Chаllenging his judgment of conviction, Ralph Nunnally contends that the evidence was insufficient to support the verdicts upon charges of: (i) turn signal violation, 1 and (ii) possession of less than one ounce of marijuana. 2 He also maintains that the drug evidence should have been suppressed as fruit of an illegal seizure. For reasons that follow, we affirm the conviction for the traffic offense and reverse the conviction for the drug offense.
The state’s witnesses testified to the following. On the afternoon of October 3, 2008, a patrol officer saw Nunnally twice fail to use his turn signal when traffic conditions required Nunnally to do so. During the ensuing traffic stop, a backup officer arrived with a dog trained in narcotics detection. While being walked around Nunnally’s vehicle, the dog signaled at the driver’s door that narcotics were inside. Nunnally, who had been traveling alone, was arrested. Subsequent searches of Nunnally’s person and the driver’s floorboard of his vehicle yielded marijuana.
1. We consider first Nunnally’s suffiсiency challenge to his traffic *184 conviction. When an appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the conviction, “the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could havе found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” 3
Nunnally argues that there was evidence showing that the officer who testified that he had turned without signaling in violation of OCGA § 40-6-123 was not credible. In addition, he points to his own testimony that he did use his turn signal. However, the jury, not this court, resolves conflicts in thе testimony and weighs the evidence. 4 And decisions regarding credibility are uniquely the province of the jury, 5 which was not required to believe Nunnally’s testimony, nor to disbelieve that of the officer. 6 The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, authorized the jury to find that Nunnally turned without signaling in violation of OCGA § 40-6-123. 7
2. We turn to Nunnally’s challenge to the drug conviction. Nunnally maintains that the marijuana evidence should have been suppressed. He asserts that the patrol officer illegally detained him in order to conduct a drug investigation. When the backup officer arrived with the drug dog, Nunnally argues, the traffic stop was impermissibly expanded, thus rendering the marijuana — found only thereafter — the fruit of an illegal seizure.
“Temporary detention of individuals during the stop of an automobile by the police, even if only for a brief period and for a limited purpose, constitutes a ‘seizure’ of ‘persons’ within the meaning of [the Fourth Amendment].” 8
Beсause a routine traffic stop, even one based on probable cause of a traffic code violation, is a type of seizure more akin to an investigative stop under Terry v. Ohio,[ 9 ]than a formal arrest, we apply the principles of Terry when analyzing the Fourth Amendment requirement that the scope and duration of the investigation conducted during a valid stop must be reasonable under the circumstances. 10
“An investigative detention usually must last no longer than is *185 necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop, and the scope of the detention must be carefully tailored to its underlying justification.” 11 “ ‘[A] seizure that is justified solely by the interest in issuing a warning [or traffic] ticket tо the driver can become unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete that mission.’ ” 12
In determining whether the length of [Nunnally’s] detention was within the brief investigative period authorized by Terry, we consider “whether the police diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain the defendant.” 13
The facts relevant to that issue are not disputed, and the trial court’s application of the law to the undisputed facts is subject to de novo review. 14
After the patrol officer stopped Nunnally for failing to use his turn signal, he requеsted and received from Nunnally his driver’s license and insurance documentation. The officer testified that, during their exchange, Nunnally displayed fidgety hand movements and did not look him in the eye. Because the officer therefore perceived that Nunnally was “very nervous,” as he walked back to his patrol сar, the officer called for safety purposes a backup unit. On that day, the patrol officer’s backup was a K-9 unit.
The officer recounted that, after he reached his patrol car, “[I] [h]ad dispatch run the driver’s license, things such as that. I did not start on the citation at that time. I mainly focused my attentiоn on Mr. Nunnally due to his moving around within the vehicle. Once [the backup unit] arrived, I asked Mr. Nunnally from the vehicle.” 15 The officer testified that Nunnally complied with his request to step out of his car, and he conducted a pat-down of Nunnally’s person and *186 found no weapon.
We note that, even after the backup officer arrived at the scene and the patrol officer had removed Nunnally from his vehicle and determined that Nunnally did not have a weapon on his person, the patrol officer admittedly did not engage in any traffic law enforcement. For example, he did not start writing any citation or warning. In fact, he testified afterward thаt he had “no idea” whether the driver’s license information he had requested from dispatch had been made available to him by the time the backup unit arrived at the scene. Thus, the officer was asked, “So you kind of made the decision to not worry about the license at that time. Your priority was to wait for the officer to come with a drug dog?” The patrol officer responded, “Yes.”
After the K-9 unit arrived and Nunnally was removed from his vehicle and his person was checked for weapons, the record shows, the patrol officer next asked Nunnally for consent to search his vehicle. 16 When Nunnally refused, the pаtrol officer instructed the backup officer (a police canine handler) to walk the dog around Nunnally’s car to sniff for the odor of narcotics. The patrol officer was later asked, “So basically, whether Mr. Nunnally consented or not, you were going to have that dog walk around the car.” The officer responded, “Absolutely.”
However, the sole justification for the patrol officer stopping Nunnally’s vehicle was his failure to use his turn signal. As noted above, “[u]nder Terry, an officer’s actions taken during a valid traffic stop must be reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the stop in the first place, and limited in duration to the time reasonably necessary to accomplish the purpose of the stop.” 17 “The officer’s purpose in an ordinary traffic stop is to enforce the laws of the roadway, and ordinarily to investigate the manner of driving with the intent to issue a citation оr warning.” 18
Pretermitting whether it was permissible for the patrol officer to prolong the traffic stop to await the arrival of a backup unit for safety purposes, we conclude that the state failed to present to the trial court evidence authorizing a determination that the later detention tо allow for the dog sniff was lawful. 19 There was no evidence that, *187 once the K-9 unit arrived, either police officer diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel quickly any suspicion related to the observed traffic infractions. Indeed, neither officer so claimed. Rather, the patrol officer acknowlеdged that, with the K-9 unit at the scene, he turned his attention to a search of Nunnally’s car, which search included executing his earlier-formed plan to employ the drug dog to sniff the car’s exterior (if Nunnally withheld consent). The purpose of the traffic stop — to enforce the laws of the roadway and to investigаte Nunnally’s manner of driving with the intent to issue a citation or warning — was thereby temporarily abandoned. Under these circumstances, there was no evidence that the investigative detention of Nunnally lasted “no longer than [was] necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop” and no evidence that the scope of Nunnally’s detention was “carefully tailored to its underlying justification.” 20
Nor was any evidence adduced that the prolonged detention was justified by a reasonable, articulable suspicion of other criminal activity. 21 When the K-9 unit arrived, Nunnally was ordered out of his vehicle; a pat-dоwn of his person revealed neither weapon nor contraband. Further, the patrol officer’s earlier perception that Nunnally was nervous, gleaned from his fidgety hand movements and not looking the officer in the eye, did not support a finding of reasonable, articulable suspicion that would have justified prolonging the detention. 22 Indeed, the officer never claimed so; his roadside investigation for purposes of traffic law enforcement was admittedly suspended while he pursued a drug law investigation. The resulting *188 detention was unlawful; 23 the marijuana, found as a result of the drug dog’s alert on Nunnally’s car during that time, constituted fruit of an illegal seizure.
In its order denying Nunnally’s motion for new trial, the trial court revealed its basis for not suppressing the drug evidence. 24 It pointed out that, from the time the patrol officer stopped Nunnally until the drug dog arrived, approximately eight minutes elapsed. The court concluded that this detention was constitutional, in light of cases such as Boyd v. State, 25 State v. Williams, 26 and Williams v. State, 27 which upheld longer detentions.
Critical to each of those decisions, however, was evidence either that, after the stop of the vehicle, the police diligently pursued a means of investigation likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions regarding a traffic infraction or that, during the course of a valid traffiс stop, information developed that provided a reasonable, articulable suspicion to prolong the detention beyond the time reasonably required for completion of the traffic stop. 28 No such *189 evidence was presented in this case.
Because the marijuana evidence should have been suppressed, Nunnally’s conviction of possession of less than one ounce of marijuana is reversed.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Notes
OCGA § 40-6-123.
OCGA § 16-13-30 (a).
Jackson v. Virginia,
Wells v. State,
See
Cleveland v. State,
Wells, supra at 157 (1) (b).
Jackson v. Virginia, supra; Wells, supra.
Whren v. United States,
State v. Williams,
Smith v. State,
Salmeron v. State,
Boyd v. State,
Vansant v. State,
See generally
Becoats v. State,
See
Salmerón,
supra (Fourth Amendment is not violated when, during valid traffic stop, officer questions driver or occupants of vehicle and requests consent to conduct a search);
Rosas v. State,
Williams, supra at 202 (citations omitted); see Smith, supra.
Salmeron, supra (citation and punctuation omitted).
See OCGA § 17-5-30 (b) (pertinently providing that “the burden of proving that the search and seizure were lawful shall be on the state”);
State v. Massa,
Smith, supra.
See
Bell v. State,
See
Bell,
supra (nervousness, perceived from driver’s refusal to make eye contact with officers, together with driver’s “dry mouth,” did not constitute a particularized and objective basis for officers to suspect that motorist possessed contraband);
Payne v. State,
See
Bell,
supra at 610 (officers impermissibly exceeded scope of initial traffic stop when, due to suspicions raised by driver’s perceived nervousness, the officers detained travelers to await the arrival of a K-9 unit);
Cuaresma v. State,
See generally
Miller v. State,
Supra.
Supra.
See
Boyd,
supra at 455-458 (1) (holding that dog sniff was not conducted during an unlawful detention, even though stopped passenger was detained for about 15 minutes before dog arrived, where the police had a basis independent of the traffic violation to briefly detain the passenger);
Williams,