionality and presents a pure question of law turning on undisputed facts and was therefore not forfeited for failure to object.
“The validity and reasonableness of parole conditions is analyzed under the same standard as that developed for probation conditions. [Citations.] ‘A condition of [parole] will not be held invalid unless it “(1) has no relationship to the crime of which the offender was convicted, (2) relates to conduct which is not in itself criminal, and (3) requires or forbids conduct which is not reasonably related to future criminality . . . .” [Citation.] Conversely, a condition of [parole] which requires or forbids conduct which is not itself criminal is valid if that conduct is reasonably related to the crime of which the defendant was convicted or to future criminality.’ (People v. Lent (1975) 15 Cal.3d 481, 486 [124 Cal.Rptr. 905, 541 P.2d 545], fn. omitted, superseded on another ground by Prop. 8 as stated in People v. Wheeler (1992) 4 Cal.4th 284, 290-292 [14 Cal.Rptr.2d 418, 841 P.2d 938]; see People v. Olguin (2008) 45 Cal.4th 375, 379-380 [87 Cal.Rptr.3d 199, 198 P.3d 1].)” (Martinez, supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at p. 764.)
“In general, the courts are given broad discretion in fashioning terms of supervised release, in order to foster the reformation and rehabilitation of the offender, while protecting public safety. [Citations.] Thus, the imposition of a particular condition of probation is subject to review for abuse of that discretion. ‘As with any exercise of discretion, the court violates this standard when it imposes a condition of probation that is arbitrary, capricious or exceeds the bounds of reason under the circumstances. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Martinez, supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at p. 764.)
“A probation condition ‘must be sufficiently precise for the probationer to know what is required of him, and for the court to determine whether the condition has been violated,’ if it is to withstand a challenge on the ground of vagueness. [Citation.] A probation condition that imposes limitations on a person‘s constitutional rights must closely tailor those limitations to the purpose of the condition to avoid being invalidated as unconstitutionally overbroad. [Citation.]” (In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 890 [55 Cal.Rptr.3d 716, 153 P.3d 282] (Sheena K.).)
In general, the failure to make a timely objection to a probation condition forfeits the claim of error on appeal. (People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 234 [19 Cal.Rptr.2d 520, 851 P.2d 802]; People v. Hodges (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 1348, 1357 [83 Cal.Rptr.2d 619]; Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 882.) “A timely objection allows the court to modify or delete an allegedly unreasonable condition or to explain why it is necessary in the particular case. The parties must, of course, be given a reasonable opportunity to present any relevant argument and evidence.” (People v. Welch, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 235.) An objection may be raised for the first time on appeal only where it concerns an unauthorized sentence involving pure questions of law. (People v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 354 [36 Cal.Rptr.2d 627, 885 P.2d 1040]; Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at pp. 888-889.)
Defendant argues his failure to object to the imposition of either of the challenged conditions does not forfeit his claim because both conditions present a pure question of law turning on undisputed facts. We consider each condition and, as we shall explain, conclude that the first (condition No. 6) is valid and the second (condition No. 13) is valid in part.
Condition No. 6
General condition No. 6 requires defendant to obtain “written permission from the probation officer” before leaving the State of California. While all citizens enjoy a federal constitutional right to travel from state to state (Shapiro v. Thompson (1969) 394 U.S. 618, 629 [22 L.Ed.2d 600, 612, 89 S.Ct. 1322]), that right is not absolute and may be reasonably restricted in the public interest. (In re White (1979) 97 Cal.App.3d 141, 149-150 [158 Cal.Rptr. 562] (White).) Defendant was convicted of crimes involving the sale and transportation of controlled substances. There is a direct relationship between the sale and transport of drugs and the exercise of the right to travel. Thus, under Lent, the condition is reasonably related to preventing future criminality by placing a reasonable limitation on defendant‘s unfettered ability to travel from California to another state.
Analogizing to the facts in White, defendant claims condition No. 6 violated his state and federal constitutional right to travel and thus his right to work. White is factually distinguishable. There, the reviewing court struck down a probation condition prohibiting the defendant from entering certain areas in Fresno known for having a high concentration of prostitution arrests. (White, supra, 97 Cal.App.3d at pp. 143-144, 148.) But here, unlike White, the condition‘s limitation on interstate travel is closely tailored to the purpose of monitoring defendant‘s travel to and from California not by barring his ability to travel altogether but by requiring that he first obtain written permission before doing so. Indeed, the court in White concluded that the condition in question there could be modified by, for example, “establish[ing] reasonable hours during the day or night when the [defendant] may under
Defendant argues conditioning the right to leave the state on obtaining prior written approval does not render the condition legal. As support, he relies on People v. Bauer (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 937 [260 Cal.Rptr. 62]. There, the Court of Appeal rejected a probation condition requiring the defendant to obtain his probation officer‘s approval of his residence, finding the condition was not reasonably related to future criminality and did not relate to conduct that was in itself criminal. The court also noted, without further explanation, that the condition was “extremely broad” and not narrowly tailored to minimize interference with defendant‘s constitutional right to travel and freedom of association. (Id. at p. 944.) In particular, the court noted the defendant lived with and had an “exemplary” relationship with his parents, and the condition “gives the probation officer the discretionary power . . . to forbid [him] from living with or near his parents—that is, the power to banish him.” (Ibid.)
The condition in the Bauer case differs significantly from the condition challenged here. In Bauer, the condition, which had nothing to do with the assault and false imprisonment crimes of which the defendant was convicted, required the defendant to obtain approval of his residence. By its very broad nature, the condition thus gave the probation officer the unfettered power and discretion to determine where and with whom the defendant would live and, as the Bauer court noted, had the potential to greatly restrict and control the defendant‘s ability to travel and freely associate with others of his choosing. Here, on the other hand, the travel condition is narrowly tailored to require only that defendant obtain written permission to leave the state. It does not prohibit travel within the state nor does it prohibit him from travel altogether. As such, it is “‘sufficiently precise for [defendant] to know what is required of him, and for the court to determine whether the condition has been violated.‘” (Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.) The condition is also reasonably related to future criminality in light of defendant‘s conviction for sale and transportation of drugs. Thus, it passes the Lent test.
Condition No. 13
General condition No. 13 requires defendant to “report to the probation officer, no later than the next working day, any arrests or any contacts with or incidents involving any peace officer.” Defendant claims the terms “contacts with” and “incidents involving” peace officers are uncertain because one
“[T]he underpinning of a vagueness challenge is the due process concept of ‘fair warning.’ [Citation.] The rule of fair warning consists of ‘the due process concepts of preventing arbitrary law enforcement and providing adequate notice to potential offenders’ [citation], protections that are ‘embodied in the due process clauses of the federal and California Constitutions. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] The vagueness doctrine bars enforcement of ‘“a statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.)
On one hand, a probationer can hardly argue with a straight face that reporting “any arrests” requires one to guess at its meaning. Similarly, the phrase “incidents involving any peace officer” implies the happening of some difficulty or problem, either directly or indirectly related to defendant, that has resulted in police involvement. This, too, is sufficient to put defendant on notice as to what is required of him.
On the other hand, the portion of the condition requiring that defendant report “any contacts with . . . any peace officer” is vague and overbroad and does indeed leave one to guess what sorts of events and interactions qualify as reportable. We disagree with the People‘s argument that the condition is clearly not triggered when defendant says “hello” to a police officer or attends an event at which police officers are present, but would be triggered if defendant were interviewed as a witness to a crime or if his “lifestyle were such that he is present when criminal activity occurs.” The language does not delineate between such occurrences and thus casts an excessively broad net over what would otherwise be activity not worthy of reporting. Accordingly, we remand the matter to the trial court with directions to modify condition No. 13 to address the concerns expressed in this opinion.
Finally, although not raised by the parties, we note that a portion of the sentence imposed in case No. CM041966—the consecutive term of eight months (one-third the middle term) on count 2 stayed pursuant to
DISPOSITION
Defendant‘s convictions are affirmed. We remand the matter to the trial court to modify probation condition No. 13 to address the concerns expressed in this opinion. We also modify the judgment to impose a sentence on count 2 in case No. CM041966 of a consecutive two-year term (the middle term) stayed pursuant to
Mauro, J., and Murray, J., concurred.
Appellant‘s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied March 15, 2017, S239652.