LAFAYETTE LINEAR, Plaintiff-Appellant, υ. VILLAGE OF UNIVERSITY PARK, ILLINOIS, and VIVIAN COVINGTON, MAYOR, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 17-1940
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit
DECIDED APRIL 17, 2018
ARGUED FEBRUARY 14, 2018
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 15 C 7653 — Harry D. Leinenweber, Judge.
Before EASTERBROOK and ROVNER, Circuit Judges, and GRIESBACH, District Judge.*
Linear contends in this federal suit under
The parties’ briefs debate the meaning of these two state statutes and whether other statutes (such as those giving the Village home-rule powers) create exceptions to them. But if the core dispute concerns state law, why is this case in federal court? Linear and the Village are citizens of Illinois; the absence of diversity means that only a claim arising under federal law allows adjudication. Linear has of course asserted a federal theory: that the Due Process Clause entitles him to a hearing. But that seems to be a makeweight, a way of getting a state-law dispute resolved by a federal judge.
Sometimes a statute or established practice creates a legitimate claim of entitlement to keep one‘s job, which amounts to a property interest that under Roth and its successors requires a hearing before the employee can be fired. But Linear has never had a legitimate claim of entitlement to remain as Village Manager. His contract allowed the Village to fire him without cause. His entitlement was not to stay in a policy-making job—no unit of government can contract away its right to have the voters and their elected representatives set public policy—but to receive the contracted-for severance pay. So Linear could not have a federal right to a hearing before someone else took his job; he has at most a right to a hearing to determine whether he gets six months’ severance pay. And that‘s a question of Illinois law only.
A contractual right to severance pay is a form of property interest, but this does not imply that a hearing must precede the municipality‘s decision to have a new Village Manager. Severance pay cannot be transmuted to a sinecure, and elected officials’
Many years ago we held that, for someone who relies on a property interest created by a contract with a public body, the process due when the government arguably has broken its promise is the opportunity to seek damages from a state court. Mid-American Waste Systems, Inc. v. Gary, 49 F.3d 286 (7th Cir. 1995). That conclusion has been repeated many times since. See, e.g., Kay v. Board of Education, 547 F.3d 736 (7th Cir. 2008); Blackout Sealcoating, Inc. v. Peterson, 733 F.3d 688 (7th Cir. 2013). Linear has not contended that he would be unable to obtain a hearing from a state court, which could award severance pay or another appropriate remedy. As long as the state courts are open, they provide the right forum for the parties’ dispute about whether the extension past May 2015 was valid.
Linear resists this conclusion by contending that both his contract and an ordinance entitle him to a hearing before his removal, despite the Village‘s entitlement to fire him for any reason (that is, without cause). The problem with that argument is that procedural rights based on a contract or an ordinance have nothing to do with the Due Process Clause, which protects substantive interests—rights in life, liberty, or property—rather than state-created procedures. The Supreme Court made that clear in Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 250 (1983), and Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 471 (1983), which rejected the kind of argument that Linear makes: that procedures required by state law create property interests and hence lead to a federal requirement that the state procedures be used. State-law rights can‘t be bootstrapped into federal rights so easily. Countless times the Justices have rejected contentions that the federal Constitution requires states to follow their own law. See, e.g., Snowden v. Hughes, 321 U.S. 1, 11-13 (1944) (an argument that a failure to follow procedures established by state law thereby violates the Constitution is so insubstantial that it does not establish fed-eral jurisdiction); Beck v. Washington, 369 U.S. 541, 554-55 (1962); Rivera v. Illinois, 556 U.S. 148, 158 (2009); Swarthout v. Cooke, 562 U.S. 216, 220-22 (2011). We regularly disparage arguments of the sort that Linear advances. See, e.g., Babchuk v. Indiana University Health, Inc., 809 F.3d 966, 970 (7th Cir. 2016); Sung Park v. Indiana University School of Dentistry, 692 F.3d 828, 832 (7th Cir. 2012); Weinstein v. University of Illinois, 811 F.2d 1091, 1097-98 (7th Cir. 1987). The state-procedure-requires-federal-procedure theme fares no better today.
In another decision released today, we conclude that a different public employee asserting a right to a hearing before discharge is entitled to litigate in federal court. Breuder v. Board of Trustees, No. 17-1577 (7th Cir. Apr. 17, 2018). The reasons for the disparate outcomes bear emphasis.
First, Breuder had a contractual right to keep his job unless he committed misconduct; Linear lacks such a right, so that a hearing was not required to protect an entitlement to the job (as opposed to an entitlement to receive damages). Second, accusations of misconduct accompanied Breuder‘s termination, creating a federal
Linear‘s complaint presents claims under state as well as federal law. For the reasons we have explained, the federal claim rests on a mistaken appreciation of the role the Constitution plays in enforcing state-law rights. The district court relinquished supplemental jurisdiction of Linear‘s state-law claims. The state judiciary is free to address those claims from scratch; the district judge‘s conclusions about the effects of
AFFIRMED