In re the Marriage of JULIE A. and GREG A. FICKE. JULIE A. FICKE, Appellant, v. GREG A. FICKE, Respondent.
No. G046263
Fourth Dist., Div. Three
June 12, 2013
July 11, 2013
BEDSWORTH, J.
Law Offices of Marjorie G. Fuller, Marjorie G. Fuller and Lisa R. McCall for Appellant.
Masson & Fatini and Richard E. Masson for Respondent.
OPINION
BEDSWORTH, J.-
INTRODUCTION
In this dissolution action, the trial court awarded custody of a couple‘s two teenage children to the mother 95 percent of the time. The court found the father makes $8,088 a month, including $4,112 net from two separate property rentals. The mother, by contrast, had an income of $251 a month from a startup business. Ordinarily, in such circumstances, the father would pay much more than the $1,368 a month in child support he was ordered to pay. The reduction in child support, however, was effected by imputing $13,333 in monthly income to the mother. But the net support paid to the mother was then further reduced by the trial court‘s order to award spousal support to the father from the mother. The trial court entered an order making
The mother has appealed from these orders. We hold:
(1) As to child support, the trial court abused its discretion in imputing income to the mother without an express finding supported by substantial evidence that the imputation would benefit the children. (See In re Marriage of Cheriton (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 269, 301-302 [111 Cal.Rptr.2d 755] (Cheriton); In re Marriage of Mosley (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1375, 1379-1380 [82 Cal.Rptr.3d 497] (Mosley); In re Marriage of Cryer (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 1039, 1051, fn. 3 [131 Cal.Rptr.3d 424].) We do not say, of course, that a court may never impute income to a “custodial” parent, but we do say, as does the Family Code itself, that if it does so, any imputation must be supported by substantial evidence that the imputation is in the children‘s interest. (
(2) As to spousal support, the trial court abused its discretion in making a spousal support award running from the mother under the particular circumstances of this case. The economic circumstances of the parties after the divorce did not support making the mother support the father. Specifically, the father has a hard money income of $8,088 a month while the mother‘s income is only $251 a month, and the father walked away from the divorce with somewhere around $1.7 million to $2 million in assets, while the mother wound up with assets of around $1 million. Independent of any imputation based on the mother‘s “earning capacity” is the simple fact that the father is self-supporting and does not need any additional help from the mother. The trial judge was duly impressed by the father‘s ability to support himself, noting his excellent skills, good assets, good employment, good health, and good career.
Accordingly, we reverse both the child and spousal support orders and remand both the child and spousal support issues for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. However, we affirm two other aspects of the judgment challenged on appeal. Both involve calculations of community and separate interests in discrete items of property (specifically, one of the noncustodial parent‘s two rental properties and the custodial parent‘s severance pay). The judgment is supported by substantial evidence as to each of those items.
BACKGROUND
Julie A. and Greg A. Ficke were married in spring 1993, and they separated in midsummer 2008, so the marriage lasted just a little more than 15 years.
At the time of the marriage, Julie worked for Beckman Instruments, Inc., as a product planning manager for capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography equipment (to 1994), later as a marketing director for a manufacturer of sterilizers for surgical equipment (1994 to 2004). She then took a job as vice-president of marketing for a manufacturer of dental implants and other dental products in Yorba Linda. During her tenure with the dental implant manufacturer (2004 to 2008) she succeeded in doubling the company‘s total worldwide sales, and her final salary was about $200,000 annually, plus bonuses-and those bonuses, at least in the heady years of the mid-aughts, could be very big indeed. Julie‘s 2007 W-2 from the dental implant manufacturer showed total compensation of just over $729,000. Even so, Julie was terminated in spring 2008. Her explanation to a vocational examiner was that a new CEO “came on board and wanted a male in the job.” She received a severance package of 12 months’ base salary ($201,226), but was required, in return for the severance package, to sign an agreement giving up any civil rights claims she might have against the firm.
In the three months after her layoff, Julie conducted a job search which eventually yielded one offer: a marketing management job for a biotech company at $125,000. She declined that job because, when the offer arrived, she had already started a pet health care membership insurance program modeled after a similar business run by her mother in Arizona, and because the job would require considerable travel and not allow her to be home evenings with the two children. At least the startup pet insurance business would allow her to do that.
The evidence is uncontroverted that Julie has worked full time at her pet insurance business since its inception, “probably working very hard” as the trial judge put it. The business, however, has not yet made any money; Julie has been living off loans from her mother and past savings. Thus, at the time of trial, Julie‘s hard money income was only $251 a month. However, Greg presented evidence in the form of a vocational examination report that Julie was highly marketable and employable in the marketing end of various biotech industries, and could have (at least as of Nov. 2010) found employment in marketing management in such industries at low, mid and high ranges of $120,000, $155,000, and $185,000 a year, respectively.
Meanwhile, Greg worked as a real estate broker for a large realty company (Cushman & Wakefield) and successfully ran for the City Council of Aliso Viejo. He also received income from two rental properties. One was a house in Los Angeles called by the parties “Monte Mar,” the other a condo in
Greg‘s total monthly income at the time of trial was found to be $8,088. That $8,088 consists of $483 from Greg‘s pay as a city council member of the City of Aliso Viejo, a monthly net average of $3,493 from Cushman & Wakefield, net rental income of $2,701 from Monte Mar and net rental income of $1,411 from Boardwalk. The $8,088 figure is not challenged by either party in this appeal.
Since Monte Mar is Greg‘s separate property and Boardwalk is about half separate property, there is no question Greg came away with far more assets after the divorce than Julie. The total net community property divided was valued at about $2.1 million, with each spouse receiving about $1 million in the division of community assets. But of course on top of the $1 million Greg also would end up possessing all of the equity in Monte Mar, because it was completely his separate property, plus his separate interest in Boardwalk. As to the value of these separate interests-the only valuation that appears in the record is one Greg himself put on it, in a schedule of assets filed in October 2008 that showed Monte Mar having a fair market value of $1 million, without any encumbrance. (We hasten to add that fair market value in Oct. 2008, just as the great recession was getting started, is obviously not necessarily representative of fair market value by the time of trial over the course of 2010 and 2011. But even so, it is almost impossible to imagine, given Monte Mar‘s large net rental income at the time of trial, that its fair market value is anything less than $500,000.)2 In addition, Greg‘s separate property component in Boardwalk was found to be worth $201,500.3 Thus it is safe to say that in the aftermath of the divorce Greg had over $1.7 million in assets, and perhaps closer to $2 million, given his own initial valuation of Monte Mar-that is, somewhere between 50 percent more and about double what Julie had.4 Greg also received the family home (net equity $455,465) despite the children‘s living elsewhere in a rented townhome with Julie.
The couple, during the good years of their marriage, had employed a nanny. That ended with their separation. While the initial custody arrangement had been 50/50, sometime afterwards the children made it clear they wanted to be with their mother. Greg does not challenge the fact the court awarded Julie physical custody of the children 95 percent of the time, a fact which certainly undermines any idea he should be getting support from the mother.
To read the trial judge‘s statement of decision after trial, one would think that much of it was laying the foundation for a spousal support award for Julie from Greg. The description of Greg is downright glowing about his prospects: Greg “has excellent skills... owns two houses, and... does not have periods of unemployment.” His “assets... are good.” He “has good employment, and he has income from three sources.” His age is “good.” He has “good health” and a “good career[].” He is “self-sufficient” and “would remain so.”
Concomitantly, the statement of decision, while including Julie in the descriptions of having a good “age,” good “health,” a “good career[],” and being “self-sufficient,” expressed at least some negative perceptions of Julie‘s situation: “The ability of [Julie] to pay spousal support is not easy, because [Julie] is working in a start-up company and her earnings are down at this time.”
Even so, the court imputed a whopping $13,333-a-month income to Julie. The figure was based on the “income she would have earned had she taken the position that was offered to her.”5 The statement of decision justified the imputation by saying, without elaboration, that imputation was “a fair method
Nowhere in the statement of decision or the trial judge‘s remarks do we find any reference to the interests of the children. And while the statement of decision goes through a number of the
DISCUSSION
A. The Imputation of Income to the Custodial Parent
There are very few-“a handful” overstates it-published appellate decisions which have upheld the imputation of income to custodial parents. (In re Marriage of Ackerman (2006) 146 Cal.App.4th 191, 208-209 [52 Cal.Rptr.3d 744]; In re Marriage of LaBass & Munsee (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 1331, 1339 [66 Cal.Rptr.2d 393] (LaBass); In re Marriage of Paulin (1996) 46 Cal.App.4th 1378, 1384 [54 Cal.Rptr.2d 314].) The reason is pretty obvious. Since the child support statutes expressly state the purpose of California‘s guideline child support system is to “place the interests of children as the
“d. The standard of living will continue.
“E. assets by supported person are good. He had two homes free and clear.
“F. this is a long term marriage.
“G. supported person has good employment; he has income from 3 sources.
“h. The age of the parties is good both in good health and great career ahead for each of them.
“I. domestic violence, the court will not consider as the charge was dropped by agreement.
“J No tax issue.
“There should be no hardship for either party.
“L. each party is self sufficient and will remain so.
“m. No conviction.
“n. Other factors: This was a family living a very high life style and it will continue as both parties are motivated to continue this life style. The court would order that petitioner is to pay spousal support to respondent [in] the amount of $700 per month and this amount is to be paid on the 15th of the month and to begin on June 14th 2011 and every month thereafter or until one party dies or there is a change by operation of law. This amount of support that respondent receives would place his income near $9000 a month. This would include his City Council amount, his rent from his two houses and his employment. The spousal award arrears to begin at the time the OSC was filed and petitioner to pay an added amount of $500 to be paid every month until the complete arrears sum is paid in full. This amount will also include an interest of 10% on the arrears.
“Also the court adopted the assessment of the total community value of 874 Boardwalk Place, Redwood City, Ca to be $231,650.
“The court had difficulty in using a phantom amount of income for petitioner as she is working and probably working very hard. It is not like she was offered a high paying position and turned it down and would not work, but the court found this to be a fair method that was used in these calculations.”
Two opinions subsequent to Cheriton have read it to require a finding that any imputation be in the best interests of the children. (See Mosley, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at p. 1389; In re Marriage of Cryer, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at p. 1051, fn. 3.) We follow suit and also so hold. Significantly, two of the three existing published cases upholding imputation to a custodial parent, LaBass and Paulin, were pre-Cheriton, and did not have the benefit of Cheriton‘s recognition that
The third published case to allow imputed income to the custodial parent, In re Marriage of Ackerman, supra, 146 Cal.App.4th at page 211, involved an express finding the imputation of income was in the best interests of the children, plus the imputation was comparatively modest under the circumstances. It was not predicated on the idea the custodial parent should have been out earning income, but merely imputed a rate of return on certain assets. (See id. at pp. 210-211.) Moreover, the diminution in money payable as child support to the custodial parent in Ackerman obviously could have no effect on the children‘s actual support. It only made a difference, as this court quoted the trial court as noting, whether the custodial parent would be able to continue to employ “‘two nannies, a cook, and a couple of babysitters,’ as well as a personal assistant.” (Id. at pp. 208-209.)
LaBass, on the other hand, was a case where the trial and appellate courts were very much unimpressed by the custodial parent‘s dilettantism. When the couple divorced, the parties expressly contemplated the custodial parent‘s right to move out of the area “‘for employment purposes’ “-or to pursue a Ph.D. in English literature. (She already had her master‘s degree.) (LaBass, supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at p. 1335.) But she did not pursue her Ph.D., instead opting to get yet another master‘s degree-this one in fine arts-and taking “occasional” part-time teaching jobs at community colleges. (Ibid.) Besides expecting the noncustodial parent to subsidize her perpetual studenthood, the custodial parent in LaBass was downright vindictive in her attitude toward her ex-spouse. At one point she said, “‘... I don‘t have a job, I won‘t work, and so you‘re going to have to pay my attorney‘s fees no matter how costly they are.‘” (Ibid.) Perhaps precisely because of the custodial parent‘s vindictiveness, there is a passage in LaBass in which the court minimized the benefit the children received from the extra time gained from the custodial parent‘s part-time work.9
Let us simply say here that we do not share any inference that might be arguably extracted from the brief passage in LaBass to the effect that time spent with a parent is not, all else being equal, a good thing. Time spent with children is to be valued. First, there is a body of law that says so. (In re Marriage of Ilas (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 1630, 1639 [16 Cal.Rptr.2d 345].)
More than a decade and about 100 volumes of the California Official Appellate Reports passed after LaBass before Justice Moore‘s insightful opinion in Mosley, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th 1375 recognized the best reason to take the otherwise counterintuitive course of imputing income to a custodial parent: To allow the noncustodial parent to spend more time with the children. “However, we agree with Paul‘s assertion that, here, the trial court did not consider all of the evidence before it in evaluating the best interests of the children. The court stated there was a ‘total lack of evidence’ that Dawn‘s returning to work would be in the children‘s best interests. However, Paul testified that if Dawn contributed to the support of the children, he would not need to spend as much time at work trying to maximize his bonus and would be able to spend more time with the children himself. We cannot disagree with his assertion that it is in the best interests of the children to receive nurturing from both parents. Indeed, sometimes ‘the “best interests of the children” are promoted when parents [reduce their work hours] so as to be able to spend more time with their children.‘” (Mosley, supra, 165
In the case before us now, however, there was no finding imputation would be in the children‘s best interests. Nor was there any finding Greg needs any monetary break to increase his visitation time. And in fact, what evidence there is all points to an affirmative detriment to the children resulting from imputation. First, obviously, imputation has the objective effect of making less money available for the children. Second, imputation under the circumstances of this case means giving the custodial parent an incentive to leave two teenagers alone on evenings and weekends. Here, Julie turned down the job with the biotech firm because she knew it would involve travel and lost evenings, which would be costs in time that she would not have to incur running a nascent pet insurance firm. The trial judge gave Julie an incentive to go back to the high pressure world of being a corporate marketing director, which would have meant less time with the children, particularly in the high-learning-curve early months of any new job. While there might have been abstract justice in penalizing Julie for not putting her own time to its most monetarily efficient Gradgrindian use, there was-to use a monetary metaphor-no “percentage” in it for the children. It did not prioritize the needs of the children, and therefore, with regard to child support, does not pass muster under
B. Spousal Support to a Self-supporting Spouse
Child support is one thing, spousal support quite another. (In re Marriage of Blazer (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 1438, 1446, fn. 3 [99 Cal.Rptr.3d 42] [“Child support and spousal support serve different purposes, implicate different policies, and are governed by different rules.“]; In re Marriage of Padilla (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 1212, 1218, fn. 2 [45 Cal.Rptr.2d 555] [“different policy considerations” govern spousal support than child support].)
For one thing, the statutory basis for imputation of income to the payor litigant is different. For child support, the basis for imputation is
For another, while the child support guideline statutes reflect the explicitly high priority the Legislature has placed on the support of children (
But a spousal support award cannot undercut the child support statutes. (See Mosley, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at p. 1390 [rejecting argument that “impact on the children is utterly irrelevant in the spousal support context . . .“]; In re Marriage of Rosan (1972) 24 Cal.App.3d 885, 899 [101 Cal.Rptr. 295] [noting interrelation between child and spousal support].) We read statutes as part of a consistent whole, not in isolation. (E.g., Pineda v. Williams-Sonoma Stores, Inc. (2011) 51 Cal.4th 524, 530 [120 Cal.Rptr.3d 531, 246 P.3d 612].) Implicit in the high priority given the best interests of the children in the child support statutes is the Legislature‘s intent there be no legerdemain on the spousal support side to take with one hand what the child support statutes give with the other.
Moreover, an examination of the spousal support statute,
Applying these considerations to the instant matter, we first note Greg has excellent skills, political connections, two houses free and clear, no periods of unemployment, good assets, good health, a great career, and is self-sufficient. By the trial court‘s own reckoning, Greg is pretty much the last divorcing spouse who should receive spousal support. Not only does the spousal support order cut against the express grain of
Concomitantly, most of the factors that might arguably support a Julie-to-Greg support award are greatly attenuated: the marital standard of living (
We do recognize, of course, that Julie‘s preference for a full-time job that actually allows her to be with the children on weeknights and weekends does, under Paulin, represent, to some degree, a unilateral shift of monetary child support costs from her to Greg. But the unilateral shift theory is an equitable factor that might arguably, under the child support statutes (see
C. Miscellaneous Property Allocations
1. The Boardwalk House
Julie‘s expert calculated the community interest in Greg‘s separate Boardwalk property two ways: In the first, he assumed the only community contribution was confined strictly to the amount used to pay off the mortgage in 2003. That approach meant the community‘s interest in Boardwalk was valued at $231,500. The other way, the expert assumed that all mortgage payments on the property made after marriage were also community contributions. Under that approach the community‘s share was calculated at $379,112. While the judge used the actual calculations made by Julie‘s expert, he found true the assumption most favorable to Greg, namely that the only community contribution was the 2003 mortgage payoff. Hence, the community interest in Boardwalk was determined, as mentioned above, to be $231,500.
On appeal now, Julie argues the judge erred and should have used the assumption most favorable to her, i.e., that all mortgage payments after the marriage came from community property, so the proper number would have been $379,112. Her theory is that Greg was required to produce specific records (e.g., bank account statements) which would have shown the rents from Boardwalk were used to make the mortgage payments, and that absent such specific documentation, the court was necessarily required to assume the mortgage payments came from community property.
We disagree. The need for specific record tracing arises when there is a commingled account. As this court explained in In re Marriage of Stoll (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 837, 841 [74 Cal.Rptr.2d 506], the need for specific records, as it originated in the “granddaddy” case of See v. See (1966) 64 Cal.2d 778 [51 Cal.Rptr. 888, 415 P.2d 776], is the product of two factors: (1) the combination of commingling of separate and community funds and (2) the general presumption that property acquired during marriage is community property. A burden of recordkeeping logically arises out of the very act of commingling funds during marriage so the general community property presumption is not thwarted. (Stoll, supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p. 841, citing and quoting See, supra, 64 Cal.2d at pp. 783-784.)
The need for specific records and documents to trace funds is thus predicated on the existence of a commingled account. See, and the two cases
In the case before us, however, there was substantial evidence there was never a commingled account in the first place. Greg purchased Boardwalk in 1991-prior to the 1993 marriage. Greg testified all rents from the property were used to pay the mortgage, Boardwalk was rented 95 percent of the time, the rent itself was $1,200 a month, and that rent would have covered the mortgage, which was also about $1,200 a month. Greg testified he maintained the same separate account for both the Boardwalk and the Monte Mar property and that the combined income from both properties was around $3,600 to $3,800 a month. And it was undisputed that Monte Mar had no encumbrances, so the trial court could easily conclude there was a large surplus of separate property rents coming in to Greg available for use on the Boardwalk mortgage payments.
There was some evidence from Julie to the contrary. She asserted (very generally) that the community made payments “to the mortgage” of Boardwalk going back to 1993. She conceded she did not have any document to support that assertion.12 And she did not identify, in her testimony, any commingled account into which separate property rents from Boardwalk and Monte Mar would have been combined with community earnings.
The evidence before the trial judge, as to whether there was a commingled account from which mortgage payments had been made (e.g., an account into which both rents and salary had been deposited), or alternatively, a community account from which mortgage payments were made, was in conflict.
2. The Severance Payment
Julie received about $200,000 in severance pay from the dental implant maker in the last few months of the marriage, and the trial court held all the money constituted community property. On appeal, Julie argues roughly $170,000 of that severance package represented consideration for a noncompete agreement. She reasons that since the noncompete agreement represents her promise not to work against her erstwhile employer after marriage, i.e., represents compensation for her postseparation efforts (or more precisely, her forbearance of postseparation efforts), the trial court erred in characterizing the amount as community property. The answer to this is that the noncompete agreement applies only to the dental implant industry, and there was substantial evidence that Julie has plenty of experience in biotech areas outside of dental implants, including surgical sterilizers, capillary electrophoresis equipment, DNA sequencers, protein synthesizers and microbiology supplies. In short, the trial court could reasonably conclude that, given the breadth of Julie‘s experience, the value of the noncompete clause was de minimis in relation to the rest of the agreement. Moreover, given the evidence Julie may indeed have been terminated for a reason in violation of civil rights statutes, the trial court could also reasonably have concluded that most of the value of the severance package was in settlement of valuable antidiscrimination claims possessed by Julie which arose during the marriage. Again, we find the court‘s conclusions unassailable.
DISPOSITION
The child and spousal support orders are reversed, and those issues are remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The judgment is otherwise affirmed. Though this is technically a
Rylaarsdam, Acting P. J., and Thompson, J., concurred.
On July 11, 2013, the opinion was modified to read as printed above.
Notes
“The answer to that is no. I did have problems with the phantom income, and I went back and forth, weighed the factors, and that‘s where it‘s going to stand. And if I‘m wrong, I‘m wrong.”
“But I do think that she has a lot of ability, and I know that [husband] has sources of-from three incomes, but I just think with the funds that are at [wife‘s] investment portfolio-the court did not go into that. The court thought that would be wrong to come up with some equation there. And normally when we impute an amount of money, we‘re usually imputing $1,387. That‘s the minimum wage. We‘re far beyond that in this case.
“But the lifestyle of the parties was with a nanny, and they‘re trying to give their children-both of them, both parents are trying to give their children the best they can present to the children.
“So I know there‘s been probably a struggle in the working out of agreements here, but I think both people are probably pretty good parents. It‘s just that they have a different style of doing things.”
The court then responded to Julie‘s trial counsel‘s point that Greg had no need for any spousal support. While the trial judge acknowledged that (obvious) point, he did not explain why some other consideration outweighed it; the discussion was now over: “I considered that also, and I gave that great weight. That will be the order....”
“4320 factors
“1. Respondent has excellent skills. He is on the City Council in Orange Co City. Long time employment; own 2 houses free and clear.
“2. Respondent does not have periods of unemployment.
“B. this issue does not apply, Respondent did not help petitioner with her career.
“C the Ability of petitioner to pay spousal support, it is not easy because she is working in a startup company. Her earnings are down at this time.
It is significant to note that the authority cited, Ilas, supra, 12 Cal.App.4th 1630, did not involve a custodial parent at all. Ilas is a much more common example of a noncustodial parent who quits work and then seeks a modification downward in light of his or her new divested circumstances.