RICHMOND MEDICAL CENTER FOR WOMEN; William G. Fitzhugh, M.D.; Hillcrest Clinic; Herbert C. Jones, Jr., M.D.; Planned Parenthood of Metropolitan Washington, DC, Incorporated; Virginia League for Planned Parenthood; Planned Parenthood of the Blue Ridge, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. James GILMORE, in his official capacity as Governor of the State of Virginia; David M. Hicks, in his official capacity as Commonwealth Attorney for the City of Richmond; Donald S. Caldwell, in his official capacity as Commonwealth Attorney for the County of Roanoke; Howard Gwynn, in his official capacity as Commonwealth Attorney for the City of Newport News; Charles D. Griffith, Jr., in his official capacity as Commonwealth Attorney for the City of Norfolk; Robert F. Horan, Jr., in his official capacity as Commonwealth Attorney for the County of Fairfax; James L. Camblos, III, in his official capacity as Commonwealth Attorney for the County of Albemarle, Defendants-Appellants.
No. 98-1930.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
June 30, 1998.
144 F.3d 326
LUTTIG, Circuit Judge.
The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia enacted on March 12, 1998, and the Governor of the Commonwealth signed into law on April 13, 1998, Virginia‘s Partial Birth Abortion Act. This Act was modeled after the bill passed by the Congress of the United States on October 8, 1997, which was supported by the American Medical Association but subsequently vetoed by the President. The undisputed purpose
the physician pulls a lower extremity into the vagina and then uses his fingers to deliver the lower extremity and then the torso followed by the shoulders and the upper extremities. At that point, the skull is lodged at the internal cervical os. Usually the dilation is insufficient for the skull to pass through. At that point, the surgeon slides his or her fingers along the back of the fetus; uses a pair of blunt curved scissors to rupture the base of the skull; and uses a suction catheter to evacuate the contents of the skull and then applies traction to the fetus to remove it from the patient.
Mem. Op. of District Court at 16-17. The Partial Birth Abortion Act is to become effective at midnight tonight.
On May 21, plaintiffs, Richmond Medical Center, Hillcrest Clinic, three branches of Planned Parenthood, and two doctors—none of whom, according to their own concessions and the findings of the district court, performs this procedure—sought an injunction from the federal district court in the Eastern District of Virginia barring the Commonwealth and its officials from enforcing the Act. The plaintiffs contended that the Act is unconstitutionally vague and also imposes a facially unconstitutional burden on the abortion rights of the women of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Governor of Virginia and six of the Commonwealth‘s Attorneys were named as defendants to the lawsuit and vigorously defended the constitutionality of the statute on behalf of the citizens of Virginia. On June 25, following hearings before the district court, that court granted the preliminary injunction and, on June 29, declined to stay its order pending appeal to this court.
This morning, the Commonwealth filed with me as a single Circuit Judge an application pursuant to
I.
Notwithstanding the provisions of
§§ 18.2-72 ,18.2-73 and18.2-74 , a physician shall not knowingly perform a partial birth abortion that is not necessary to save the life of a mother. A violation of this section shall be punishable as a Class I misdemeanor.
an abortion in which the person performing the abortion deliberately and intentionally delivers a living fetus or a substantial portion thereof into the vagina for the purpose of performing a procedure the person knows will kill the fetus, performs the procedure, kills the fetus and completes the delivery.
- Deliberate dilatation of the cervix, usually over a sequence of days;
- Instrumental conversion of the fetus to a footling breech;
- Breech extraction of the body excepting the head;
- Partial evacuation of the intracranial contents of a living fetus to effect vaginal delivery of a dead but otherwise intact fetus.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Statement of Policy (quoted in Mem. Op. at 4-5).
Plaintiffs concede, and the district court found, that they do not perform this procedure. Furthermore, as explained below, the plain language of
II.
When the statute is thus understood—with both its actus reus and explicit mens rea requirements appreciated—the unreasonableness of the district court‘s construction of the statute is apparent. The district court held that
A.
In the suction curettage procedure, a physician inserts a tube or cannula (which is attached to a vacuum generator) through the vagina and into the uterus and then removes the fetus piecemeal by means of negative suction. Because such suction may occasionally detach the entire fetus, or identifiable parts thereof, and because such parts might include cells that are still living as they pass through the vagina via the cannula and into the vacuum, the district court concluded that
First, the statute prohibits only the delivery of intact fetuses or substantial portions
More importantly, even if one were to read these actus reus requirements more broadly than their plain language can bear, such that suction curettage might on occasion fall within the purview of these actus reus requirements, the provider of suction curettage, according to the plaintiffs’ own testimony before the district court, would never be acting with the mens rea necessary to violate the statute.
The statute requires that the delivery of an intact living fetus (or a substantial portion thereof) into the vagina be both deliberate and intentional. As the testimony establishes, an abortion provider performing suction curettage cannot predict or control whether the procedure removes the fetus intact or in pieces (substantial or otherwise). See, e.g., Mem. Op. at 21 (“the intact fetus may come through the cannula” (quoting plaintiffs’ testimony)). And the effectiveness of the procedure does not depend upon the manner in which the fetus is removed. Thus, an abortion provider cannot be said to deliberately and intentionally remove an intact living fetus or a substantial portion thereof, even if by happenstance such is the result of the procedure. Furthermore, “no effort is made to determine whether the fetus is or is not living” during the procedure. Mem. Op. at 10-11 (emphasis added); see also id. at 52-53 & n. 22 (provider following “common practice” “cannot know” when the fetus dies). A provider lacking such information, therefore, cannot even be said to be knowingly removing a living fetus, let alone to be doing so deliberately and intentionally.
Finally, even were the statute construed such that a provider performing this type of abortion could be said to deliver a living fetus or substantial portion thereof into the vagina deliberately and intentionally, his conduct would not be ”for the purpose of performing a procedure” that ”will kill the fetus.”
B.
In the conventional dilatation and evacuation procedure, the abortion provider, in addition to using suction, typically dismembers the fetus with a pair of forceps and then removes the fetus from the uterus in pieces. Mem. Op. at 12-13. Because such a procedure occasionally results in the extraction of the umbilical cord, fetal limbs, or even an intact fetus into the vagina while the fetus is still alive, the district court held that
Just as an abortion provider performing suction curettage does not satisfy the actus reus elements of the statute, neither does one performing conventional dilatation and evacuation. First, the dilatation and evacuation procedure does not involve delivery into
Despite the fact that the vast majority of conventional dilatation and evacuation abortions do not satisfy the actus reus requirements of the Act, the district court focused on those rare cases in which a fetus (or a substantial portion thereof) enters the vagina both living and intact. However, the mens rea elements of the statute once again clearly protect abortion providers from prosecution even in these unusual circumstances.
From the plaintiffs’ own testimony, it is apparent that those instances in which an intact fetus (or substantial portion thereof) emerges into the vagina are a result of “luck” rather than deliberation and intent. Mem. Op. at 85 n.37. Whether such a result occurs is beyond the provider‘s control. Id.; see also id. at 60; Parenthood v. Doyle, — F.Supp. —, —, 1998 WL 299912, at *3 (W.D.Wis.) (“The intentional removal of the fetus intact is what distinguishes an intact [D & X] procedure from a [conventional] D & E procedure.” (internal quotations omitted)).
Likewise, as with the suction curettage procedure, the provider performing conventional dilatation and evacuation “can neither predict nor control” whether the fetus will still be living when it (or a substantial portion thereof) enters the vagina. Mem. Op. at 60 (internal quotations omitted). Thus, the provider cannot reasonably be said to have deliberately or intentionally delivered a living fetus or a substantial portion thereof into the vagina.
Finally, an abortion provider who performs a conventional dilatation and evacuation cannot reasonably be said to deliver a living and intact fetus, or substantial portion thereof, into the vagina for the purpose of killing the fetus there. Even on those unusual occasions when the fetus is delivered intact into the vagina, this results from an unplanned deviation from the conventional dilatation and evacuation procedure, rather than from the provider‘s deliberate design. The provider cannot be said to intend to kill the fetus in the vagina when he assumes that termination will occur in the uterus. Mem. Op. at 13-14.
III.
Even if there were question as to whether Virginia‘s Partial Birth Abortion Act could arguably be interpreted to prohibit the suction curettage and the dilatation and evacuation procedures, the Commonwealth of Virginia and the individual defendants have provided unequivocal assurances (1) that they interpret the statute to cover neither suction curettage nor conventional dilatation and evacuation procedures, (2) that they would not enforce the statute against individuals performing such procedures, and (3) that, specifically, they interpret the incidental protrusion of some part of the fetus into the vagina as insufficient to transform a conventional dilatation and evacuation abortion into an intact dilatation and extraction abortion. The Governor himself has represented in writing that individuals performing suction curettage and conventional dilatation and evacuation procedures will not be prosecuted. See Letter of Gov. James C. Gilmore, Exhibit F(1) (cited in Motion To Stay or Modify Preliminary Injunction, at 6). The Attorney
The district court dismissed outright all of these representations on two primary grounds: that abortion is so politicized an issue that the Commonwealth‘s officials cannot be expected to abide by their sworn statements to the court and that, in any event, the officials are not bound by these representations and could therefore change their views at any time. Neither of these asserted justifications warrants the summary dismissal of these solemn representations by the Commonwealth‘s chosen representatives. First, by suggesting that the Commonwealth‘s officials will yield to politics over law, the district court imputes a type of bad faith, if not lawlessness, to the State‘s officials without either authority or justification. Second, by categorically rejecting the statements on the ground that the Commonwealth‘s officials may renege on these representations and prosecute persons who perform suction curettage or dilatation and evacuation, the district court gave impermissibly short shrift to the fact that these statements were made under oath and with the knowledge and imprimatur of the Governor of the Commonwealth. Rather than lightly dismissing these statements, the district court instead was under an affirmative obligation, in evaluating the vagueness of the statute, to accord these submissions the respect they are due as the official representations of those whose duty it is to faithfully enforce not only the laws of the Commonwealth but also the Constitution of the United States. See, e.g., Forsyth County v. The Nationalist Movement, 505 U.S. 123, 131, 112 S.Ct. 2395, 2402, 120 L.Ed.2d 101 (1992).
IV.
When all is said and done, it appears that, although the district court finely parsed the statute, it effectively overread those portions of the statute that it did address—finding ambiguity where none reasonably exists—and it actually omitted from consideration significant portions of the statute that directly bear (if not bear most directly) upon the plaintiffs’ claims that
Thus, for example, falling victim to what are but sophistic arguments, the district court accepted unhesitatingly that the suction of fetal cells, tissue, or parts from the uterus, through a tube or cannula that transverses the vagina, can reasonably be understood as “deliver[ing] a living fetus or a substantial portion thereof into the vagina.” Likewise did it accept that this statutory phrase could be satisfied by the mere pulling of the umbilical cord into the vagina, or by the extraction of mere fetal tissue from the uterus. And, at the same time that the district court accepted these contrived arguments as to the reasonable interpretation of the statute, it ignored altogether the explicit mens rea limitations of
When the statute is read in its entirety, with both its actus reus and its mens rea limitations, it is clear, contrary to the district court‘s conclusion, that persons of ordinary intelligence would not at all understand the statute to prohibit the procedures these plaintiffs perform. Rather, they would understand the one procedure prohibited by
The American Medical Association‘s observation with respect to the almost identically worded federal partial birth abortion statute overwhelmingly passed by Congress is no less apropos of the Commonwealth of Virginia‘s partial birth abortion statute: It “clearly define[s] the prohibited procedure so that it is clear on the face of the legislation what act is to be banned [and therefore] physicians will be on notice as to the exact nature of the prohibited conduct.” In concluding otherwise, the district court turned on its head the cardinal principle governing the federal courts in their interpretation of yet unconstrued state statutes, especially in the context of requests for extraordinary injunctive relief. Instead of presuming the statute constitutional and indulging the assumption, mandated by our federalism, that the State will, where necessary, construe its statutes so as to ensure their constitutionality, the district court all but presumed the statute unconstitutional and, where the slightest ambiguity in the statute‘s language arguably existed, assumed—in the face of the Governor‘s, the Attorney General‘s, and the prosecutor defendants’ sworn representations that they would construe the statute otherwise—that the State would adopt and enforce a construction of the statute that would render it unconstitutional.
Accordingly, the plaintiffs having failed to establish the likely applicability of