Michael L. Burditt, M.D. v. U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesMichael L. Burditt, M.D. v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Hospitals that execute Medicare provider agreements with the federal government pursuant to
I. BACKGROUND
A. FACTS
Mrs. Rosa Rivera arrived in the emergency room of DeTar Hospital in Victoria, Texas at approximately 4:00 p.m. on December 5, 1986.2 At or near term with her sixth child, she was experiencing one-minute, moderate contractions every three minutes and her membranes had ruptured. Two obstetrical nurses, Tammy Kotsur and Donna Keining, examined her and found indicia of labor and dangerously high blood pressure. Because Rivera had received no prenatal care, and had neither a regular doctor nor means of payment, Kotsur telephoned Burditt, who was next on DeTar‘s rotating call-list of physicians responsible for such “unaligned” obstetrics patients. Upon hearing Rivera‘s history and condition, Burditt told Kotsur that he “didn‘t want to take care of this lady” and asked her to prepare Rivera for transfer to John Sealy Hospital in Galveston, Texas, 170 miles away. Burditt agreed to call back in five to ten minutes.
Kotsur and Keining told the nursing supervisor, Jean Herman, and DeTar‘s Administrator, Charles Sexton, of their belief that it would be unsafe to transfer Rivera. When Burditt called back, Keining told him that, according to Sexton‘s understanding of hospital regulations and federal law, Burditt would have to examine Rivera and personally arrange for John Sealy to receive her before he could legally transfer her. Keining asked Burditt for permission to start an intravenous push of magnesium sulfate as a precaution against convulsive seizures. Burditt told Keining to begin administering this medication only if Rivera could be transported by ambulance. He said that otherwise, Keining was not to administer intravenous treatment because Rivera would have to go to John Sealy by private car.
Burditt arrived at approximately 4:50 to examine Rivera. He confirmed her blood pressure to be the highest he had ever seen, 210/130, and he assumed that she had been hypertensive throughout her pregnancy. As the experienced head of DeTar‘s obstetrics and gynecology department, Burditt knew that there was a strong possibility that Rivera‘s hypertension would precipitate complications which might kill both Rivera and her baby. He also knew that the infants of hypertensive mothers are at higher-than-normal risk of intrauterine growth retardation. He estimated that Rivera‘s baby was six pounds--less than normal weight--and arranged her transfer to John Sealy, a perinatal facility better equipped than DeTar to care for underweight infants. Burditt obtained telephonic acceptance of Rivera from a Dr. Downing at John Sealy, and, per Downing‘s request, instructed Keining to administer magnesium sulfate intravenously and have Rivera transported by ambulance.
At approximately 5:00, Herman showed Burditt DeTar‘s guidelines regarding EMTALA, but he refused to read them. Burditt told Herman that Rivera represented more risk than he was willing to accept from a malpractice standpoint. Herman explained that Rivera could not be transferred unless Burditt signed a DeTar form entitled “Physician‘s Certificate Authorizing Transfer.” Burditt asked for “that dang piece of paper” and signed his name under the following:
I have examined the patient, _______, and have determined that, based upon the information available to me at this time, the medical benefits reasonably expected from the provision of appropriate medical treatment at another medical facility outweigh the increased risks to the patient‘s medical condition from effecting [the] transfer. The basis for my conclusion is as follows: _____________
Burditt listed no basis for his conclusion and remarked to Herman that “until DeTar Hospital pays my malpractice insurance, I will pick and choose those patients that I want to treat.”
Burditt then went to care for another unaligned patient, Sylvia Ramirez, while the nurses arranged Rivera‘s transfer. They found another obstetrical nurse, Anita Nichols, to accompany Rivera to John Sealy. Burditt returned to the nurses’ station and stayed there from 5:30 to 6:18. He never again examined Rivera or asked about her medical condition, though he inquired several times about the status of her transfer. Burditt delivered the Ramirez baby at 6:22. Afterward, Nichols told him the results of her examination of Rivera and informed him that the ambulance had arrived. Based exclusively on Nichols’ statements, Burditt concluded that Rivera‘s condition had not changed since his examination two hours before. Burditt did not reexamine Rivera though he saw her being wheeled to the ambulance. He did not order any medication or life support equipment for Rivera during her transfer.
Nichols delivered Rivera‘s healthy baby in the ambulance approximately 40 miles into the 170-mile trip to John Sealy. She directed the driver to nearby Ganado Hospital to get a drug called pitocin to staunch Rivera‘s bleeding. While there, Nichols telephoned Burditt, who ordered her to continue to John Sealy despite the birth. Instead, per Rivera‘s wishes, Nichols returned Rivera to DeTar, where Burditt refused to see her because she failed to proceed to John Sealy in accordance with his instructions. Burditt directed that Rivera be discharged if she was stable and not bleeding excessively. A DeTar official pressed Burditt to allow Dr. Shirley Pigott to examine Rivera. Rivera stayed at DeTar under Pigott‘s care for three days and left in good health.
B. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In mid-1988, the Inspector General of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) demanded a $25,000 civil penalty from Burditt for violating EMTALA. After hearing the arguments of counsel and the testimony of eleven witnesses, an administrative law judge (ALJ) found that Burditt knowingly violated EMTALA in several ways but that mitigating circumstances warranted a reduction in the fine assessed against him to $20,000. Burditt appealed the ALJ‘s fact findings and legal conclusions to the Departmental Appeals Board (DAB) established by appellee Dr. Louis Sullivan, DHHS Secretary. After briefing and oral argument, DAB issued its “Final Decision” upholding the $20,000 civil penalty against Burditt. DAB sustained most of the ALJ‘s fact findings and legal conclusions, reversed four findings concerning mitigating circumstances and active labor, and modified three other findings. Burditt appeals DAB‘s Final Decision.
II. DISCUSSION
We have jurisdiction to review DAB‘s Final Decision under
A. EMTALA VIOLATIONS
DeTar had executed a Medicare provider agreement pursuant to
1. Screening
Because Rivera presented herself to DeTar‘s emergency department and a request was made on her behalf for care, EMTALA required DeTar to
provide for an appropriate medical screening examination within the capability of the hospital‘s emergency department to determine whether or not an emergency medical condition ... exists or to determine if the individual is in active labor....
2. Emergency Medical Condition and Active Labor
Patients diagnosed with an “emergency medical condition” or “active labor” must either be treated or be transferred in accordance with EMTALA. Burditt claims that Rivera received all of the care that she was due under EMTALA because he stabilized her hypertension sufficiently for transfer and she was not in active labor when she left DeTar for John Sealy.
a. Unstable Emergency Medical Condition
Rivera‘s blood pressure was 210/130 at 4:00 and 5:00. This was the last reading known to Burditt before he facilitated her transfer. Nurses also measured her blood pressure as 173/105 at 5:30, 178/103 at 5:45, 186/107 at 6:00, and 190/110 at 6:50. Experts testified that Rivera‘s hypertension put her at high risk of suffering serious complications, including seizures, heart failure, kidney dysfunction, tubular necrosis, stroke, intracranial bleeding, placental abruption, and fetal hypoxia. This is substantial, if not conclusive evidence that Rivera entered and exited DeTar with an emergency medical condition.
Burditt argues that he fulfilled EMTALA‘s requirements with respect to Rivera‘s hypertension by “stabilizing” it, or
provid[ing] such medical treatment of the condition as may be necessary to assure, within reasonable medical probability, that no material deterioration of the condition is likely to result from [a] transfer....
Development of any of the possible complications could have killed or seriously injured Rivera, her baby, or both, and thus would constitute a “material deterioration” under
b. Active Labor
EMTALA defines “active labor” as labor5 at a time when
(B) there is inadequate time to effect safe transfer to another hospital prior to delivery, or
(C) a transfer may pose a threat [to] the health and safety of the patient or the unborn child.
Though ambiguous, the foregoing section‘s attempt to categorize women in labor indicates that Congress intended to extend EMTALA‘s treatment and transfer protections to only a subset of all women in labor. Consistent with the congressional objective of facilitating the efficiency of our nation‘s health care system, we interpret the provision to rationally select groups most needful of EMTALA‘s treatment and transfer protections.
Read literally, clause B confers active labor status on any woman who delivers her baby in transit. But this interpretation enshrines the use of hindsight as a legal standard and in so doing, protects an irrationally selected group of women. We think that clause B allows hospitals to transfer at will women in uncomplicated labor who, within reasonable medical probability, will arrive at another hospital before they deliver their babies. A hospital that transfers a woman in labor when the timing call mandated by clause B is close risks a battle of experts regarding anticipated delivery time, distance, and safe transport speed.
Burditt challenges the ALJ‘s finding that, at approximately 5:00, there was inadequate time to safely transfer Rivera to John Sealy before she delivered her baby. Dr. Warren Crosby testified that, based on Burditt‘s own examination results,6 Rivera would, more likely than not, deliver within three hours after Burditt spoke with Downing at John Sealy. This expert testimony constitutes substantial record evidence to sustain the ALJ‘s finding.7 Burditt does not challenge DAB‘s conclusion that the ambulance trip from DeTar to John Sealy takes approximately three hours. We therefore hold that DAB properly concluded that Rivera was in active labor under
The ALJ also found that Rivera was in active labor under clause C at the time Burditt examined her. There is always some risk of a vehicular accident in transit, so transfer always “may” pose a threat to the health and safety of the patient or fetus. But, as previously explained, Congress did not intend to accord active labor status to all women in labor, so we must discern what group Congress sought to protect with clause C. We have previously explained that Congress accords EMTALA‘s “treat or transfer” protection to those with conditions that would seriously impair the patient‘s health absent immediate medical care and those who will, within reasonable medical probability, deliver babies before safe transfer can be effected.
We must “give effect, if possible, to every word Congress used.” Reiter v. Sonotone Corp., 442 U.S. 330, 339, 99 S.Ct. 2326, 2331, 60 L.Ed.2d 931 (1979). We can give required effect to clause C only by according active labor status to a group that would not necessarily qualify for EMTALA‘s “treat or transfer” protection under the definitions of emergency medical condition and active labor previously discussed.
We believe that Congress intended clause C to extend EMTALA‘s “treat or transfer” protection to women in labor who have any complication with their pregnancies regardless of delivery imminency. Because better medical care is available in a hospital than in an ambulance, whether a transfer “may pose a threat” under
The record overwhelmingly confirms that Rivera‘s hypertension could have interfered with a normal delivery, and she was thus in active labor under
3. Treat or Transfer
Upon discovery of active labor or an emergency medical condition, EMTALA usually requires hospitals to treat the discovered condition.8 Under certain circumstances, however, EMTALA allows hospitals to transfer patients instead of treating them.
a. Certification
A hospital may not legally transfer someone who has an emergency medical condition which has not been stabilized or who is in active labor unless the patient requests a transfer or
a physician ... has signed a certification that, based upon the reasonable risks and benefits to the patient, and based upon the information available at the time, the medical benefits reasonably expected from the provision of appropriate medical treatment at another medical facility outweigh the increased risks to the individual‘s medical condition from effecting the transfer....
A hospital may violate this provision in four ways. First, before transfer, the hospital might fail to secure the required signature from the appropriate medical personnel on a certification form. But the statute requires more than a signature; it requires a signed certification. Thus, the hospital also violates the statute if the signer has not actually deliberated and weighed the medical risks and the medical benefits of transfer before executing the certification.9 Likewise, the hospital fails to make the certification required by
Whether a reasonable physician would have considered different medical factors than those considered by the signer, or would have weighted factors differently in reaching a certification decision, need not be considered in determining whether a hospital has violated
We find abundant record evidence to support DAB‘s finding that
Burditt signed the “Physician‘s Certificate Authorizing Transfer” certifying that the risks of the transfer were outweighed by the benefits without actually engaging in any meaningful weighing of the risks and benefits....
Burditt himself testified that he was completely ignorant of EMTALA‘s requirements and did not believe that EMTALA governed his actions. He testified: “I didn‘t know what I was doing, but I signed her [certification] so I could send her.” In his brief to this court, he explains that he signed Rivera‘s certification “because [Nurse] Herman insisted.” The ALJ properly disregarded Burditt‘s self-serving, after-the-fact justification for transferring Rivera--that DeTar lacked facilities to care for Rivera‘s underweight infant. The record shows that upon hearing of Rivera‘s condition over the telephone, Burditt made an immediate and unwavering decision to transfer her without weighing the medical risks and benefits of transfer. Because he signed her transfer certification as a mere formality, it lacks legal effect as a certification.
Every reasonable adult, let alone physician, understands that labor evolves to delivery, that high blood pressure is dangerous, and that the desirability of transferring a patient with these conditions could well change over a two-hour period. Burditt‘s indifference to Rivera‘s condition for the two hours after he conducted his single examination demonstrates not that he unreasonably weighed the medical risks and benefits of transfer, but that he never made such a judgment. DAB‘s statement that Burditt certified “under circumstances where no reasonable [obstetrician] would have certified” means only that the facts of this case show certification to be so unacceptable that it is unlikely that Burditt actually made the required certification.
Thus, we affirm DAB‘s finding that Burditt violated EMTALA by transferring Rivera without complying with the certification requirement of
b. Transfer Appropriateness
Besides certifying the medical need for transferring patients protected by EMTALA, hospitals must appropriately transfer these people.
the transfer [be] effected through qualified personnel and transportation equipment, as required including the use of necessary and medically appropriate life support measures during the transfer....
As previously explained,
DAB correctly rejected Burditt‘s argument that he effected Rivera‘s transfer through qualified personnel and equipment by sending her to John Sealy in an ambulance that met state licensing requirements. See Tex. Dep‘t of Health, 25 TEX.ADMIN. CODE Sec. 157.67 (West August 4, 1988) (Basic Life Support Vehicle Requirements for a Permit). The standards set by Sec. 157.67 ensure that medical transport vehicles are adequately prepared to perform their primary function of taking people from the scene of an illness or injury to a hospital for diagnosis and treatment. EMTALA prevents patient dumping by limiting transfers of people with emergency medical conditions or in active labor to those that are medically necessary and effected with qualified personnel and equipment. Section 157.67 ensures safe transfer when it is required while EMTALA limits when transfer is allowed. The purposes of these two laws do not coincide; fulfillment of one‘s requirements does not necessarily satisfy those of the other.
Burditt would limit the requirement of “qualified ... transportation equipment” to the transport vehicle itself, excluding all other equipment necessary to ensure safe transfer of the patient. But
We now consider whether DAB correctly applied
The ALJ could properly credit expert testimony to the effect that only a physician could have fulfilled the “qualified personnel” requirement of
We have not found similar record support for the ALJ‘s statement that qualified equipment for Rivera‘s ambulance also included the drug pitocin and a blanket for the newborn. But, as experts, Drs. Mark D. Akin and Robert T. Greene, Jr. testified that hypertensive women face increased risk of placental abruption, and without a fetal heart monitor in the ambulance, it would be almost impossible to perceive this condition during transport. This is sufficient evidence from which the ALJ could properly conclude that a reasonable physician would have included a fetal heart monitor as equipment to ensure Rivera‘s safe transfer.
We therefore affirm the ALJ‘s finding that Burditt violated the appropriate-transfer requirement of
4. Improper Motive
Burditt asks this court to invent a requirement found nowhere in the statute that an improper, or nonmedical, motive for transfer must be proved as an element of all EMTALA transfer violations. As written, EMTALA prevents patient dumping without such a requirement. See H.R.REP. NO. 241, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 1, at 27, reprinted in, 1986 U.S.CODE CONG. & ADMIN.NEWS 579, 605 (Congress sought to prevent patient dumping with EMTALA). We refuse to alter the statutory scheme. Cf. Cleland, 917 F.2d at 269-70 (refusing to find that EMTALA covers only the indigent and uninsured absent explicit statutory limitation).
B. CIVIL MONEY PENALTY
DAB affirmed the ALJ‘s decision to fine Burditt $20,000 under
a participating hospital that knowingly violates a requirement of this section and the responsible physician in the hospital with respect to such a violation are each subject ... to a civil money penalty of not more than $25,000 for each such violation.
Burditt proffers several reasons why he should not be fined under this statute; we reject them all.
1. Responsible Physician
The “responsible physician” subject to EMTALA‘s civil penalties is defined as one who
(A) is employed by, or under contract with, the participating hospital, and
(B) acting as such an employee or under such a contract, has professional responsibility for the provision of examinations or treatments for the individual, or transfers of the individual, with respect to which the violation occurred.
Burditt asserts that under controlling Texas law, he is not “under contract” with DeTar. But “[i]n the absence of a plain indication to the contrary, ... it is to be assumed when Congress enacts a statute that it does not intend to make its application dependent on state law.” Dickerson v. New Banner Inst., Inc., 460 U.S. 103, 119, 103 S.Ct. 986, 995, 74 L.Ed.2d 845 (1983), quoting NLRB v. Natural Gas Utility Dist., 402 U.S. 600, 603, 91 S.Ct. 1746, 1748, 29 L.Ed.2d 206 (1971). Burditt offers nothing in EMTALA‘s language, purpose, or legislative history to indicate that Congress intended state law to determine when a physician is under contract with a hospital. We recognize no reason for conditioning the applicability of EMTALA‘s civil penalty provision on the vagaries of the several state laws. Equivalent violative actions by physicians should be deterred with equivalent fines. See Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States, 318 U.S. 363, 367, 63 S.Ct. 573, 575, 87 L.Ed. 838 (1943). DAB correctly held that federal law controls the issue of whether a physician is “under contract” with a hospital for purposes of
We also agree with DAB that a physician is “under contract” with a hospital when, pursuant to their mutual agreement, the physician examines and treats or transfers people who are covered by EMTALA, regardless of whether the agreement refers to EMTALA. In his 1974 application to DeTar for staff privileges, Burditt agreed to be bound by DeTar‘s bylaws. Pursuant to those bylaws, Kotsur took Burditt‘s name from DeTar‘s call-list of physicians responsible for unaligned obstetrical patients. Burditt falls squarely within EMTALA‘s definition of a responsible physician.
2. DeTar‘s EMTALA Violation
Under
DAB correctly held that hospital physicians who treat patients in fulfillment of their contractual responsibilities are the hospital‘s agents for purposes of such treatment. Because hospitals can act and know things only vicariously through individuals, see United States v. A & P Trucking Co., 358 U.S. 121, 125, 79 S.Ct. 203, 206, 3 L.Ed.2d 165 (1958), any EMTALA violation by such a physician is also a violation by the hospital. Thus, record evidence of Burditt‘s knowing EMTALA violation is evidence of DeTar‘s knowing violation.
3. Requisite Mental State
A responsible physician may be fined only if that person “knowingly violated [an EMTALA] requirement.”
The ALJ interpreted the word “knowingly” in conformance with the False Claims Act,
DAB found that, in at least one manner, Burditt violated EMTALA because he actually knew all facts necessary to establish the violation. Thus, the ALJ‘s legal interpretation of “knowingly” was unnecessary to this case‘s outcome. Moreover, Congress has since amended EMTALA to allow the federal government to fine physicians who negligently violate EMTALA‘s requirements.
By examining Rivera, Burditt gained actual knowledge of her hypertension and labor, which DAB correctly labeled an emergency medical condition and active labor. Burditt stipulated that he arranged for and ordered Rivera‘s transfer. We have previously affirmed DAB‘s finding that Burditt did not engage in the weighing process that we hold to be required by
Burditt argues that he cannot be fined under EMTALA because he transferred Rivera in a good-faith effort to protect her underweight infant. But nothing in EMTALA admits the existence of a good-faith exception.
We affirm DAB‘s conclusion that Burditt knowingly violated an EMTALA requirement.
4. Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances
DAB‘s final $20,000 penalty assessment against Burditt comports with EMTALA‘s limit of $25,000 per knowing violation and our verification of at least one knowing violation. See
circumstances of an aggravating or mitigating nature should be taken into account if, in the interests of justice, they require either a reduction of the penalty ... or an increase in order to assure the achievement of the purposes of this part.
Congress intended EMTALA‘s civil sanctions largely to deter violations. H.R. REP. NO. 241, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 3, at 7, reprinted in, 1986 U.S. CODE CONG. & ADMIN.NEWS 726, 729. Although
where Congress has entrusted an administrative agency with the responsibility of ... achieving the statutory policy “the relation of remedy to policy is peculiarly a matter for administrative competence.”
Butz v. Glover Livestock Commission Co., 411 U.S. 182, 185, 93 S.Ct. 1455, 1458, 36 L.Ed.2d 142 (1973) quoting American Power & Light Co. v. SEC, 329 U.S. 90, 112, 67 S.Ct. 133, 146, 91 L.Ed. 103 (1946). We will affirm DAB‘s determination of the penalty amount unless, based on the totality of the record, its decision constitutes an abuse of discretion. Butz, 411 U.S. at 188, 93 S.Ct. at 1459.
As aggravating circumstances, the ALJ found that Burditt: 1) did not examine Rivera after his initial examination; 2) did not attempt to consult another doctor; 3) did not read the copy of the law given to him by Herman; and 4) did not treat Rivera upon her return to DeTar. As mitigating circumstances, the ALJ found that: 1) Rivera had received no prenatal care; 2) DeTar had no medical records of Rivera‘s health history; and 3) Burditt has instituted corrective measures to prevent future illegal transfers from DeTar.
We agree with DAB that substantial record evidence establishes the existence of all of the circumstances found to be aggravating or mitigating. We also agree that the ALJ properly characterized four of Burditt‘s acts as aggravating circumstances because they demonstrate flagrant disregard for the anti-dumping principles that Congress enshrined in EMTALA. Similarly, we think that DAB correctly held that a patient‘s lack of prenatal care or medical records cannot operate as a mitigating circumstance without undermining EMTALA‘s primary, though not exclusive, purpose of protecting the indigent. See Johnson v. American Airlines, Inc., 745 F.2d 988, 992 (5th Cir.1984) (court‘s objective in statutory interpretation “is to ascertain congressional intent and give effect to legislative will“), cert. denied, 472 U.S. 1027, 105 S.Ct. 3500, 87 L.Ed.2d 631 (1985).
We find no error in DAB‘s conclusion as to the amount of Burditt‘s sanction.
C. EMTALA’ S CONSTITUTIONALITY
As his final attempt to escape DAB‘s assessment, Burditt claims that EMTALA effects a public taking of his services without just compensation in contravention of the Constitution‘s Fifth Amendment.
Assuming arguendo that professional services constitute property protected by the Takings Clause,12 Burditt has not shown that EMTALA effects a taking. EMTALA imposes no responsibilities directly on physicians; it unambiguously requires hospitals to examine and stabilize, treat, or appropriately transfer all who arrive requesting treatment. Its provision for sanctions against physicians who knowingly violate its requirements is merely an enforcement mechanism that does not alter its explicit assignment of duties.
Governmental regulation that affects a group‘s property interests “does not constitute a taking of property where the regulated group is not required to participate in the regulated industry.” Whitney v. Heckler, 780 F.2d 963, 972 (11th Cir.) (temporary freeze of Medicare payments is no taking because physicians are not required to treat Medicare patients), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 813, 107 S.Ct. 65, 93 L.Ed.2d 23 (1986); accord Minnesota Ass‘n of Health Care Facilities, Inc. v. Minnesota Dep‘t of Public Welfare, 742 F.2d 442, 446 (8th Cir.1984) (state law limiting fees that nursing homes voluntarily participating in Medicaid may charge non-Medicaid patients effects no taking “[d]espite the strong financial inducement to participate in Medicaid“), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1215, 105 S.Ct. 1191, 84 L.Ed.2d 337 (1985).
Two levels of voluntariness undermine Burditt‘s taking assertion. Only hospitals that voluntarily participate in the federal government‘s Medicare program must comply with EMTALA. See
Second, Burditt is free to negotiate with DeTar or another hospital regarding his responsibility to facilitate a hospital‘s compliance with EMTALA. Thus, physicians only voluntarily accept responsibilities under EMTALA if they consider it in their best interest to do so. Accordingly, Burditt‘s claim under the Takings Clause is without merit.
III. CONCLUSION
The determination of the Secretary through his Departmental Appeals Board is AFFIRMED and ENFORCED.
Notes
EMTALA defines “emergency medical condition” as
a medical condition manifesting itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity (including severe pain) such that the absence of immediate medical attention could reasonably be expected to result in--
(A) placing the patient‘s health in serious jeopardy,
(B) serious impairment to bodily functions, or
(C) serious dysfunction of any bodily organ or part.
Burditt characterizes his wish to avoid a malpractice suit by Rivera as a medical reason for transferring her. We agree that a physician‘s belief that others are more competent to perform a required procedure is a medical reason for transfer. But if the physician instead believes that the patient is likely to sue whomever provides treatment, and transfers to avoid suit, then the reason for the transfer is financial and nonmedical. We do not reach the question of which belief Burditt held when he stated that “until DeTar pays my malpractice insurance, I will pick and choose those patients that I want to treat,” because we do not understand DAB to have formally held that Burditt violated EMTALA by considering impermissible factors in weighing risks and benefits
While we appreciate the predicament of physicians, they may not obligate themselves to hospitals receiving federal funds without accepting EMTALA‘s obligations.