100 Minn. 117 | Minn. | 1907
On October 3, 1901, the defendant, a mutual fraternal benefit association, issued its certificate of membership to Lena Olson, wife of the plaintiff herein and the mother of the other plaintiffs. This certificate provided for the payment from the benefit fund of the association, at the death of Mrs. Olson, of $1,000 to her husband and children. In and by the certificate it was expressly agreed that the application for membership, the medical examination, the constitution, laws, and rules of the association, and the certificate should constitute the complete and only contract between the parties, and, further, that the member should strictly comply with the constitution, laws, and rules then in force or thereafter to be enacted or adopted. When the certificate was delivered to and accepted by Mrs. Olson, a by-law of the association then in force provided that:
This order will not pay the benefits of members who commit suicide, whether sane or insane, except it be committed in delirium resulting from illness, or while the member is under treatment for insanity, or has been judicially declared to be insane; but, in all cases not within said exceptions the amount of money contributed to the benefit fund by such members shall be returned and shall be paid to the beneficiaries out of said fund in lieu of the benefit.
The application for membership contained this provision:
I further understand and agree that the laws of the order now in force, or hereafter enacted, enter into and become a part of every contract of indemnity by and between the members of the order and govern all rights thereunder.
In place of the original by-law the association, on July 1, 1903, adopted the following:
If a benefit member commits suicide, whether sane or insane, voluntary or involuntary, there shall he payable to the beneficiaries entitled thereto five (5) per cent, of the face of the certificate for each year he shall have been continuously a member of the society, and after twenty (20) years of continuous membership the certificate shall be payable in full.
1. The first question is whether the by-law which was in force when the certificate was issued or the one in force at the time of Mrs. Olson’s death is to be taken as the basis for determining the rights- of the parties. The certificate, in connection with the by-law in force at its date, in legal effect insured the member against death by suicide while under treatment for insanity; that is, in case of death caused by unintentional self-destruction by the insured while under treatment for insanity, the beneficiary was entitled to receive the full face of the certificate, but under the new by-law, in case of the death of the insured from such cause, the right of the beneficiary to recover was limited “to five (5) per cent, of the face of the certificate for each year [the insured] shall have been continuously a member of the society.” Was this change authorized by the provisions of the contract providing for a change in the by-laws ?
It is the contention of the defendant that it was by virtue of the provisions of the original contract that the society might change its by-laws and that the members should be bound thereby. It is obvious that such a provision must receive a reasonable construction. It would be unreasonable to construe it as giving the society plenary power to change its by-laws in any manner it might elect; for, if such construction were to obtain, then the original contract would be simply one to the effect that the society would pay the beneficiary, in case of the death of the member, in accordance with the terms of the contract' or in accordance with such new, other, or further contract as it might elect thereafter to make for the parties. It seems clear that when the
2. This brings us to the pivotal question: Was the change in the by-law in this particular case reasonable ? In the first case cited the insured, at the time he became a member of the order, was entitled to written notice of the number and amount of his assessments. The bylaw providing for such notice was, without his knowledge or consent, thereafter amended so as to require the payment of the assessment without such notice, and, if not paid within the time limited, the defaulting member should stand suspended. In the other case the member, at the time he became such, had the right to engage in the occupation of freight brakeman; but by an amendment to the. by-laws of the society, without his knowledge or consent, this right was taken from him. It was held in each case that the amendment to the by-laws was unreasonable and void as to the insured.
The precise question in this case is whether the change in the bylaws of the society was reasonable whereby it attempted to relieve itself from liability to pay the stipulated benefit when the death of the member resulted from suicide while under treatment for insanity which it contracted for by its certificate and original by-laws. There are a number of cases which hold, in effect, that a mutual benefit society may legally make such a change in its by-laws, where a general power to change its by-laws has been reserved. See Supreme Commandery
In determining whether the new by-law was unreasonable or not the question is not, as counsel for defendant seems to assume, whether there could be any change in the by-laws in respect to the right to commit suicide, or in the effect thereof upon the certificate. The simple question is whether the defendant, having agreed with a member to pay his beneficiary a stated sum of money in the event that his death should ensue from any cause, except certain specified causes or diseases, may change the contract by amending its by-laws so as to add to the excepted causes. If it may lawfully do so as to one cause or disease, it may as to several, and the rights of the member and his beneficiary are at the mercy of the society; for by repeated amendments of its by-laws it may exempt from' the operation of the certificate so many causes or diseases as to make it practically worthless.
In this connection the case of Weber v. Supreme Tent, 172 N. Y. 490, 65 N. E. 258, 92 Am. St. 753, is an interesting one. It was held in that case that a mutual benefit society, which had insured a member against unintentional self-destruction after one year, could not by a subsequent amendment of its by-laws extend the time limit to five years. It does not appear from the report of the case whether or not the order had reserved the right to change its by-laws; but the question iq that case, as here, was as to the reasonableness of the change, and it was held that the amendment was unreasonable and ineffectual to change the rights of a member. Mr. Chief Justice Parker, speaking for the court, said: “Unintentional self-destruction, whether due to insanity or accidental, after the lapse of a year from the making of the contract, was as much insured against as death from typhoid fever or consumption, and an amendment to its by-laws, providing that the death of an existing member from any of these causes should render the policy void, would deprive the party of vested contract rights. An amendment which produced such a result, we have recently held, may not be
In the last case cited the certificate bound the insured to comply with all the laws and usages of the society then in force or which might thereafter be enacted. A by-law then in force provided that, if any member committed suicide within two years, the order should be liable for only one-half of the face of the certificate. Thereafter the by-law was amended by providing that, if any member should die by suicide at any time, his beneficiary should receive only one-half of the face of •the certificate. It was held that such member was not bound by the amendment. Upon principle and the decisions of our own court' we hold that the change in the by-law in question was an unreasonable one, and void.
3. The burden, of establishing that Mrs. Olson committed suicide was upon the defendant, and on the plaintiff to show that, if she did, she.was then under treatment for insanity. Both issues were properly-submitted, to the jury. But, inasmuch as there was only a general verdict for the plaintiff, there is no way of ascertaining whether the jury based their verdict on a finding that Mrs. Olson did not commit suicide or on a finding that she did so while she was under treatment for insanity. It follows that, unless there was competent evidence to sustain a finding by the jury that she was under treatment for insanity at the time of her death, the verdict cannot be' sustained; for there was evidence sufficient to sustain a finding that she committed suicide. The presumption and evidence as to suicide would support a finding either way on this issue. Peterson v. Railway Co., 36 Minn. 399, 31 N. W. 515.
There was sufficient evidence,' if 'competent, to sustain a finding by the jury that she was under treatment for insanity at the time of her death. Her attending physician was' called as a witness and testified to. that effect. But the evidence was received over the objection of the
A regular physician or surgeon cannot, without the consent of his patient, be examined, in a civil action, as to any information acquired in attending the patient which was necessary to enable him to prescribe or act for the patient. See R. L,. 1905, § 4660, subd. 4.
If this objection was well taken, the evidence was not competent. It' is manifest that the purpose of the statute is to protect the patient, and not his adversary; for the evidence may be received with the consent of the patient.
Does this privilege become absolute on the death of the patient, or may those who represent him or claim an interest under him after death waive the privilege for the protection of such interest ? ' This is an important question; for if they cannot waive the privilege given by the statute, and their adversary may invoke it to suppress tire truth and defeat the enforcement of rights the deceased provided for them in his lifetime, then the statute may be made an instrument for cheating justice. If such be the proper construction of the statute, then, if an executor or legatee presents a will for probate, which is contested. on the ground that the testator was of unsound mind when the will was made, the executor or legatee may not, if the contestant objects, call the physician who was attending the testator at the time to testify as to his knowledge of the patient’s mental condition, acquired in attending him. Nor could the personal representatives of a party, in an ..action .to recover damages on account of the death of his intestate by the alleged negligence of the defendant, call the physician who attended the intestate after his injury to testify as to the nature of the injuries' and the cause of death, if such information was acquired in- attending him.
Again, the case under consideration illustrates the unreasonableness of such a construction. The defendant insured the deceased for the benefit of her husband and children against death by unintentional self-destruction while under treatment for insanity. The best, and perhaps the only, evidence to prove that the deceased was under treatment for insanity at the time of her death is the testimony of the physician. Yet,
The adjudged cases, however, relevant to this question, are not in entire harmony, due, perhaps, to a difference in the wording of the several statutes construed. This court in the case of Pitzl v. Winter, 96 Minn. 499, 503, 105 N. W. 673, held that G. S. 1894, § 5660, relating to a conversation between an interested party and a deceased person, was not enacted for the sole benefit of the representatives of decedents, and that they could not waive it. The language of the statute construed in that case differs so essentially from the statute here under consideration that the decision is not in point. Upon principle and what seems to be the weight of judicial authority, we hold that the statute in question is for the protection of the patient, and he may waive the privilege if he sees fit, and that, as a general rule, those who represent him after his death may also waive the privilege, for the protection of interests which they claim under him. In re Layman’s Will, 40 Minn. 371, 42 N. W. 69; Winters v. Winters, 102 Iowa, 53, 71 N. W. 184, 63 Am. & Eng. Enc. (2d Ed.) 90; Denning v. Butcher, 91 Iowa, 425, 59 N. W. 69; Winters v. Winters, 102 Iowa, 53, 71 N. W. 184, 63 Am. St. 428; Grand Rapids v. Martin, 41 Mich. 667, 3 N. W. 173; Scripps v. Foster, 41 Mich. 742, 3 N. W. 216; Fraser v. Jennison, 42 Mich. 207, 3 N. W. 882; Groll v. Tower, 85 Mo. 249, 55 Am. 358.
It follows that the evidence of the physician in this case was competent, and that the .verdict, no matter on which issue it was based, is sustained by the evidence.
4. The defendant assigns a number of other alleged errors of the court in its rulings on the admission of evidence. We have considered each of them, and find no reversible errors in such rulings.
Order affirmed.