Lampkin-Asam v. Miami Daily News, Inc.Lampkin-Asam v. Miami Daily News, Inc.
Joseph P. Averill, Miami, for appellees.
Before BARKDULL, BASKIN and DANIEL S. PEARSON, JJ.
DANIEL S. PEARSON, Judge.
Julia McCain Lampkin-Asam, the plaintiff below, wrote a book describing the events which, in Asam‘s view, had precluded her from receiving research grants for almost a decade and developing a cure for cancer. A major thеme of the book, entitled “Malignant Intrigue,” was that Asam‘s professional competence as a cancer scientist had been disparaged and her mental stability questioned by peoplе in the “cancer establishment.” Asam‘s book identified one Dr. Wilhelmina Dunning, her former supervisor, as the primary villain whose statements concerning Asam had contagiously spread through the cancer rеsearch community so as to create, as the plaintiff‘s title aptly put it, a malignant intrigue.
In 1973, Asam, wanting to draw public attention to her research and need for research funds, brought her 753-page bоok to the attention of The Miami News. The late Mrs. Terry Johnson King, then Lifestyle Editor of the News, interviewed Asam and decided to write a column about “Malignant Intrigue” and its author. King read the book and conсluded that it was a rather vitriolic attack on Dr. Dunning. King decided to get Dunning‘s side of the story before writing her column and interviewed Dunning on the phone. King then wrote the column, which, overall, was an unflattering evaluation of the plaintiff‘s malignant intrigue theory. The column included a quote about Asam attributed to Dunning:1
“To which the highly respected Dr. Dunning says, `She [Asam] is very emotionally disturbed, and has no qualifications to do canсer research. She may have gotten
her doctorate from George Washington University, but I suspect they gave her the degree to get rid of her.‘”
Asam then sued Dunning,2 The Miami News, and Mrs. King alleging defamation. From a summary judgmеnt entered in favor of The Miami News and the estate of Mrs. King, Asam appeals.
We affirm the summary judgment. The determination that a person is a public figure is properly for the court. Rosenblatt v. Baer, 383 U.S. 75, 86 S. Ct. 669, 15 L. Ed. 2d 597 (1966); Gadsden County Times, Incorporated v. Horne, 382 So. 2d 347 (Fla. 1st DCA 1980); Belli v. Orlando Daily Newspapers, Inc., 389 F.2d 579 (5th Cir. 1968); Logan v. District of Columbia, 447 F. Supp. 1328 (D.D.C. 1978); Hoffman v. Washington Post Co., 433 F. Supp. 600 (D.D.C. 1977), aff‘d, 578 F.2d 442 (D.C. Cir. 1978). Asam‘s efforts to arouse public indignation and influence the allocation of public funds, Gibson v. Maloney, 231 So. 2d 823 (Fla. 1970), second appeal, 263 So. 2d 632 (Fla. 1st DCA 1972); Murphy v. Daytona Beach Humane Society, Inc., 176 So. 2d 922 (Fla. 1st DCA 1965); participation in public debates on public health matters, Yiamouyiannis v. Consumers Union of the United States, Inc., 619 F.2d 932 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 839, 101 S. Ct. 117, 66 L. Ed. 2d 46 (1980); Exner v. American Medical Association, 12 Wash. App. 215, 529 P.2d 863 (1974); publication and distribution of the autobiographical “Malignant Intrigue” and other writings, lectures and speeches, and efforts to seek substantial publicity, including the very publicity which is the subject matter of this action, Hotchner v. Castillo-Puche, 551 F.2d 910 (2d Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Hotchner v. Doubleday & Company, Inc., 434 U.S. 834, 98 S. Ct. 120, 54 L. Ed. 2d 95 (1977); Buckley v. Littell, 539 F.2d 882 (2d Cir. 1976); Guitar v. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 396 F. Supp. 1042 (S.D.N.Y. 1975), among other things, aggregately show her, as a matter of law, to be a public figure. Wolston v. Reader‘s Digest Association, Inc., 443 U.S. 157, 99 S. Ct. 2701, 61 L. Ed. 2d 450 (1979); Hutchinson v. Proxmire, 443 U.S. 111, 99 S. Ct. 2675, 61 L. Ed. 2d 411 (1979).
Asam‘s status as a public figure requires hеr to establish that the newspaper and Mrs. King acted with actual malice in the constitutional sense, Curtis Publishing Company v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130, 87 S. Ct. 1975, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1094 (1967), that is, the publication involved was deliberately falsified or published recklessly despite the рublisher‘s awareness of probable falsity, New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686 (1964); Gibson v. Maloney, supra. Viewing the evidence most favorably to the plaintiff, to determine whether there exists a genuine issue of material fact upon which a reasonablе jury could find with convincing clarity that the defendants acted with such actual malice,3 we find absolutely no clear and convincing
Mrs. King‘s testimony in her deposition is, unequivocally, that she accurately quoted Dr. Dunning. On the other hand, Dunning‘s testimony is that she was “not sure” if she made the statements. Dunning doubted that she would remember thе contents of a conversation which took place years before. While she did not recall the conversation with Mrs. King, she admitted some recollection of the book being reviewеd, and because “... I had been maligned in the book, she might have contacted me to find out if the statements were true.” Dunning believed she was “misquoted,” because she would not have said those things “in that form.” She admitted that responses could possibly have been drawn from her in a succession of questions which could account for the eventual form of the statement attributed to her. Apart from whether she revealed it to Mrs. King during the telephone interview, it was, in fact, Dunning‘s opinion that George Washington University might have given Asam her degree to get rid of her. Dunning admitted she could have said that the plaintiff was “not qualified to do independent cancer research.” But most significantly, Dunning said that if she made the remarks attributed to her by Mrs. King, she made them facetiously and did not “grant permission to anybody to publish such a facetious remark.”
In Long v. Arcell, supra, the Fifth Circuit affirmed a judgment notwithstanding a jury verdict of compensatory and punitive damages in favor of a defamation plaintiff. The litigation was prompted by the newspaper article which stated that an ambulance service may hаve violated the law by operating without a license from the State Board of Health. The reporter testified that he was told by two Board of Health employees that the ambulance sеrvice had not been licensed. At trial, one Board of Health employee directly contradicted the reporter‘s testimony, saying that he told the reporter that the ambulance service was licensed to operate. Moreover, the ambulance service‘s lawyer asserted that, on the day before publication, he read the reporter a letter from the other Board of Health employee which stated that the ambulance service was authorized to operate. The Fifth Circuit held, 618 F.2d at 1148-49:
“The plaintiffs’ case rested almost entirely upon the testimоny of Bradshaw [a Board of Health employee] and Wilson [the attorney for the ambulance service]. Theirs was the only testimony relating directly to the defendant‘s state of mind. There was no doсumentary evidence which showed that the defendants knew their article was false or entertained serious doubts about its accuracy.4 In sum, the jury was left to decide the case based on the сonflicting accounts of the conversations described above. If the applicable burden of proof had been a preponderance of the evidence, a jury verdict еither way would have to stand. Similarly, if liability could be imposed on a clear and convincing showing of negligence, we would be hard pressed to disregard the jury‘s verdict. We repeat, however, that thе plaintiff‘s burden was to prove actual malice by clear and convincing evidence that the defendants knew that their information was incorrect or had a `high degree of awareness оf ... [its] probable falsity.’ (citation omitted).
“Although the Constitution neither condones nor encourages careless journalistic practices, the journalist who merely is careless may not be held liаble for defaming a public figure. That is because the interests we must consider in libel cases are not only those of the defamed and the defamer. If they were, the former would prevail with a greater degree of frequency. In all libel suits between a public figure and a publisher the public intervenes as a matter of right, and its interest must be considered. Only by limiting liability to those situations in which the publisher has aсted with actual malice do we fully protect the public‘s right to the benefits of a free and uncensored press.”
Where, as in the present case, the person to whom the quoted words arе attributed has not unequivocally denied making the statement attributed to her; has denied only the form, but not the substance, so as not to rule out the possibility that she was mistakenly, but immaterially, misquoted; and has indeed allоwed that she may have actually made the statements “facetiously“; the requisite high standard of proof is simply not met.5 In re McDonough, supra (“that high standard of proof usually would require more than one man‘s word against anоther, especially where, as here, mistake can not be ruled out.“).
Our holding makes it unnecessary to consider the other contentions made by the appellees in support of the summary judgments, and we expressly do not rule upon them.
Affirmed.