Michael Rodman v. Safeway, Inc.

Aug 4, 2017
15-17390
Versions:694 F. App'x 612

line was itself reduced by two levels,9 for a result of 30. Under Amendment 782, the drug quantity table placed his offense level at 30,10 but because it was at that level he was not eligible to have his base offense level under the drug offense guideline reduced by two levels,11 so the result remained 30. Thus, the amendment did “not have the effect of lowering the defendant‘s applicable guideline range,”12 and a reduction was not available.13 When applying an amendment to the Guidelines, the court must “determine the amended guideline range that would have been applicable to the defendant if the amendment(s) . . . had been in effect at the time the defendant was sentenced.” USSG § 1B1.10(b)(1); see also United States v. Waters, 648 F.3d 1114, 1117-18 (9th Cir. 2011).

(2) Appeal Number 16-10424. Judge Snow denied a reduction of sentence, but did not indicate his reasons therefor. That left the parties and us to speculate as to the basis of his decision. We decline to do so because a district court must give some sufficient reason for its decision before we can review it. See United States v. Carty, 520 F.3d 984, 992-93 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc); see also United States v. Emmett, 749 F.3d 817, 820-21 (9th Cir. 2014); United States v. Trujillo, 713 F.3d 1003, 1008-09 (9th Cir. 2013). Thus, we vacate and remand for further proceedings.

AFFIRMED as to Number 16-10407; VACATED AND REMANDED as to Number 16-10424.

Steven Alan Schwartz, Timothy N. Mathews, Esquire, Chimicles & Tikellis LLP, Haverford, PA, James C. Shah, Esquire, Scott R. Shepherd, Attorney, Shepherd Finkelman Miller & Shah, LLC, Media, PA, Matthew W.H. Wessler, Attorney, Gupta Wessler PLLC, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff-Appellee

Scott D. Baker, Esquire, Attorney, James A. Daire, Esquire, Attorney, Christine M. Morgan, Esquire, Attorney, Paul David Fogel, Attorney, Jonah Mitchell, Brian Adair Sutherland, Reed Smith LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Defendant-Appellant

Before: SCHROEDER and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and PIERSOL,* District Judge.

MEMORANDUM **

Safeway appeals the district court‘s class action judgment of nearly forty-two million dollars in this case arising out of an online grocery shopping program initiated in 2001. The judgment was entered after the court certified the class, granted summary judgment on both the disputed legal issues relating to contract interpretation, and on Safeway‘s affirmative defense of voluntary payment. Safeway then entered into a stipulated judgment as to any remaining issues in order to facilitate this appeal. There are no material issues of fact and all legal issues arise under California law. We acknowledge the district court‘s able administration of the case and affirm the judgment.

This appeal centers around whether Safeway promised its customers price parity between online and physical stores. The parties dispute the meaning of the product pricing clause in the Special Terms governing online grocery sales. The clause states:

The prices quoted on our web site at the time of your order are estimated prices only. You will be charged the prices quoted for Products you have selected for purchase at the time your order is processed at checkout. The actual order value cannot be determined until the day of delivery because the prices quoted on the web site are likely to vary either above or below the prices in the store on the date your order is filled and delivered.

Rodman argues these terms promised its customers price parity between online and physical stores. Rodman argues the second sentence references prices quoted in the physical store, which is supported by the reference to “checkout” in the second sentence (which occurs in the physical store) and the reference to “in the store” in the third sentence. Safeway contends that the second sentence references prices quoted on the website, which is bolstered by the language in the first and third sentences which expressly reference “prices quoted on the web site.” Safeway also argues for the first time on appeal that the third sentence confirms that it did not promise price parity, because that sentence explains online prices are merely derived from in store prices. We agree with the district court that both interpretations are reasonably susceptible readings of the Special Terms. We also agree with the district court that the extrinsic evidence supports Rodman‘s reading.

The district court correctly determined that the modification clause in the Special Terms did not allow Safeway to unilaterally amend the Special Terms without notice. Safeway cites no authority from California law suggesting that a merchant may modify a consumer contract and bind the consumer without any form of notice. What authority does exist counsels that California would not enforce a modification without notice. See Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc., 763 F.3d 1171, 1177 (9th Cir. 2014); Roling v. E*Trade Sec., LLC, 756 F. Supp. 2d 1179, 1189-91 (N.D. Cal. 2010); Windsor Mills, Inc. v. Collins & Aikman Corp., 25 Cal. App. 3d 987, 993, 101 Cal. Rptr. 347 (1972) (“When [an] offeree does not know that a proposal has been made to him” there can be no mutual assent.).

The district court also correctly held that Safeway was not entitled to mount a voluntary payment defense. It is questionable whether such a defense is available in an action for breach of contract, rather than restitution. Safeway provides no authority that California has extended the defense from restitution to legal claims, but even assuming it is, the defense fails in this case. The defense requires full disclosure and the undisputed evidence shows that Safeway did not make a full disclosure. See U.S. Bank Nat‘l Ass‘n v. PHL Variable Ins. Co., 2014 WL 2199428, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. May 23, 2014); In re Checking Account Overdraft Litig., 275 F.R.D. 666, 677-78 (S.D. Fla. 2011); Gutierrez v. Wells Fargo & Co., 622 F. Supp. 2d 946, 955 (N.D. Cal. 2009).

There was no error in certifying the class. The legal issues pertain to all class members. None of the offered extrinsic evidence in this case went to individual conversations and representations made to individual class members, but instead went solely to class wide advertising and publicity by Safeway. This case therefore materially differs from Avritt v. Reliastar Life Insurance Co., 615 F.3d 1023 (8th Cir. 2010).

AFFIRMED.

SCHROEDER and N.R. SMITH

Circuit Judges

Notes

9
See id. § 2D1.1(a)(5)(B)(i) (2011).
10
USSG § 2D1.1(c)(5).
11
Id. at (a)(5).
12
Id. § 1B1.10(a)(2)(B), p.s.
13
Id. at (a)(2) (introductory clause).
*
The Honorable Lawrence L. Piersol, United States District Judge for the District of South Dakota, sitting by designation.
**
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.