LeRoy H. CARHART, on behalf of himself and his patients obtaining abortions v. Donald STENBERG, in his official capacity as Attorney General for the State of Nebraska; Mike Munch, in his official capacity as County Attorney for Sarpy County, and as a representative of all County Attorneys in Nebraska; Gina Dunning, in her official capacity as Director of Regulation and Licensure of the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services; and Charles Andrews, M.D., in his official capacity as Chief Medical Officer of Nebraska
Nos. 98-3245NE, 98-3300NE
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit
Submitted April 19, 1999. Decided Sept. 24, 1999.
192 F.3d 1142
Langlie argues the district court abused its discretion by limiting employee testimony about adverse treatment by Onan, excluding charts prepared by Langlie showing the adverse impact of Onan‘s practices on employees over forty, excluding evidence of Onan‘s hiring and firing of employees in 1996, and restricting his testimony relating to pension plan protesting. However, with the exception of one letter to a United States Senator, which was excluded as cumulative or irrelevant hearsay, Langlie does not cite to the record where he offered this evidence, as
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
State of South Carolina; State of Idaho; State of Louisiana; State of Ohio; State of Pennsylvania; State of Rhode Island; State of South Dakota; and State of Utah, Amici Curiae,
Family Research Council, Amicus Curiae.
LeRoy H. Carhart, on behalf of himself and his patients obtaining abortions, Appellee, v. Donald Stenberg, in his official capacity as Attorney General for the State of Nebraska, Appellee, Mike Munch, in his official capacity as County Attorney for Sarpy County, and as a representative of all County Attorneys in Nebraska, Appellant, Gina Dunning, in her official capacity as Director of Regulation and Licensure of the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services; and Charles Andrews, M.D., in his official capacity as Chief Medical Officer of Nebraska, Appellees, State of South Carolina; State of Idaho; State of Louisiana; State of Ohio; State of Pennsylvania; State of Rhode Island; State of South Dakota; and State of Utah, Amici Curiae, Family Research Council, Amicus Curiae.
L. Steven Grasz, Lincoln, NE, argued, for Appellant Donald Stenberg in docket No. 98-3245NE.
Tamra Lynn Walz, Papillion, NE, argued, for Appellant Mike Munch in docket No. 98-3300NE.
Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD and WOLLMAN,1 Circuit Judges, and MAGNUSON,2 District Judge.
RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.
The State of Nebraska appeals a District Court3 decision holding a Nebraska
It is important to have in mind that we deal here with a particular legal question: the validity, under the Constitution of the United States, of a certain Nebraska law. The law refers to “partial-birth abortion,” but this term, though widely used by lawmakers and in the popular press, has no fixed medical or legal content. The closest thing we have to a medical definition comes from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). The ACOG definition describes a method of abortion (commonly called dilation and extraction, or D&X) involving extraction, from the uterus and into the vagina, of all of the body of a fetus except the head, following which the fetus is killed by extracting the contents of the skull. Thereafter, the dead but otherwise intact fetus is taken from the mother‘s body. Certainly this medical description is within the definition of “partial-birth abortion” contained in the Nebraska statute before us. The difficulty is that the statute covers a great deal more. It would also prohibit, in many circumstances, the most common method of second-trimester abortion, called a dilation and evacuation (D&E). Under the controlling precedents laid down by the Supreme Court, such a prohibition places an undue burden on the right of women to choose whether to have an abortion. It is therefore our duty to declare the statute invalid.
I.
On June 9, 1997, Nebraska‘s Governor signed into law Legislative Bill 23, a bill enacted by the Nebraska Legislature prohibiting “partial-birth abortion.” The statute provides:
No partial-birth abortion shall be performed in this state, unless such procedure is necessary to save the life of the mother whose life is endangered by a physical disorder, physical illness, or physical injury, including a life-endangering physical condition caused by or arising from the pregnancy itself.
an abortion procedure in which the person performing the abortion partially delivers vaginally a living unborn child before killing the unborn child and completing the delivery. For purposes of this subdivision, the term partially delivers vaginally a living unborn child before killing the unborn child means deliberately and intentionally delivering into the vagina a living unborn child, or a substantial portion thereof, for the purpose of performing a procedure that the person performing such procedure knows will kill the unborn child and does kill the unborn child.
Shortly after the passage of LB 23, Dr. LeRoy Carhart filed a complaint challenging the constitutionality of the statute. In response to the complaint, the District Court granted a temporary restraining order, followed by a preliminary injunction, suspending enforcement of the statute. After a trial on the merits, the District Court issued its final judgment, holding
Dr. Carhart challenged the constitutionality of LB 23 on two separate grounds. He argued that LB 23 imposed an undue burden on himself and his patients in two ways. First, because the D&X procedure is the safest procedure for some women in certain circumstances, banning that procedure places an undue burden on women seeking an abortion. Second, because LB 23 prohibits vaginally delivering a “substantial portion” of a fetus as part of an abortion procedure, the law bans the dilation and evacuation (D&E) procedure as well. Because the D&E procedure is the most widely used second-trimester abortion procedure, this ban also places an undue burden on women seeking to have an abortion. Dr. Carhart also challenged the law as being vague, arguing that it was unclear what “substantial portion” meant. The District Court agreed, holding both that the law created an undue burden for Dr. Carhart and his patients, and that the law was void for vagueness. Carhart v. Stenberg, 11 F.Supp.2d 1099 (D.Neb. 1998).4
II.
We state the facts as found by the District Court. (The Court‘s findings are not clearly erroneous, and we therefore must accept them.) Dr. Carhart operates a family medical practice with a specialized abortion facility in Bellevue, Nebraska. He is licensed to practice medicine in Nebraska, as well as in seven other states. Dr. Carhart performs abortions in a clinic setting from a gestational age of three weeks5 until fetal viability. The abortion procedures Dr. Carhart performs vary depending on the gestational age of the fetus as well as on various other medical factors. As we shall explain, two of the procedures Dr. Carhart performs are directly affected by LB 23‘s ban; dilation and evacuation (D&E) and intact dilation and evacuation or dilation and extraction (D&X).6 Both are procedures for second-trimester abortions. LB 23 affects not only Dr. Carhart, but any doctor in Nebraska who performs the D&E or the D&X procedure, as well as that doctor‘s patients.
The most common method of abortion during the second trimester is the D&E procedure. A physician performing a D&E procedure gradually dilates the cervix and then removes the fetus and other products of conception. A report by the American Medical Association7 describes the D&E procedure used from thirteen to fifteen weeks’ gestation as follows:
Osmotic dilators are usually used. Intravenous fluids and an analgesic or sedative may be administered. A local anesthetic such as a paracervical block may be administered, dilating agents, if used, are removed, and instruments are inserted through the cervix into the uterus to remove fetal and placental tissue. Because fetal tissue is friable and easily broken, the fetus may not be removed intact. The walls of the uterus are scraped with a curette to ensure that no tissue remains. In pregnancies beyond 14 weeks, oxytocin is given intrave-
nously to stimulate the uterus to contract and shrink.
Ex. 7, at 8 (footnotes omitted). The AMA report also includes a description of a D&E procedure used from sixteen to twenty-four weeks’ gestation. It includes some variations from the procedure used from thirteen to fifteen weeks. After the cervix has been dilated:
Fetal tissue is extracted through the use of surgical instruments, followed by extraction of placental tissue and subsequent curettage. Because the fetus is larger at this stage of gestation (particularly the head), and because bones are more rigid, dismemberment or other destructive procedures are more likely to be required than at earlier gestational ages to remove fetal and placental tissue. Some physicians use intrafetal potassium chloride or digoxin to induce fetal demise prior to a late D&E (after 20 weeks), to facilitate evacuation.
Id.
When dismemberment occurs during a D&E procedure, it does not occur in utero. Prelim.Inj.Tr. 116; Trial Tr. 30-31. Dr. Carhart explained that during the D&E procedure, the dismemberment occurs after a part of the fetus has been pulled through the cervix, into the vagina:
Dr. Carhart: The dismemberment occurs between the traction of ... my instrument and the counter-traction of the internal os of the cervix....
Counsel: So the dismemberment occurs after you pulled a part of the fetus through the cervix, is that correct?
A. Exactly. Because you‘re using—The cervix has two strictures or two rings, the internal os and the external os, and you have—that‘s what‘s actually doing the dismembering....
Q: When we talked before or talked before about a D&E, that is not—where there is not intention to do it intact, do you, in that situation, dismember the fetus in utero first, then remove portions?
A: I don‘t think so ... I don‘t know of any way that one could go in and intentionally dismember the fetus in the uterus. If you grab an extremity and twist it, you can watch the whole fetus just twist. It takes something that restricts the motion of the fetus against what you‘re doing before you‘re going to get dismemberment.
Prelim.Inj.Tr. 116-17. Dr. Phillip Stubblefield, a witness for the plaintiff, testified that to dismember the fetus in utero a physician:
would have to introduce into the uterus something that would cut up the fetus, or else put in two forceps and try to dismember the fetus inside the uterus, which would increase considerably your chance that you‘re going to tear the uterus, perforate the uterus, seriously injure the woman. That is not done.
Trial Tr. 31.
In some circumstances, a physician performing a D&E procedure may attempt to remove the fetus intact. This procedure, known as an intact dilation and evacuation (intact D&E) or a dilation and extraction (D&X) can be used in abortions performed from sixteen to twenty-four weeks’ gestation. The AMA report describes the D&X procedure as:
deliberate dilatation of the cervix, usually over a sequence of days; instrumental conversion of the fetus to a footling breech; breech extraction of the body excepting the head; and partial evacuation of the intracranial contents of a living fetus to effect vaginal delivery of a dead but otherwise intact fetus.
Ex. 7, at 8 (footnotes omitted). The physician generally brings all of the fetus, except for the head, out of the uterus into the vagina. Trial Tr. 35-36; J.A. 1150. Because the cervix is not dilated enough to allow the head to pass through, the physician inserts an instrument into the fetal skull and evacuates the contents, collapsing the skull and allowing removal of an
Fetal death8 does not always occur at the same stage of each D&E or D&X procedure. Prelim.Inj.Tr. 217-18. In both procedures, the physician brings a part of a living fetus out of the uterus into the vagina.9 In a D&E procedure, fetal demise will occur after dismemberment. The time it takes for fetal demise to occur can, however, vary.
III.
The Supreme Court has held that a woman has a constitutional right to choose whether to terminate a pregnancy. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 153, 93 S.Ct. 705, 35 L.Ed.2d 147 (1973). Although a state cannot prohibit a woman from choosing to have an abortion, the state can promote the interest in potential human life and, after fetal viability,10 “regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgment, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother.” Roe, 410 U.S. at 164-65. A state can also enact abortion regulations at the pre-viability stage, so long as there is no “undue burden” placed on the woman seeking to have an abortion. Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 876, 112 S.Ct. 2791, 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992). A regulation which “has the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus” creates an undue burden and is invalid. Id. at 877.
Several states have enacted statutes seeking to ban “partial-birth abortion.” The precise wording of the statutes, and how far the statutes go in their attempts to regulate pre-viability abortions, differ from state to state. The results from constitutional challenges to the statutes, however, have been almost unvarying. In most of the cases that reached the federal courts, the courts have held the statutes unconstitutional.
The Sixth Circuit, the first United States Court of Appeals to consider the issue,11 struck down an Ohio statute which
A number of district courts have also addressed the constitutionality of state statutes banning “partial-birth abortion.” Only one has upheld such a statute. See Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin v. Doyle, 44 F.Supp.2d 975 (W.D.Wis.1999). The other district courts faced with the issue have all held the statutes unconstitutional. See Causeway Medical Suite v. Foster, 43 F.Supp.2d 604 (E.D.La.1999) (partial-birth abortion act created substantial obstacle in path of women seeking safe abortion and broad language creating confusion and ambiguity rendered Act unconstitutionally vague); Planned Parenthood of Central New Jersey v. Verniero, 41 F.Supp.2d 478 (D.N.J.1998) (partial-birth abortion act void for vagueness because persons of ordinary intelligence must guess at meaning of phrases such as “partially vaginally delivers” and “substantial portion“); Eubanks v. Stengel, 28 F.Supp.2d 1024 (W.D.Ky.1998) (partial-birth abortion act created undue burden because overbroad language banned procedures necessary to guarantee right to choose to have abortion); Hope Clinic v. Ryan, 995 F.Supp. 847 (N.D.Ill.1998) (partial-birth abortion act void for vagueness because it failed to define conduct proscribed and created undue burden because it had potential effect of banning most common and safest abortion procedures); Evans v. Kelley, 977 F.Supp. 1283 (E.D.Mich.1997) (partial-birth abortion statute vague because ambiguous and susceptible to various interpretations and overbroad because it would operate as substantial obstacle to woman‘s right to choose to have abortion).
IV.
The District Court in Nebraska joined the majority of the courts that have considered the issue, holding that the statute enacted by the Nebraska Legislature attempting to ban “partial-birth abortion” could not withstand constitutional scrutiny. We review the District Court‘s conclusions of law de novo. See Planned Parenthood of Greater Iowa v. Atchison, 126 F.3d 1042, 1048 (8th Cir. 1997).
In considering a challenge to the facial validity of an abortion regulation, we follow the standard set out in Casey. See Planned Parenthood, Sioux Falls Clinic v. Miller, 63 F.3d 1452, 1458 (8th Cir.1995). If the regulation operates “as a substantial obstacle to a woman‘s choice to undergo an abortion ‘in a large fraction of the cases in which [it] is relevant, ... [it] is an undue burden, and therefore invalid.’ ” Id. (quoting Casey, 505 U.S. at 895).
The District Court determined that LB 23 created an undue burden because in many instances it would ban the most common procedure for second-trimester abor-
In interpreting the statute, it is our duty to give it a construction, if reasonably possible, that would avoid constitutional doubts. We cannot, however, twist the words of the law and give them a meaning they cannot reasonably bear. The crucial problem is the term “substantial portion,” which is nowhere defined in the statute. What the term means for the purposes of LB 23 has been debated at length, both in the record before us and on the floor of the Nebraska Legislature. But if “substantial portion” means an arm or a leg—and surely it must—then the ban created by LB 23 encompasses both the D&E and the D&X procedures. We agree with the District Court‘s assessment that “[i]n any sensible and ordinary reading of the word, a leg or arm is ‘substantial.’ ” Carhart v. Stenberg, 11 F.Supp.2d 1099, 1129 (D.Neb.1998). In the D&E procedure, the physician often inserts forceps into the uterus, grasps a part of the living fetus, and pulls that part of the fetus through the cervix. That part of the fetus is commonly an arm or a leg. Prelim.Inj.Tr. 117-18; Trial Tr. 31. LB 23 bars intentionally bringing a substantial portion of a living fetus into the vagina for purposes of performing a procedure that will kill the fetus. A physician who brings an arm or a leg into the vagina as part of the D&E procedure therefore violates the statute.
The State argues that the statute‘s scienter requirement limits the statute‘s scope. The partial vaginal delivery of a substantial portion of the living fetus must be done “deliberately and intentionally.” The statute applies, according to the State, only to the deliberate and intentional performance of a “partial-birth abortion.” The State defines the proscribed procedure as involving the intentional “1) partial delivery of a living fetus vaginally, 2) killing the fetus and 3) completing the delivery.” Appellant‘s Br. 66-67. But the D&E procedure involves all three of those steps. The physician intentionally brings a substantial part of the fetus into the vagina, dismembers the fetus, leading to fetal demise, and completes the delivery. A physician need not set out with the intent to perform a D&X procedure in order to violate the statute. It is enough that the physician have the intent to deliver vaginally a substantial portion of a living fetus, and that occurs in the D&E procedure.
Additionally, the person performing the procedure must do so with the purpose of performing a procedure that the person knows “will kill the unborn child and does kill the unborn child.”
V.
Having determined that LB 23 bans the D&E procedure, we turn now to the question of whether such a ban imposes an
In Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52, 79, 96 S.Ct. 2831, 49 L.Ed.2d 788 (1976), the Supreme Court held unconstitutional a statute proscribing the use of saline amniocentesis as a method of abortion. Saline amniocentesis was then the most commonly used procedure for abortions performed after the first trimester. Id. at 78. By prohibiting the use of the procedure, the statute would effectively inhibit the vast majority of abortions performed after the first trimester. Id. at 79. Danforth was decided under the trimester framework of Roe. Although Casey changed that framework, the ban in Danforth meets the undue-burden standard of Casey. See Voinovich, 130 F.3d at 201: “An abortion regulation that inhibits the vast majority of second trimester abortions would clearly have the effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking a pre-viability abortion.” LB 23 does not limit all second-trimester abortions. It does, however, prohibit the most common procedure for second-trimester abortions and, in doing so, imposes an undue burden on a woman‘s right to choose to have an abortion.
VI.
In its final argument, the State suggests that Roe and Casey do not apply to LB 23 because Roe and Casey apply only to the “unborn” and do not prohibit states from protecting partially born human beings. The State argues that “the Supreme Court has left protection in place for the partially born.” Appellant‘s Br. 71. The State also suggests that because the partial-birth abortion procedure involves a fetus which is more outside of the uterus than inside, the fetus is not unborn, sufficiently distinguishing this case from Roe and Casey. The phrase “partially born” is new to us. Apparently the State uses it to describe a process in which the fetus is killed when it is more outside the womb than inside. If we assume that there is such a legal category, and that, as the State argues, the rule of Roe v. Wade does not apply to it, the argument is still unavailing on the record before us in this case. As we have explained, the Nebraska statute is violated when an arm or a leg of a fetus that is still alive is pulled out of the womb as part of the D&E abortion procedure. In such a situation, although a substantial part of the fetus, as defined by the Nebraska law, has been extracted from the uterus, it cannot be said that the fetus as a whole is more outside the uterus than inside. In addition, we think that the word “born” refers most naturally to a viable fetus, one that is capable of surviving outside the mother. The Nebraska statute is not limited to viable fetuses. Indeed, as we have observed, both the proof and the legal arguments in this case seem to be exclusively about nonviable fetuses. So if there is a separate legal category for the “partially born,” and we express no view on that question, we do not see how it could be relevant to the present case.
VII.
Mike Munch, in his official capacity as County Attorney for Sarpy County, appeals the District Court‘s award of attorney‘s fees against him. After the District Court held LB 23 unconstitutional, Dr. Carhart sought, and was awarded, attorney‘s fees, pursuant to
A prevailing party in a § 1983 suit “should ordinarily recover an attorney‘s fee unless special circumstances would render such an award unjust.”
In addition, although Mr. Munch has not had the opportunity to enforce LB 23, he has made it clear that he would prosecute under the statute. J.A. 646-47. Awarding fees against officials bound to enforce the law is a “run-of-the-mill occurrence[ ].” Supreme Court of Virginia v. Consumers Union of the United States, 446 U.S. 719, 739, 100 S.Ct. 1967, 64 L.Ed.2d 641 (1980). Additionally, Mr. Munch has the discretion to choose when to prosecute. We find no merit in this argument.
Mr. Munch‘s argument that he did not actively participate in the lawsuit and that he should not, therefore, be responsible for the attorney‘s fees, is equally without merit. His role in the proceedings may have been minor, but this does not excuse him from having to share in the actual costs. He relied on his co-defendants to present their defense of the constitutionality of LB 23, a statute he has indicated he would enforce, and he cannot now avoid helping to pay the prevailing party‘s attorney‘s fees.
The District Court did not abuse its discretion in holding Mr. Munch liable, jointly and severally with the other defendants, for the attorney‘s fee award. How the defendants choose to allocate the fees among themselves is entirely up to them.
VIII.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the District Court.