MARINA PACIFIC HOTEL AND SUITES, LLC, et al. v. FIREMAN‘S FUND INSURANCE COMPANY
B316501
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION SEVEN
Filed 7/13/22
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
(Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. 20SMCV00952)
Barnes & Thornburg, David P. Schack, Matthew B. O‘Hanlon and Jonathan J. Boustani for Plaintiffs and Appellants Marina Pacific Hotel & Suites, LLC, Venice Windward, LLC, Larry‘s Venice, L.P. and Erwin H. Sokol.
DLA PIPER, John P. Phillips, Joseph Davison and Brett Solberg for Defendant and Respondent.
For more than two years our understanding of COVID-19, the infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its many variants, has evolved.1 Today we think we know how it spreads, how to protect against it and how best to treat those who have it. Perhaps we do. But even so, when a pleading alleges facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, what we
The owners of Hotel Erwin and Larry‘s (a restaurant adjacent to the hotel) in Venice Beach—Marina Pacific Hotel & Suites, LLC; Venice Windward, LLC; Larry‘s Venice, L.P.; and Erwin H. Sokol, as trustee of the Frances Sokol Trust (collectively insureds)—sued Fireman‘s Fund Insurance Company alleging the COVID-19 virus was present on, and had physically transformed, portions of the insured properties—“direct physical loss or damage” within the meaning of Fireman‘s Fund‘s first-party commercial property insurance policy—but Fireman‘s Fund refused to pay policy benefits for covered losses incurred as a result. The trial court sustained Fireman‘s Fund‘s demurrer to the insureds’ first amended complaint without leave to amend and dismissed the lawsuit, ruling the COVID-19 virus cannot cause direct physical loss or damage to property for purposes of insurance coverage. That might be the correct outcome following a trial or even a motion for summary judgment. It was error at this nascent phase of the case. We reverse.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
1. The Fireman‘s Fund (Allianz) Policy2
As alleged in the operative first amended complaint, Fireman‘s Fund issued its commercial property insurance policy no. USC007058190 for the period July 1, 2019 to July 1, 2020 to provide coverage for Hotel Erwin and Larry‘s. Marina Pacific Hotel & Suites, LLC; Venice Windward, LLC; Larry‘s Venice, L.P.; and Erwin H. Sokol, as trustee of the Frances Sokol Trust—plaintiffs in this litigation—were named insureds. A copy of the policy was attached as Exhibit A to the pleading.
The policy‘s general property coverage provision states, “[W]e will pay for direct physical loss or damage to [the insured property] caused by or resulting from a covered cause of loss during the Policy Period.” The policy provided business interruption coverage (with a $22 million limit) for “the actual loss of business income and necessary extra expense you sustain due to the necessary suspension of your operation during the period of restoration arising from direct physical loss or damage to [covered] property.” The terms printed in boldface type were separately defined. As pertinent here, “covered
The policy also included “communicable disease coverage” (with a policy limit of $1 million), providing the insurer would pay “for direct physical loss or damage” to insured property “caused by or resulting from a covered communicable disease event,” including costs necessary to repair or rebuild insured property damaged or destroyed by the communicable disease and to “[m]itigate, contain, remediate, treat, clean, detoxify, disinfect, neutralize, cleanup, remove, dispose of, test for, monitor and assess the effects [of] the communicable disease.” In addition, business interruption coverage was provided for suspension of operations during a period of restoration, provided the suspension was “due to direct physical loss or damage to property at a location caused by or resulting from a covered communicable disease event.” “Communicable disease” was defined as “any disease, bacteria, or virus that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from human or animal to a human.” “Communicable disease event” was defined as “an event in which a public health authority has ordered that a location be evacuated, decontaminated, or disinfected due to the outbreak of a communicable disease at such location.”
As one of the exclusions applicable to all coverages (property coverage, business income and extra expense coverage or any extensions of coverage), the policy, under the heading “Mortality and Disease,” provided the insurer would not pay for any loss, damage or expense caused directly or indirectly by, or resulting from, “[m]ortality, death by natural causes, disease, sickness, any condition of health, bacteria, or virus.”
2. The First Amended Complaint
The insureds filed their complaint against Fireman‘s Fund on July 21, 2020—four months after the COVID-19 pandemic first gripped the United States and three weeks after the end of the policy period—and the operative first amended complaint on August 31, 2021, alleging causes of action for breach of contract, tortious breach of contract, elder abuse and unfair competition. All four causes of action were based on Fireman‘s Fund‘s denial of coverage and refusal to pay (or to advance) policy benefits for losses claimed by the insureds as a result of the pandemic.
Also on information and belief the insureds alleged COVID-19 spreads through three primary modes of transmission: airborne transmission (droplets of saliva or nasal discharge of an infected individual, which are released by a cough, sneeze, speech or similar modes and inhaled by others); aerosols (smaller droplets that can linger in the air for hours and reach others further away); and fomite transmission—indirect contact with surfaces or objects where the virus has been disseminated by a person with COVID-19. The first amended complaint continued, “Both porous and nonporous surfaces or objects can harbor COVID-19 and serve as vehicles of transmission. Once this occurs, the transfer of COVID-19 may and does readily occur between inanimate and animate objects, or vice versa. A study by the Virology Journal showed that COVID-19 can survive on surfaces up to 28 days, serving as a vehicle for transmission during that time span.” Citing several journal articles, the insureds alleged the COVID-19 virus does not simply live on the surface of objects. Rather, “it also actually bonds and/or adheres to such objects through physico-chemical reactions involving, inter alia, cells and surface proteins” and “caus[es], among other things, a distinct, demonstrable or physical alteration to property.”
The insureds alleged COVID-19 had been present in and before March 2020 on a variety of physical objects in the insured properties, including furniture, countertops, walls, bedding, appliances and food and other packaged items, as well as in the air. The presence of the virus was not due to a single episode. Rather, “because COVID-19 is a pandemic and is statistically certain to be carried by a number of individuals who visit the Insured Properties and other properties within the covered radius daily, COVID-19 is continually reintroduced to the air and surfaces of those locations.” Further, they alleged, in response to multiple employees of Hotel Erwin testing positive, “various public health authorities have ordered that Hotel Erwin be evacuated, decontaminated, or disinfected,” and specifically alleged one
The physical loss or damage to property, the insureds alleged, required the closure or suspension of operations at Hotel Erwin and Larry‘s or portions of those properties at various times and caused them to incur extra expense, adopt remedial and precautionary measures “to attempt to restore and remediate the air and surfaces at the Insured Properties, dispose of property damaged by COVID-19 and limit operations at the Insured Properties.” In addition, access to the insured properties, the insureds alleged, had at times been prevented or limited by governmental orders issued “in response to the direct physical loss and/or damage caused by COVID-19 to other property within the covered radius [as defined by the policy].”
Finally, the insured alleged they gave timely notice of the loss under the policy and had performed all conditions on their part under the policy except as excused by Fireman‘s Fund‘s conduct and breaches of contract. Fireman‘s Fund, despite notice, breached the policy by denying coverage and refusing to pay any policy benefits.3
3. Fireman‘s Fund‘s Demurrer and the Insureds’ Response
Fireman‘s Fund demurred to the first amended complaint on August 19, 2021. It argued the insureds had failed to allege facts showing direct physical loss or damage to covered property, a contractual prerequisite for a valid claim to benefits under the policy. In support Fireman‘s Fund explained that courts across the country had ruled the pandemic does not equate to physical loss or damage and argued loss of use alone does not constitute direct physical loss or damage. Because various public agency orders (from Governor Newsom and the County and City of Los Angeles) permitted the
In their opposition filed September 2, 2021 the insureds, pointing to specific allegations, argued their first amended complaint had alleged direct physical loss or damage to covered property; disputed Fireman‘s Fund‘s interpretation of the policy‘s civil authority coverage provision and the mortality and disease exclusion; and argued cases from California (e.g., Armstrong World Industries, Inc. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 1 [involving asbestos fibers]) and across the country have refused to dismiss similar lawsuits at the pleading stage.
4. The Court‘s Order Sustaining the Demurrer Without Leave To Amend
After taking the matter under submission following a hearing on September 13, 2021, the trial court issued its final ruling on October 5, 2021, sustaining without leave to amend Fireman‘s Fund‘s demurrer to each of the four causes of action in the first amended complaint.5 The court, relying on MRI Healthcare Center of Glendale, Inc. v. State Farm General Ins. Co. (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 766 (MRI Healthcare), held “direct physical loss or damage,” necessary for there to be a “loss” triggering coverage within the meaning of policies of the type at issue here, requires some external force acting upon the insured property that causes a physical change in the condition of the property—that is, “it must have been ‘damaged’ within the common understanding of that term.” The insureds’ allegations do not satisfy that definition, the court ruled: “[W]here the property has simply been rendered unusable based on a virus, rather than an external force, the loss of use of the property in a typical manner is not a ‘direct physical loss’ contemplated by the insurance policy. To the contrary, the fact that the virus
The court additionally found, quoting the mortality and disease exclusion, that the Fireman‘s Fund policy “contains an express virus exclusion provision.” “This provision expressly excludes coverage of any direct physical loss or damage resulting from a virus; it is beyond dispute that COVID-19 is a virus.”
Because the insureds could not successfully allege direct physical loss or damage to property, the court concluded, it followed that they had failed to set forth a cause of action for breach of contract. In the absence of such a breach, there could be no tortious breach of contract, financial elder abuse or unfair competition. And the insureds failed to demonstrate they could cure those deficiencies if given leave to amend.
Judgment was entered October 26, 2021. The insureds filed a timely notice of appeal.
DISCUSSION
1. Standard of Review
A demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of the factual allegations in a complaint. We independently review the superior court‘s ruling on a demurrer and determine de novo whether the complaint alleges facts sufficient to state a cause of action or discloses a complete defense. (Mathews v. Becerra (2019) 8 Cal.5th 756, 768; T.H. v. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. (2017) 4 Cal.5th 145, 162.) We assume the truth of the properly pleaded factual allegations, facts that reasonably can be inferred from those expressly pleaded and matters of which judicial notice has been taken. (Evans v. City of Berkeley (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1, 20; accord, Centinela Freeman Emergency Medical Associates v. Health Net of California, Inc. (2016) 1 Cal.5th 994, 1010; Schifando v. City of Los Angeles (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1074, 1081.) Indeed, “we accept as true even improbable alleged facts, and we do
We affirm the judgment if it is correct on any ground stated in the demurrer, regardless of the trial court‘s stated reasons (Aubry v. Tri-City Hospital Dist. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 962, 967; Las Lomas Land Co., LLC v. City of Los Angeles (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 837, 848), but liberally construe the pleading with a view to substantial justice between the parties. (
2. Governing Law: Interpretation of Insurance Policies
“In general, interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of law that is decided under
“The ‘tie-breaker’ rule of construction against the insurer stems from the recognition that the insurer generally drafted the policy and received premiums to provide the agreed protection.” (Minkler v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America (2010) 49 Cal.4th 315, 321.) As a corollary rule of interpretation, intended “[t]o further ensure that coverage conforms fully to the objectively reasonable expectations of the insured,” “in cases of ambiguity, basic coverage provisions are construed broadly in favor of affording protection, but clauses setting forth specific exclusions from coverage are interpreted narrowly against the insurer.” (Id. at p. 322.)
The insureds’ appeal requires analysis of the allegations in their first amended complaint primarily in terms of one insuring provision—coverage for business interruption due to “direct physical loss or damage to” covered property—and one exclusion—for “mortality and disease.” We consider each provision in turn.
3. The Insuring Provision: Direct Physical Loss or Damage
Although “direct physical loss or damage” is a crucial term in a first party commercial property insurance policy, it is left undefined in commercial property policies, which define a plethora of other words and phrases. Left to other interpretive tools, Division Eight of this court in MRI Healthcare, supra, 187 Cal.App.4th 766 construed a similar, but not identical, coverage term, “accidental direct physical loss” to insured property as requiring “an actual change in insured property then in a satisfactory state, occasioned by accident or other fortuitous event directly upon the property causing it to become unsatisfactory for future use or requiring that repairs be made to make it so.” (Id. at p. 779.) The MRI Healthcare court continued, “The word ‘direct’ used in conjunction with the word ‘physical’ indicates the change in the insured property must occur by the action of the fortuitous event triggering coverage. In this sense, ‘direct’ means ‘“[w]ithout intervening persons, conditions, or agencies; immediate.“’ [Citation.]” [Citation.] For loss
The insureds argue MRI Healthcare‘s definition of “direct physical loss” misstated California law and was based, they contend, solely on the erroneous assertion in a treatise of a “widely held” rule that was, in fact, not at all widely held.8 In support of this position the insureds cite Hughes v. Potomac Ins. Co. (1962) 199 Cal.App.2d 239, disapproved on another ground in Sabella v. Wisler (1963) 59 Cal.2d 21, 34, in which the court of appeal held a home had suffered physical loss or damage when the land underlying the home slid away, leaving the home standing on the edge of a newly formed cliff (Hughes, at p. 243),9 as well as a third-party commercial general liability (CGL) case in which the court held the existence of asbestos fibers on surfaces in a building constituted property damage. (Armstrong World Industries, Inc. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., supra, 45 Cal.App.4th at p. 90.)
Notwithstanding those authorities, the requirement an insured allege an external force acted on the insured property causing a physical change in the condition of the property to come within the coverage provision for “direct physical loss or damage” has been adopted by a number of other courts of appeal, including our colleagues in Division Four of this court and Division One of the Fourth Appellate District when deciding cases involving COVID-19. (See United Talent Agency v. Vigilant Ins. Co. (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 821, 830 (United Talent); Inns-by-the-Sea v. California Mutual Ins. Co. (2021) 71 Cal.App.5th 688, 706 (Inns-by-the-Sea); see also Doyle v. Fireman‘s Fund Ins. Co. (2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 33, 38 [“[t]he requirement that the loss be ‘physical,’ given the ordinary definition of that term is widely held to exclude alleged losses that are intangible or incorporeal, and, thereby, to preclude any claim against the property insurer where the insured merely suffers a detrimental economic impact unaccompanied by a distinct, demonstrable, physical alteration of the property“].) Because we conclude the insureds’ first amended complaint adequately alleged direct physical loss or damage to their covered property within the MRI Healthcare definition, we need not address their additional argument that MRI Healthcare should not be followed and direct physical loss or damage may be shown without evidence of a physical alteration in the insured property.
4. The Insureds Adequately Alleged Direct Physical Loss or Damage Caused by the COVID-19 Virus and a Cause of Action for Breach of Contract by Fireman‘s Fund
“[T]he elements of a cause of action for breach of contract are (1) the existence of the contract, (2) plaintiff‘s performance or excuse for nonperformance, (3) defendant‘s breach, and (4) the resulting damages to the plaintiff.” (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811, 821.) Fireman‘s Fund‘s demurrer did not challenge elements (1), (2) or (4), contending only it did not breach its obligation to pay benefits under the policy because the insureds, having failed to allege any direct physical loss or damage to property, failed to allege a covered loss.10
To reiterate, with respect to covered loss, the insureds alleged in their first amended complaint COVID-19 (that is, the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes the disease) not only lives on surfaces but also bonds to surfaces through physicochemical reactions involving cells and surface proteins, which transform the physical condition of the property. The virus was present on surfaces throughout the insured properties, including the hotel lobby, kitchens at both the hotel and restaurant, employee breakroom, service elevator and parking garage, as well as on the properties’ food, bedding, fixtures, tables, chairs and countertops. Because of the nature of the pandemic, the virus was continually reintroduced to surfaces at those locations. As a direct result, the insureds were required to close or suspend operations in whole or in part at various times and incurred extra expense as they adopted measures to restore and remediate the air and surfaces at the insured
Assuming, as we must, the truth of those allegations, even if improbable, absent judicially noticed facts irrefutably contradicting them, the insureds have unquestionably pleaded direct physical loss or damage to covered property within the definition articulated in MRI Healthcare—a distinct, demonstrable, physical alteration of the property (MRI Healthcare, supra, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 779). They also adequately alleged that physical loss or damage caused a slowdown in, or cessation of, the operation of the insureds’ business while the covered property was restored or remediated, thereby triggering their business interruption (“business income and extra expense“) coverage.
We recognize this conclusion is at odds with almost all (but not all) decisions considering whether business losses from the pandemic are covered by the business owners’ first person commercial property insurance. Of course, federal cases, whether considering insurance coverage under California law or that of other states; state court decisions from other jurisdictions; and decisions from other California courts of appeal are not binding on us. (See, e.g., T.H. v. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 175 [“[a]lthough the decisions of our sister states and the lower federal courts may be instructive to the extent we find their analysis persuasive, they are neither binding nor controlling on matters of state law“]; Rubin v. Ross (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 153, 163 [“decisions of lower federal courts are not binding on us, even on questions of federal law“]; Sarti v. Salt Creek Ltd. (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 1187, 1193 [“there is no horizontal stare decisis in the California Court[s] of Appeal“].) Moreover, virtually all those decisions dismissing lawsuits claiming coverage for business losses attributable to COVID-19 are readily distinguishable from the issue presented by the case at bar.
First, the pleading rules in federal court are significantly different from those we apply when evaluating a trial court order sustaining a demurrer. In Ashcroft v. Iqbal (2009) 556 U.S. 662 the Supreme Court held, to survive a motion to dismiss under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.‘” (Id. at p. 678; see id. at p. 679 [“[O]nly a complaint that states a plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss. [Citation.] Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief will, as the Court of Appeals observed, be a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense“].) Unlike in
Second, a number of the cases rejecting COVID-19 claims, including Inns-by-the-Sea, supra, 71 Cal.App.5th 688, the first published California court of appeal decision involving a COVID-19 insurance claim, and Musso & Frank Grill Co., Inc. v. Mitsui Sumitomo Ins. USA Inc. (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 753 (Musso & Frank), the first such decision in the Second District, involved allegations of loss of use of insured property as a result of government-ordered closures to limit the spread of COVID-19, rather than, as expressly alleged here, a claim the presence of the virus on the insured premises caused physical damage to covered property, which in turn led to business losses. (See, e.g., Inns-by-the-Sea, at p. 703 [“Inns alleges that it ceased operations as a direct and proximate result of the Closure Orders. It does not make the proximate cause allegation based on the particular presence of the virus on its premises“];12 Musso & Frank, at pp. 758-759 [citing Inns-by-the-Sea and holding a policy requiring physical loss or damage to property did not cover losses incurred as a result of the Los Angeles Mayor‘s pandemic-related order mandating that restaurants close by midnight]; see also Mudpie, Inc. v. Travelers Cas. Ins. Co. (9th Cir. 2021) 15 F.4th 885, 892 (Mudpie) [“Mudpie‘s complaint does not identify a ‘distinct, demonstrable, physical alteration of the property’ . . . . Mudpie alleges the Stay at Home Orders temporarily prevented Mudpie
Not distinguishable on this ground, however, is United Talent, supra, 77 Cal.App.5th 821, Division Four‘s recent decision affirming a dismissal following an order sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend, which, like the trial court in the case at bench, found, as a matter of law, the insured‘s allegations that the physical presence of the virus on insured property constituted direct physical loss or damage were insufficient to trigger coverage. (Id. at p. 838.)13 Rejecting the analogy to the infiltration of asbestos considered in Armstrong World Industries, Inc. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., supra, 45 Cal.App.4th 1 and the presence of environmental contaminants found sufficient for coverage in AIU Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d 807, like Armstrong a case involving a CGL policy, the court reasoned, “[T]he virus exists worldwide wherever infected people are present, it can be cleaned from surfaces through general disinfection measures, and transmission may be reduced or rendered less harmful through practices unrelated to the property, such as social distancing, vaccination, and the use of masks. Thus, the presence of the virus does not render a property useless or uninhabitable, even though it may affect how people interact with and within a particular space.” (United Talent, at p. 838.)14
Thus, the United Talent court, based on its de novo review, affirmed a trial court ruling that, like the decision we review, found without evidence—the COVID-19 virus does not damage property. But the insureds here expressly alleged that it can and that it did, including the specific allegation they were required to dispose of property damaged by COVID-19. We are not authorized to disregard those allegations when evaluating a demurrer, as the court did in United Talent, based on a general belief that surface cleaning may be the only remediation necessary to restore contaminated property to its original, safe-for-use condition. That was not always the understanding of the appropriate precautions to take with items potentially exposed to the virus (many people, in the early months of the pandemic, left groceries and other items outside their homes for several days after first sanitizing them); the insureds expressly alleged disinfecting affected objects does not repair or remediate the actual physical alteration to property caused by the virus; and the trial court did not take judicial notice of the effectiveness of cleaning as a
Even if there had been evidence subject to proper judicial notice to establish that disinfecting repaired any alleged property damage, it would not resolve whether contaminated property had been damaged in the interim, nor would it alleviate any loss of business income or extra expenses. As the insureds argue on appeal, the duration of exposure may be relevant to the measure of policy benefits; it does not negate coverage.
Finally, Fireman‘s Fund‘s argument and the trial court‘s conclusion that the COVID-19 virus cannot cause direct physical loss or damage to property are directly undermined by the policy‘s plain language establishing communicable disease coverage. Fireman‘s Fund asserts the insureds must allege an obvious physical alteration, for example, “broken chairs, dented walls, or smashed windows,” to adequately allege direct physical loss or damage. Because it is undisputed the COVID-19 virus (or presumably any communicable disease) does not cause such damage, Fireman‘s Fund argues, it cannot cause property damage as defined in the policy. However, as discussed, the communicable disease coverage states Fireman‘s Fund will pay for “direct physical loss or damage” to insured property “caused by or resulting from a covered communicable disease event,” including necessary costs to “[r]epair or rebuild [insured property] which has been damaged or destroyed by the communicable disease.” This language explicitly contemplates that a communicable disease, such as a virus, can cause damage or destruction to property and that such damage constitutes direct physical loss or damage as defined in the policy. Construing the policy provisions together, as we must, this language precludes the interpretation that direct physical loss or damage categorically cannot be caused by a virus. (See
5. The Mortality and Disease Exclusion
If, as the trial court ruled and Fireman‘s Fund argues on appeal, the policy‘s mortality and disease exclusion bars all loss or damage caused by a virus, then it would be immaterial whether the first amended complaint alleged facts showing direct physical loss or damage to property from the COVID-19 virus. The most reasonable interpretation of that policy language, however, does not exclude the insureds’ claim of loss.
Significantly, in the wake of the SARS outbreak (caused by the SARS-CoV virus) in the early 2000‘s, the Insurance Services Office (ISO) in 2006 introduced a new industry-standard endorsement for commercial property
The policy issued to the insureds did not contain this virus or bacteria exclusion. Instead, as discussed, the exclusion provided only that the insurer would not pay for loss, damage or expense caused by, or resulting from, “[m]ortality, death by natural causes, disease, sickness, any condition of health, bacteria, or virus.” Particularly when compared to the all-encompassing language of the ISO virus exclusion, the most reasonable interpretation of this language is that it precludes coverage for losses related to death from any of the listed causes—that is, it excludes losses resulting from a death caused by a virus or other disease, and not more broadly any otherwise covered losses resulting from a virus or a disease. At the very least, the language is ambiguous. Absent extrinsic evidence of the parties’ expectations—hardly surprising given the preliminary stage of the proceedings—the exclusion must be interpreted narrowly, at least for now. (See Montrose Chemical Corp. of California v. Superior Court, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 230; see also MacKinnon v. Truck Ins. Exchange (2003) 31 Cal.4th 635, 648 [“[a]n insurer cannot escape its basic duty to insure by means of an exclusionary clause that is unclear“].)
This understanding of the exclusion‘s more limited reach is reinforced by the policy‘s communicable disease coverage, which applies if there is a direct physical loss or damage to insured property caused by a public health authority order that a location be evacuated, decontaminated or disinfected due to the outbreak of a transmissible virus. If all losses caused by a virus were excluded, even those indirectly resulting from the virus, as Fireman‘s Fund contends, the communicable disease coverage would be meaningless. It
6. Conclusion
Quoting from one of the many out-of-state federal court decisions cited in its respondent‘s brief, Fireman‘s Fund argues, “‘Common sense’ confirms that ‘the pandemic impacts human health and human behavior, not physical structures,‘” and asserts “common experience from all of us being in homes, courtrooms, or other structures during the pandemic shows that COVID-19 does not physically alter the structure of property.” We acknowledge it might be more efficient if trial courts could dismiss lawsuits at the pleading stage based on the judges’ common sense and understanding of common experience rather than waiting to actually receive evidence to determine whether the plaintiff‘s factual allegations can be proved. But that is not how the civil justice system works in this state.
Because the insureds adequately alleged losses covered by Fireman‘s Fund‘s policy, they are entitled to an opportunity to present their case, at trial or in opposition to a motion for summary judgment. The judgment of dismissal based on the trial court‘s disbelief of those allegations, whether ultimately reasonable or not, must be reversed.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded with directions to the trial court to vacate its order sustaining the demurrer without leave to amend and to enter a new order overruling the demurrer. The insureds are to recover their costs on appeal.
PERLUSS, P. J.
We concur:
SEGAL, J.
FEUER, J.