People v. BoydPeople v. Boyd
Dominic J. Sichenzia, Carle Place, for appellant.
Robert M. Morgenthau, District Attorney, New York City (David M. Cohn of counsel), for respondent.
OPINION OF THE COURT
TOM, J.P.
At issue on this appeal is whether acceptance of defendant‘s guilty plea in exchange for a negotiated determinate sentence without advising him of the duration of the period of postrelease supervision to be imposed or the permissible statutory range for the period of such supervision deprived him of the ability “to knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently choose among alternative courses of action” so as to require reversal of the judgment of conviction (People v Catu, 4 NY3d 242, 245 [2005]). Under the particular facts of this matter, this Court concludes that merely telling defendant “there is a postrelease supervision that‘s mandatory,” without further explanation, was insufficient to accord him due process (see id.).
Under separate indictments, defendant was charged with a total of four counts of robbery in the first and second degrees. He entered a plea of guilty to two counts of first degree robbery in full satisfaction of the indictments and waived his right to appeal in return for concurrent determinate sentences of 12 years on each count. At plea, the court specifically found that defendant was not a predicate felony offender. After the allocution, the prosecutor asked if the court had mentioned postrelease supervision. The court responded: “I don‘t, because it‘s mandatory. Okay. Do you understand that there is a postrelease supervision that‘s mandatory“? Defendant simply answered “Yes,” and the court thereupon accepted his plea.
On appeal, defendant contends that the court violated his due process rights by failing to apprise him of the range of the mandatory period of postrelease supervision and the duration of supervision to which he is subject. He requests that this Court reverse his conviction and vacate the pleas.
In response, the People argue that the trial court afforded defendant due process by advising him that postrelease supervision is mandatory and that, in any event, defendant‘s failure to immediately state an objection or move to vacate the pleas renders any error unpreserved. However, we note that the duration of postrelease supervision was neither pronounced at sentence nor otherwise entered on the court‘s records (cf. People v Lingle, 34 AD3d 287 [2006], lv granted 9 NY3d 877 [2007]), and by requesting that the matter be remitted so that postrelease supervision may be added to defendant‘s sentence for such period of time as Supreme Court determines, in its discretion, the People implicitly concede the illegality of the sentence.
The particular question confronting this Court is whether a defendant contemplating entry of a guilty plea can knowingly and intelligently choose among available alternatives without knowing the duration of postrelease supervision to which he is subject upon his release from incarceration or even the limits imposed by statute on that period of supervision. We answer this question in the negative. If postrelease supervision, like incarceration, is a significant component of sentence (see Catu, 4 NY3d at 245), then the duration of supervision and its relationship to the range provided by statute are likewise material to a defendant‘s ability to intelligently choose among alternative courses of action (see People v Van Deusen, 7 NY3d 744 [2006]). Conceptually, if the postrelease supervision component of a sentence is “significant” (Catu, 4 NY3d at 245), then it is no more reasonable to conclude that a knowing and voluntary choice among available alternatives can be made in the absence of knowledge of the length of the period of supervision than to conclude that due process is served merely by informing a defendant that he will be subject to incarceration without disclos
The People contend that the length of postrelease supervision is “clearly delineated in the Penal Law, of which defendant had constructive notice.” They further speculate that “counsel surely understood the [postrelease supervision] rule and defendant averred that he had discussed the plea bargain with counsel.” Thus, they argue, the record “provides no basis to conclude that defendant misunderstood the length of the term.”
This argument is disingenuous. First, defendant could not possibly understand the length of a term of postrelease supervision that, as the People concede, has yet to be imposed on remand. Since the period of supervision is discretionary within the statutory range, it is reasonable to expect that if the parties had been aware of it in the course of plea negotiations, the duration of the period of supervision would have been specified in the plea agreement along with the period of incarceration.
Second, “due process requires that the record must be clear that ‘the plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action open to the defendant‘” (People v Ford, 86 NY2d 397, 403 [1995], quoting North Carolina v Alford, 400 US 25, 31 [1970]). Thus, the operative question is whether the record establishes that defendant understood the plea (see People v Parilla, 8 NY3d 654, 660 [2007]), not whether defendant can demonstrate that he misunderstood its terms. The Court of Appeals has recently made it quite clear that the question is not subject to harmless error analysis (People v Hill, 9 NY3d 189 [2007], revg 39 AD3d 1 [2007]; see also Van Deusen, 7 NY3d at 746 [whether defendant would have declined to plead guilty had he known about postrelease supervision not material]).
The People argue that this matter must be remitted to Supreme Court for imposition of a period of postrelease supervision (
There is no merit to the People‘s contention that defendant failed to preserve any objection to the court‘s allocution by immediately registering a protest or moving to vacate the plea agreement. While such a challenge must ordinarily be preserved by a motion to withdraw the plea under
Though the prosecutor directed the court‘s attention to this problem during allocution, the court nevertheless failed to advise defendant of the duration of postrelease supervision. Defendant should not be penalized for the court‘s failure to fulfill its constitutional burden before entering a plea. To rule otherwise would shift the court‘s allocution obligations to defendant. The duty to make sure the record establishes that the defendant‘s plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among his available alternatives is imposed on the court, not on the defendant (Louree, 8 NY3d at 545). It is dispositive that the record fails to establish that defendant was made aware of either the statutory range of the period of postrelease supervision or the particular period to which he would be subjected (see Goss, 286 AD2d at 184 [counsel‘s knowledge of plea agreement components not attributable to defendant]). Thus, defendant may challenge the sufficiency of the allocution on direct appeal.
A contrary holding would pose an insurmountable dilemma, for if a defendant was misinformed concerning postrelease
The People‘s attempt to shift onto defendant the burden to demonstrate that his constitutional rights were not preserved also fails. What counsel might have known about the permissible duration of postrelease supervision is neither pertinent to the determination of this appeal nor discernible from the record. Once again, the obligation to see that a defendant‘s due process rights are protected rests on the court accepting a guilty plea, not on counsel.
In view of the evident omissions by the court and by the People in this matter resulting in defendant‘s incomplete understanding of the implications of entering a guilty plea and the need to correct an illegal sentence, the appropriate course is to permit defendant to withdraw his plea and restore the parties to their status before the plea agreement was reached (see People v Reyes, 167 AD2d 920, 921 [1990], lv denied 77 NY2d 842 [1991]).
We reject any need to delay decision of what is, apparently, a matter of first impression. The cases cited by the dissenter, which are awaiting decision by the Court of Appeals, are distin
MCGUIRE, J. (dissenting). I respectfully dissent as I disagree with the majority in two respects. First, in my view, the Catu claim (People v Catu, 4 NY3d 242 [2005]) is not preserved for review. Second, the prudent step for this Court to take is to defer decision on defendant‘s appeal until after the Court of Appeals decides the quartet of cases, including three cases from this Court, raising claims under and issues relating to Catu that were heard on March 12, 2008: People v Sparber (34 AD3d 265 [2006], lv granted 9 NY3d 882 [2007]); People v Lingle (34 AD3d 287 [2006], lv granted 9 NY3d 877 [2007]); People v Thomas (35 AD3d 192 [2006], lv granted 9 NY3d 882 [2007]); and Matter of Garner v New York State Dept. of Correctional Servs. (39 AD3d 1019 [3d Dept 2007], lv granted 9 NY3d 809 [2007]).
As to preservation, People v Lopez (71 NY2d 662, 665-666 [1988]) holds that to preserve a challenge to the sufficiency of a plea allocution a defendant must either move to vacate the plea prior to the imposition of sentence pursuant to
The first of these exceptions is not implicated here and thus the issue is whether the second exception applies. The argument that it does apply is grounded on the fact that the court did not expressly specify during the plea allocution that as a first-time violent felony offender, defendant would be subject to a period of postrelease supervision of not less than 2 1/2 years and not more than five years (
On this score, in short, no decision of the Court of Appeals holds that a Catu claim is established so as to render a guilty plea involuntary when the defendant is informed by the court at the time of the guilty plea that a period of postrelease supervision is required, but is not informed of the particular term or range of terms that is required.2 However, a decision of the Court of Appeals (People v Louree, 8 NY3d 541, 544-546 [2007]) and this Court‘s decision in Thomas (supra) support the People‘s position that defendant failed to preserve his Catu claim.
During the plea allocution in Louree, “[t]he judge did not mention that a period of postrelease supervision would follow either the conditionally promised two-year or a potential seven-year sentence” (id. at 543). At sentencing, the court stated that the sentence included a five-year period of postrelease supervision and the Court of Appeals rejected the People‘s contention that the Catu claim was not preserved for review. Af
Here, of course, precisely the opposite is true. That is, the judge did more than “mention” postrelease supervision, the judge specifically stated that “it‘s mandatory” and elicited from defendant an affirmative answer to the express question, “[d]o you understand that there is a postrelease supervision that‘s mandatory?” Given that he unquestionably did have knowledge of this ground for moving to withdraw his plea, defendant certainly could be expected to move to withdraw his plea on this very ground. To conclude that defendant‘s claim is preserved, moreover, would undercut central purposes of the requirement of a specific and contemporaneous objection: promoting finality and preventing the waste of public resources through the timely correction of errors (see People v Dekle, 56 NY2d 835, 837 [1982]; see also People v Lopez, 71 NY2d at 665-666 [by not moving to withdraw or vacate his guilty plea on the ground that the allocution was insufficient, the defendant “denies the trial court the opportunity to address the perceived error and to take corrective measures, if needed“]).
In Thomas, this Court made essentially this same point in concluding that a similar albeit not identical Catu claim was not preserved. The only difference between Thomas and this case is that in Thomas the court stated at the plea allocution what the term of the period of postrelease supervision would be (35 AD3d at 193). In rejecting the defendant‘s argument that his Catu claim “was incapable of being preserved” (id.), the panel in Thomas said the following:
“On the contrary, this procedural defect in the sentence could easily have been corrected upon timely objection. . . . When, at sentencing, the court
mentioned the statutory fees but neglected to mention [postrelease supervision], defendant remained silent, but now seeks to be relieved of [postrelease supervision] as a windfall to be derived from the court‘s omission. Accordingly, we decline to reach this unpreserved issue in the interest of justice. ‘To hold otherwise is to encourage gamesmanship’ (People v Dekle, 56 NY2d [at] 837 . . .)” (35 AD3d at 193).
The majority does not even attempt to explain why the Catu claim in Thomas was unpreserved but defendant‘s Catu claim is preserved. I respectfully submit that there is no convincing explanation.4 The majority certainly encourages gamesmanship. Defendant (and his attorney) unquestionably knew no later than the plea proceeding that postrelease supervision was mandatory. After expressly stating at the plea proceeding that he understood that, defendant did not thereafter—neither during the plea proceeding nor sentencing—utter so much as a peep about postrelease supervision. Yet the majority now allows defendant, more than 3 1/2 years after he freely pleaded guilty when the People‘s case may have weakened due to the passage of time, to get his guilty plea vacated on the strength of his claim that he did not understand the postrelease supervision component of his plea. As the Court of Appeals stated in Dekle with respect to its holding that the alleged error was unpreserved, “[t]o hold otherwise is to encourage gamesmanship and waste judicial resources in order to protect a defendant against a claimed error protection against which requires no more than a specific objection on his part” (56 NY2d at 837).
As noted, Thomas was heard by the Court of Appeals on March 12. Given the dispatch with which the Court of Appeals typically acts, a decision can be expected by not much more than a month after Thomas is heard. At the very least, the guidance that will be provided by the Court‘s resolution of the preservation issue in Thomas would be valuable to this Court in resolving the similar but not identical preservation issue in this case. Indeed, the decision in Thomas could be virtually or even actually dispositive of the preservation issue in this case.
The majority does not disagree with any of this but nonetheless decides this significant issue without waiting for the decision in Thomas. The majority may believe there is no or
Even assuming that defendant‘s Catu claim presents a question of law for review because of the exception for the “rare case” in which the allocution “calls into question the voluntariness of the plea” (Lopez, 71 NY2d at 666), it would not follow necessarily that defendant is correct on the merits of that claim. To the contrary, it would not be unreasonable to conclude that when a defendant unequivocally is informed during a plea allocution that postrelease supervision is mandatory and expressly states that he understands, he cannot plausibly contend that the very particulars of the mandatory postrelease supervision about which he never inquired at any time up to and including sentence nonetheless were necessary “to knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently choose among alternative courses of action” (Catu, 4 NY3d at 245).6 On this question, too, the decision in Thomas could be highly informative. I need not resolve the question, however, as I can only conclude in the absence of additional guidance from the Court of Appeals that defendant‘s Catu claim is unpreserved.
FRIEDMAN and WILLIAMS, JJ., concur with TOM, J.P.; MCGUIRE, J., dissents in a separate opinion.
Judgments, Supreme Court, New York County rendered September 21, 2004, reversed, on the law, the pleas vacated, the full indictment reinstated, and the matter remitted for further proceedings.