M. Jane MINOR, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CENTOCOR, INC., and Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Defendants-Appellees.
No. 05-3080.
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued April 7, 2006. Decided Aug. 4, 2006.
457 F.3d 632
It remains only to say that we have considered the parties’ arguments about fill factors, depreciation, and rate of return, and concluded that these contentions do not show that the ICC made any error so large that it threw the bottom line out of whack. Attempts to estimate a hypothetical rate are bound to be contentious, and it will always be possible to say that the agency should have used a little more of one thing or less of another. Unless these arguments show that the bottom line is an arbitrary or capricious estimate of TELRIC, however, they do not supply a good reason to upset the agency‘s decision.
The judgment of the district court is vacated, and the case is remanded with instructions to enter a new judgment sustaining the ICC‘s decision in full.
Linzey D. Jones, Jr., John M. Broderick (argued), Pugh, Jones & Johnson, Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellee.
Before FLAUM, Chief Judge, and POSNER and EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judges.
EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge.
M. Jane Minor was a sales representative for Centocor, pitching to physicians and hospitals the products that Centocor and its affiliates offered to treat vascular conditions. After Antonio Siciliano became her supervisor, Minor contends, she was put in an impossible situation—Siciliano required her to visit all of her accounts twice a month, and her major accounts more frequently. That led her to work 70 to 90 hours a week (much of it driving time); until then 50 to 55 hours had been enough. In August 2001, after two months of this regimen, Minor began to experience atrial fibrillation and depression. In October 2001 she stopped working. Both Centocor and the Social Security Administration have concluded that Minor is disabled (she receives benefits from both sources). She attributes her medical problems to Siciliano‘s demands. In this litigation Minor contends that those demands reflected both age and sex discrimination, violating the Age Discrimination in Employment Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (Minor has sued not only Centocor but also its corporate parent, which is not a proper party. Worth v. Tyer, 276 F.3d 249, 259-60 (7th Cir.2001). We treat Centocor as the only defendant.) Minor wants the court to award the difference between her disability benefits and what she could have made had she remained in the work force. (Her lawyer related at oral argument that she does not seek any other recovery.)
Nothing in the record so much as hints that Centocor in general, or Siciliano in particular, is biased against women or older workers, so Minor proposes to use the
Although hundreds if not thousands of decisions say that an “adverse employment action” is essential to the plaintiff‘s prima facie case, that term does not appear in any employment-discrimination statute or McDonnell Douglas, and the Supreme Court has never adopted it as a legal requirement. The statutory term is “discrimination,” and a proxy such as “adverse employment action” often may help to express the idea—which the Supreme Court has embraced—that it is essential to distinguish between material differences and the many day-to-day travails and disappointments that, although frustrating, are not so central to the employment relation that they amount to discriminatory terms or conditions. See, e.g., Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Ry. v. White, — U.S. —, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 2417, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006); Faragher v. Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998); Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80-82, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998). See also Washington v. Illinois Department of Revenue, 420 F.3d 658, 661-63 (7th Cir.2005); Herrnreiter v. Chicago Housing Authority, 315 F.3d 742, 743-45 (7th Cir.2002). Helpful though a judicial gloss such as “adverse employment action” may be, that phrase must not be confused with the statute itself or allowed to displace the Supreme Court‘s approach, which inquires whether the difference is material.
Extra work can be a material difference in the terms and conditions of employment. See Tart v. Illinois Power Co., 366 F.3d 461, 475 (7th Cir.2004); Greer v. St. Louis Regional Medical Center, 258 F.3d 843, 845-46 (8th Cir.2001). Minor contends that Siciliano required her to work at least 25% longer to earn the same income as before. That is functionally the same as a 20% reduction in Minor‘s hourly pay, a material change by any standard. And if Centocor requires women (or older workers) to work longer hours than men (or younger workers) to obtain the same remuneration, that material difference also is discriminatory and violates federal law. So Minor‘s suit may not be dismissed on the ground that her grievances are too niggling to come within Title VII and the ADA.
Still, the McDonnell Douglas approach requires the plaintiff to establish a difference in treatment compared with a member of the favored group (in this case, a man or a younger worker). Here Minor falls short. Siciliano required all sales representatives under his supervision to visit their customers every other week. Minor (with the support of an expert in pharmaceutical sales) says that this is too often, but that‘s not pertinent under federal law. Employers may run (or ruin) their businesses as they please, provided that they avoid discrimination on grounds forbidden by federal law. See Forrester v. Rauland-Borg Corp., 453 F.3d 416 (7th Cir.2006) (collecting authority); Pollard v. Rea Magnet Wire Co., 824 F.2d 557 (7th Cir.1987). Siciliano‘s group included men and women, over and under age 40; all were subject to the same requirements.
Minor insists that a formally equal rule affected her disproportionately because her territory was larger. Her accounts were located in Springfield, Illinois (where she lived); St. Louis, Missouri; Peoria, Illinois; Des Moines and Iowa City, Iowa; Evansville, Indiana; and Owensboro, Kentucky. Driving time from Springfield to either Evansville or Owensboro is eight hours each way; the drive to Des Moines lasts between 5 1/2 and 7 hours each way. St. Louis is a 2-hour drive from Springfield and Peoria 1 1/2. Driving alone takes up a full work schedule; no time remains to call on hospitals and physicians. The problem was aggravated, Minor adds, by Centocor‘s refusal to pay for moving expenses so that she could relocate to St. Louis, from which travel times would have been shorter. (Centocor responds that where she lived was her affair, and that it does not reimburse sales representatives of either sex or any age for moving expenses.)
Other sales representatives may have had more compact territories, but nothing in the record suggests that Centocor assigned her accounts because of her sex or age. Thus her line of argument hints at a disparate-impact theory. Yet McDonnell Douglas is a framework for assessing disparate-treatment claims, not disparate-impact claims. Minor does not have a good disparate-impact theory anyway, for she does not attempt to measure the effect of Siciliano‘s policy on all women (or all older workers); her only contention is that the policy injured her, particularly. That‘s not sufficient by any standard.
What is more, at least some of the problem appears to be of Minor‘s making. She chose to drive rather than travel by air—and she made round-trip journeys from Springfield rather than circle trips (Springfield to St. Louis to Iowa to Peoria to Evansville and Owensboro, then back to Springfield). Although she blames infrequent air service to Springfield for the decision to drive, she offers no explanation for preferring out-and-back forays over circle trips. The most efficient method may have been to meet accounts in Springfield, drive to St. Louis (where her major customers were located), and after doing the rounds there use a combination of air travel and rental cars to visit Des Moines, Iowa City, Peoria, Evansville, and Owensboro before returning by air to St. Louis and driving home to Springfield. Expenses of air travel and auto rental would have been fully reimbursed by Centocor.
How to construct the shortest route that visits all destinations is an old subject: in graph theory and linear programming it is known as the “traveling salesman problem” and is the subject of a considerable literature. Many of the important papers on the topic are collected at http://www.tsp.gatech.edu/history/biblio/tspbiblio.html. Our suggested routing may or may not be optimal—that depends in part on airline schedules—but is better than the automobile-only, hub-and-spoke system that Minor preferred. Counsel seemed to assume that Centocor had the burden to establish that a shorter tour was available, but the plaintiff in employment-discrimination litigation bears the burden of establishing the prima facie case, see Ballance v. Springfield, 424 F.3d 614, 617 (7th Cir.2005), which entails proof of unequal treatment; and on this record there is no foundation for a conclusion that Minor was treated unequally, even in the sense of suffering a one-person disparate impact.
Although Minor contends that Siciliano treated her differently by providing a routing schedule, while allowing other sales
Identification of a material difference in the terms and conditions of employment is an objective exercise. That a given employee perceives a burden is not enough, if that burden is attributable to the employee‘s own stubbornness or miscalculation. Nothing in this record suggests that Siciliano was trying to exploit a special vulnerability (as the employer may have been trying to do in Washington); he had no incentive to assign Minor an inefficient routing, for his own income depended on the team‘s sales. If he wanted to replace Minor, there were much more direct ways to do so. Because the record would not permit a reasonable jury to conclude that Minor was treated worse than other sales representatives on account of age or sex, the judgment is
AFFIRMED.
EASTERBROOK
CIRCUIT JUDGE